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Cosmetology Review > Part 2 > Flashcards

Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The dark special cells that protect sensitive cells and provide color to the skin are

A

melanocytes

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2
Q

The granular layer of the skin is also called the

A

stratum granulosum layer

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3
Q

The outermost layer of the epidermis is the

A

stratum corneum

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4
Q

A fiber protein that is the principal component of hair and nails is

A

keratin

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5
Q

The deepest layer of the epidermis is the

A

stratum germinativum

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6
Q

The clear, transparent layer under the skin surface is the

A

stratum lucidum

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7
Q

Cells that are almost dead and pushed to the surface to replace cells and shed from the

A

stratum granulosum layer

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8
Q

The underlying or inner layer of the skin is the

A

dermis layer

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9
Q

The outermost layer, directly beneath the epidermis, is the

A

papillary layer

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10
Q

The deepest layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients and contains sweat and oil glands is the

A

reticular layer

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11
Q

Tissue that gives smoothness and contour to the body and provides a protective cushion is

A

subcutaneous tissue

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12
Q

The clear fluid that removes toxins and cellular waste and has immune f functions is

A

lymph

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13
Q

Motor nerve fibers attached to the hair follicle that can cause goose bumps are the

A

arrector pili muscle

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14
Q

Nerves that regulate the secretion of perspiration and sebum are

A

secretory nerve fibers

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15
Q

Basic sensations such as touch, pain, heat, cold, and pressure are registered by

A

nerve endings

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16
Q

The amount and type of pigment produced by and individual is determined by

A

genes

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17
Q

Two types of melanin produces by the body are

A

pheomelanin and eumelanin

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18
Q

Skin gets its strength, form, and flexibility from flexible fibers found within the

A

dermis layer

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19
Q

The fibrous protein that gives skin its form and strength is

A

collagen

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20
Q

A fiber that gives skin its flexibility and elasticity is

A

elastin

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21
Q

The sudoriferous glands help the body regulate

A

temperature

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22
Q

A tube like duct that ends at the skin surface to form the sweat pre is the

A

secretory coil

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23
Q

The sebaceous or oil glands are connected to the

A

hair follicles

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24
Q

The principal functions of the skin and protection, sensation, heat regulation, excretion, and

A

secretion and absorption

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25
Q

The best way to support the heath of the skin is by eating foods from

A

fats, carbohydrates, and proteins

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26
Q

The hard protective plate found at the ends of fingers and toes are

A

natural nails

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27
Q

The area under a healthy nail plate should appear

A

pinkish

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28
Q

A main protein that is found in natural nails is

A

keratin

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29
Q

Nails are an appendage of the skin and are part of what body system?

A

integumentary system

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30
Q

A healthy nail is smooth, shiny and

A

translucent

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31
Q

The portion of the living skin on which the nail plate sits is the

A

nail bed

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32
Q

The nail bed is attached to the nail plate by a thin layer of

A

bed epithelium

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33
Q

Nails cells are formed in what part of the nail structure

A

matrix

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34
Q

The nail plate is guided and helped along during its growth by a thin layer of tissue called

A

bed epithelium

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35
Q

The matrix continues to create new cells provided that

A

it receives nutrition and is kept healthy

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36
Q

The visible part of the matrix that extends from underneath the living skin is the

A

lunula

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37
Q

The most visible and functional part of the nail module is the

A

nail plate

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38
Q

The nail plate is constructed of how many layers of nail cells?

A

100

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39
Q

The part of the nail plate that extends over the top of the finger or toe is the

A

free edge

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40
Q

The dead, colorless tissue attached to the nail plate is

A

cuticle

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41
Q

The living skin at the base of the nail covering the matrix area is the

A

eponychium

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42
Q

The slightly thickened layer of skin that lies underneath the free edge of the nail plate is the

