MUSCULOSKELETAL Flashcards
Red Flags for Low Back Pain from Underlying Systemic Disease
● Age <20 years or >50 years
● History of cancer
● Unexplained weight loss, fever, or decline in general health
● Pain lasting more than 1 month or not responding to treatment
● Pain at night or present at rest
● History of intravenous drug use, addiction, or immunosuppression
● Presence of active infection or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
● Long-term steroid therapy
● Saddle anesthesia, bladder or bowel incontinence
● Neurologic symptoms or progressive neurologic deficit
the most abundant mineral in the body, is essential for bone health, muscle function, nerve transmission, vascular function, and intracellular signaling and hormonal secretion
Calcium
Recommended Dietary Intakes of Calcium and Vitamin D for Adults
19-50 years old
51-70 yrs old
Women
Men
71 and older
Age Group Calcium mg/d Vitamin D IU/d
19–50 yrs 1,000 600
51–70 yrs
Women 1,200 600
Men 1,000 600
71 & older 1,200 800
Once injured, articular cartilage is replaced by less resilient ____, increasing risk of pain and OA.
fibrocartilage
Risk factors for falls include
- increasing age,
- impaired gait and balance,
- postural hypotension,
- loss of strength,
- medication use,
- comorbid illness,
- depression,
- cognitive impairment,
- visual deficits.
There are two phases to range of motion:
active (by the patient) and passive (by the examiner)
malalignment of bones or joints occurs in
Dupuytren contracture, bow-legs (genu varum) or knock-knees (genu valgum)
Four Signs of Inflammation
- Swelling
- Warmth
- Redness
- pain or tenderness
Palpable bogginess or doughiness of the synovial membrane indicates ___, which is often accompanied by effusion.
synovitis
Palpable joint fluid is present in effusion, tenderness over the tendon sheaths in
tendinitis
The principal muscles opening the mouth are the
external pterygoids
is a fibrocartilaginous ring that surrounds the glenoid and deepens its socket,
providing greater stability to the humeral head.
labrum
In this joint, the head of the humerus articulates with the shallow glenoid fossa of the scapula. This joint is deeply situated and normally not palpable. It is a ball-and-socket joint, allowing the arm its wide arc of movement—flexion, extension, abduction (movement away from the trunk), adduction (movement toward the trunk), rotation, and circumduction.
glenohumeral joint
The convex medial end of the clavicle articulates with the concave hollow in the upper sternum.
sternoclavicular joint.
The lateral end of the clavicle articulates with the acromion process of the scapula.
acromioclavicular joint.
Atrophy of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus with increased prominence of scapular spine can appear within 2 to 3 weeks of a
rotator cuff tear
Beginning medially, at the ____, trace the clavicle laterally with your fingers.
sternoclavicular joint
From behind, follow the bony spine of the scapula laterally and upward until it becomes the ___, the summit of the shoulder. Its upper surface is rough and slightly convex.
acromion
With your index finger on top of the acromion, just behind its tip, press medially with your thumb to find the slightly elevated ridge that marks the distal end of the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint. Move your thumb medially and down a short step to the next bony prominence, the ____of the scapula.
coracoid process
With your thumb on the coracoid process, allow your fingers to fall on and grasp the lateral aspect of the humerus to palpate the ___, where the SITS muscles insert.
greater tubercle
