CNS 1

Question 1

4 Regions of the brain

Answer 1

• cerebrum,
• the diencephalon, the
• brainstem, and
• the cerebellum

Question 2

single long fibers that conduct impulses to other parts of the nervous system.

Answer 2

Axons

Question 3

Consists of aggregations of neuronal cell bodies. It rims the surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres, forming the cerebral cortex.

Answer 3

Gray mater

Question 4

consists of neuronal axons that are coated with myelin. The myelin sheaths, which create the white color, allow nerve impulses to travel more rapidly.

Answer 4

White matter

Question 5

which affect movement, and the thalamus and the hypothalamus structures in the diencephalon.

Answer 5

basal ganglia

Question 6

processes sensory impulses and relays them to the cerebral cortex.

Answer 6

thalamus

Question 7

maintains homeostasis and regulates temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. It affects the endocrine system and governs emotional behaviors such as anger and sexual drive.

Answer 7

hypothalamus

Question 8

is a white-matter structure where myelinated fibers converge from all parts of the cerebral cortex and descend into the brainstem.

Answer 8

internal capsule

Question 9

which connects the upper part of the brain with the spinal cord, has three sections: the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla.

Answer 9

brainstem

Question 10

which lies at the base of the brain, coordinates all movement and helps maintain the body upright in space.

Answer 10

cerebellum

Question 11

Below the medulla, the CNS extends into the elongated ___, encased within the bony vertebral column and terminating at the first or second lumbar vertebra. It provides a series of segmental relays with the periphery, serving as a conduit for information flow to and from the brain. The motor and sensory nerve pathways relay neural signals that enter and exit the cord through posterior and anterior nerve roots and the spinal and peripheral nerves.

Answer 11

spinal cord

Question 12

The spinal cord is divided into segments:

Answer 12

cervical from C1 to C8; thoracic, from T1 to T12; lumbar, from L1 to L5; sacral, from S1 to S5; and coccygeal

Question 13

It is thickest in the cervical segment, which contains nerve tracts to and from both the upper and lower extremities.

Answer 13

spinal cord

Question 14

consists of both CNs and peripheral nerves that project to the heart, visceral organs, skin, and limbs.

Answer 14

peripheral nervous system

Question 15

which regulates muscle movements and response to the sensations of touch and pain

Answer 15

somatic nervous system

Question 16

Connects to internal organs and generates autonomic reflex responses.

Answer 16

autonomic nervous system

Question 17

mobilizes organs and their functions during times of stress and arousal

Answer 17

sympathetic nervous system

Question 18

which conserves energy and resources during times of rest and relaxation.”

Answer 18

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 19

Name the Cranial Nerves from I-XII functions

Answer 19

I - Olfactory - Sense of smell
II - Optic - Vision
III - Oculomotor - Pupillary constriction, opening the eye (lid elevation), and most extraocular movements
IV - Trochlear - Downward, internal rotation of the eye
V - Trigeminal - Motor—temporal and masseter muscles (jaw clenching), lateral pterygoids (lateral jaw movement)
Sensory—facial. The nerve has three divisions: (1)ophthalmic, (2) maxillary, and (3) mandibular.
VI - Abducens - Lateral deviation of the eye
VII - Facial - Motor—facial movements, including those of facial expression, closing the eye, and closing the mouth
Sensory—taste for salty, sweet, sour, and bitter substances on the anterior two thirds of the tongue and sensation from the ear
VIII - Acoustic - Hearing (cochlear division) and balance—(vestibular division)
IX - Glossopharyngeal - Motor—pharynx
Sensory—posterior portions of the eardrum and ear canal, the pharynx,
and the posterior tongue, including taste (salty, sweet, sour, bitter)
X- Vagus - Motor—palate, pharynx, and larynx
Sensory—pharynx and larynx
XI - Spinal accessory
- Motor—the sternocleidomastoid and upper portion of the trapezius
XII - Hypoglossal - Motor—tongue

Question 20

Three kinds of motor pathways impinge on the anterior horn cells:

Answer 20

• the cortico-spinal tract,
• the basal ganglia system,
• the cerebellar system

Question 21

Mediate voluntary movement and integrate skilled, complicated, or delicate movements by stimulating selected muscular actions and inhibiting others. They also carry impulses that inhibit muscle tone, the slight tension maintained by normal muscle even when it is relaxed.