A

hyponychium

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43
Q

Tough bands of fibrous tissues that connect bones are

A

ligaments

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44
Q

The slits or furrows on the sides of the nail plate are

A

nail grooves

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45
Q

The length, width, and curvature of nails are determined by the

A

matrix shape

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46
Q

In the normal adult, the average rate of nail growth is about

A

1/10 inch per month

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47
Q

A healthy natural nail will continue to grow provided there is not damage to the

A

matrix

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48
Q

Replacement of the natural fingernail usually takes about

A

4 to 6 months

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49
Q

What fingernail grows the fastest

A

middle finger

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50
Q

The nail has a water content between

A

15 and 25 percent

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51
Q

The scientific study of hair, its diseases, and care is called

A

trichology

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52
Q

The two parts of a mature hair strand are the hair shaft and

A

hair root

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53
Q

The portion of hair the projects above the skin is the

A

hair shaft

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54
Q

The follicle, bulb, papilla, arrector pili muscle, and sebaceous glands are main structures of the

A

hair root

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55
Q

The tube like depression or pocket in the skin or scalp that contains the hair root is the

A

follicle

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56
Q

Hair follicles are not found on the palms of the hands or the

A

soles of the feet

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57
Q

The follicle extends downward from the epidermis, where it surrounds the

A

dermal papilla

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58
Q

The lowest area or part of the hair strand is the

A

hair bulb

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59
Q

A small, cone-shaped area at the base o the hair follicle that fits into the hair bulb is the

A

dermal papilla

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60
Q

A tiny, involuntary muscle fiber inserted in the base of the hair follicle is the

A

arrector pili

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61
Q

The oil glands of the skin connected to the hair follicles are

A

sebaceous glands

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62
Q

An oily substance secreted from the sebaceous glands is

A

sebum

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63
Q

The overlapping layer of hair with transparent, scale like cells is the

A

cuticle

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64
Q

The three main layers of the hair shaft are the cuticle, medulla and

A

cortex

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65
Q

Swelling the hair raises the cuticle layer and allows for

A

penetration

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66
Q

For chemicals to penetrate a healthy cuticle hair layer, they must

A

have an alkaline pH

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67
Q

The fibrous protein core of the hair, formed by elongated cells containing melanin pigment, is the

A

cortex later

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68
Q

The medulla is the innermost layer of the hair and is composed of

A

round cells

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69
Q

Hair is composed of a protein that grows from cells originating within the

A

hair follicle

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70
Q

The process whereby living cells mature and begin their journey up the hair shaft is

A

keratinization

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71
Q

The five main elements that make up the chemical composition of human hair are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and

A

nitrogen and sulfur

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72
Q

The chemical bonds that hold together the amino acid molecules are

A

peptide bonds

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73
Q

An end bond is also known as a(n)

A

peptide bonds

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74
Q

When peptide bonds hold together a very long chain of amino acids, it is called a

A

polypeptide chain

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75
Q

The three types a cross-links that form the bonds between the polypeptide chains are hydrogen bonds, salt bonds, and

A

disulfide bonds

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76
Q

A weak type of physical side bond that is easily broken by water or heat is a(n)

A

hydrogen bond

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77
Q

A salt bond is easily broken with the use of

A

strong alkaline or acidic solutions

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78
Q

Bonds that must be chemically separated are

A

disulfide bonds

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79
Q

Hydrogen chemical hair relaxers break disulfide bonds and during rinsing convert them to

A

lanthionine bonds

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80
Q

The natural hair pigment found in the cortex layer of the hair is

A

melanin

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81
Q

Two different types of melanin are eumelanin and

A

pheomelanin

82
Q

Natural wave patterns are the result of

A

genetics

83
Q

Asians trend to have

A

extremely straight hair

84
Q

Extremely curly hair grows

A

in long twisted spirals

85
Q

To help minimize tangles in extremely curly hair when washing you should use

A

a detangling rinse

86
Q

Extremely curly hair may often break or knot easily due to

A

low elasticity

87
Q

Four important factors to consider in hair analysis are texture and porosity

A

elasticity and density

88
Q

The thickness or diameter of the individual hair strands is the

A

hair texture

89
Q

Hair texture is classified as

A

coarse medium or fine

90
Q

The measurement of individual hair strands on one square inch of the scalp is

A

hair density

91
Q

The ability of the hair to absorb water or oil is

A

porosity

92
Q

Chemical services performed on hair with low porosity require

A

more alkaline solutions

93
Q

Hair with high porosity is often the result of

A

over processing

94
Q

The ability of the hair to stretch and return without breaking is

A

elasticity and density

95
Q

Wet hair with normal elasticity will stretch up to

A

50 percent

96
Q

When shaping and styling hair, consider the hair’s

A

natural growth patterns

97
Q

Dry hair and scalp can be caused by

A

inactive sebaceous glands

98
Q

Oily scalp and hair can be treated by properly shampooing with

A

normalizing shampoo

99
Q

Hair that is not pigmented and almost never has medulla is

A

vellus

100
Q

Long, soft hair found on the scalp, legs, arms, and bodies of males and females is