Answer 21

corticospinal (pyramidal) tract

Question 22

This exceedingly complex system includes motor pathways between the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord. It helps to maintain muscle tone and to control body movements, especially gross automatic movements such as walking.

Answer 22

basal ganglia system

Question 23

The cerebellum receives both sensory and motor input and coordinates motor activity, maintains equilibrium, and helps to control posture.

Answer 23

cerebellar system

Question 24

When upper motor neuron systems are damaged above their crossover in the medulla, motor impairment develops on the ____side. In damage below the crossover, motor
impairment occurs on the ___ side of the body.

Answer 24

• opposite or contralateral

- same or ipsilateral

Question 25

Pathway consisting of smaller sensory neurons with unmyelinated or thinly myelinated axons

Answer 25

posterior columns

Question 26

The peripheral component of the small-fiber __ arises in free nerve endings in the skin that register pain, temperature, and crude touch.

Answer 26

spinothalamic tract

Question 27

In the posterior column system, the peripheral ___ of the dorsal root ganglia transmit the sensations of vibration, proprioception, kinesthesia, pressure, and fine touch from skin and joint position receptors to the dorsal root ganglia, where they travel through central projections in the posterior columns to second-order sensory neurons in the medulla.

Answer 27

large-fiber projections

Question 28

Is the band of skin innervated by the sensory root of a single spinal nerve.

Answer 28

dermatome

Question 29

is an involuntary stereotypical response that may involve as few as two
neurons, one afferent (sensory) and one efferent (motor), across a single synapse.

Answer 29

reflex

Question 30

Muscle Stretch Reflexes

Ankle reflex:
Knee reflex:
Supinator (brachioradialis) reflex:
Biceps reflex:
Triceps reflex:

Answer 30

Ankle reflex: Sacral 1 primarily
Knee reflex: Lumbar 2, 3, 4
Supinator (brachioradialis) reflex: Cervical 5, 6
Biceps reflex: Cervical 5, 6
Triceps reflex: Cervical 6, 7

Question 31

Two of the most common symptoms in neurologic disorders are

Answer 31

headache and dizziness

Question 32

Migraine headache is often preceded by an aura or prodrome, and is highly likely
if three of the five “POUND” features are present:

Answer 32

Pulsatile or throbbing;
One-day duration, or lasts 4 to 72 hours if untreated;
Unilateral;
Nausea or vomiting;
Disabling or intensity causing interruption of daily activity.

Question 32

“a rhythmic oscillatory movement of a body part resulting from the contraction of opposing muscle groups,” is the most common movement disorder

Answer 32

Tremor

Question 33

Described as an unpleasant sensation in the legs, especially at night, that gets worse with rest and improves with movement of the symptomatic limb(s)

Answer 33

restless legs syndrome

Question 34

is a sudden neurologic deficit caused by cerebrovascular ischemia (87%) or
hemorrhage (13%).

Answer 34

Stroke

Question 35

is “an infarction of CNS tissue” that may be symptomatic or silent. “Symptomatic type of strokes are manifest by clinical signs of focal or global cerebral, spinal, or retinal dysfunction caused by CNS infarction.

Answer 35

Ischemic stroke

Question 36

“a transient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal ischemia, without acute infarction.”

Answer 36

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Question 37

Stroke Warning Signs and Symptoms

Answer 37

F Face Drooping—Does one side of the face droop or is it numb?
A Arm Weakness—Is one arm weak or numb?
S Speech Difficulty—Is speech slurred?
T Time to call 9-1-1—If someone shows any of these symptoms, even if the
symptoms go away, call 9-1-1 and get the person to the hospital immediately.

BEYOND FAST:
● Sudden numbness or weakness of the leg, arm, or face
● Sudden confusion or trouble understanding
● Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes
● Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination
● Sudden severe headache with no known cause

Question 38

A multifactorial syndrome, is an acute confusional state marked by sudden onset, fluctuating course, inattention, and at times changing levels of consciousness.

Answer 38

Delirium

Question 39

Is characterized by declines in memory and cognitive ability that interfere with activities of daily living

Answer 39

Dementia