A

terminal

101
Q

The phases of hair growth are anagen, catagen, and

A

telogen

102
Q

The growth phase where new hair produced is

A

anagen

103
Q

The average growth of healthy scalp hair is

A

one inch per month

104
Q

The final or resting phase in the hair growth cycle is

A

telogen stage

105
Q

In general, the cross sections of curly hair can be

A

oval

106
Q

The term used to identify abnormal hair loss is

A

alopecia

107
Q

The sudden falling out of hair in round patches or baldness in spots is called

A

alopecia areata

108
Q

Two products approve by the FDA to stimulate hair growth and allowed for sale in the United States are

A

minoxidil and finasteride

109
Q

The technical term used to describe gray hair is

A

canities

110
Q

A variety canities, characterized by alternating bands of gray and pigmented hair, is

A

ringed hair

111
Q

A condition of abnormal hair growth on areas of the body is

A

hypertrichosis

112
Q

Trichorrhexis nodosa is characterized by brittleness of the hair and formation of

A

swellings along the hair shaft

113
Q

The technical term used to describe beaded hair is

A

monilethrix

114
Q

The medical term for dandruff is

A

pityriasis

115
Q

The medical term used to describe a final organism characterized by itching, scales, and painful circular lesions is

A

tinea

116
Q

The type of fungal infection characterized by red papules at the opening of the hair follicles is

A

tinea capitis

117
Q

A highly contagious skin disease caused by a nite parasite is

A

scabies

118
Q

An acute localized bacterial infection of the hair follicle that produce constant pain is

A

a furuncle

119
Q

An inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue caused by staphylococci is

A

a carbuncle

120
Q

The spread of disease can be prevented by practicing approved

A

sanitation and disinfection procedures

121
Q

The science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions is known as

A

chemistry

122
Q

The study of substances that contain carbon is referred to as

A

organic chemistry

123
Q

Products manufactured from natural gas, oil, or plant or animal remains are considered to be

A

organic

124
Q

Metals, minerals, water, and air are examples of

A

inorganic substances

125
Q

Inorganic chemistry is the science that deals with compounds lacking

A

carbon

126
Q

Any substance that occupies space and has mass can be considered to be

A

matter

127
Q

A basic substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances without loss of identity is called

A

matter

128
Q

Substances that cannot be divided into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means are

A

atoms

129
Q

The smallest particle of an element is a(n)

A

atom

130
Q

Chemically joining two or more atoms forms a(n)

A

molecule

131
Q

Chemical combinations of two or more atoms of different elements form

A

a compound

132
Q

Normal matter exists in three different physical states, which are solid, gas, and

A

liquid

133
Q

Characteristics that do not involve chemically changing a substance are

A

physical properties

134
Q

A change in a substance’s chemical composition is a

A

chemical change

135
Q

Matter that is not mixed with substances of different chemical compositions is a

A

pure substance

136
Q

Physical mixtures containing two or more different substances are

A

solutions, suspensions, and emulsions

137
Q

A blended mixture of two or more liquids or a solid dissolved in a liquid is a(n)

A

solution

138
Q

A substance that dissolves another substance with no change in chemical composition is a

A

solvent

139
Q

Miscible liquids that can be

A

mixed into stable solutions

140
Q

Liquids that are not capable of being mixed into stable solutions are

A

immiscible

141
Q

A product that does not separate when standing and contains particles is considered to be

A

a solution

142
Q

Solutions that contain undisclosed particles that are visible to the naked eye are known as

A

suspensions

143
Q

A mixture of two or more immiscible substances united with the aid of a binder is known as a(n)

A

emulsion

144
Q

A substance that acts as a bridge to allow oil and water to mix or emulsify is a(n)

A

surfactant

145
Q

The water-loving head of a surfactant molecule is

A

hydrophilic

146
Q

Ammonium hydroxide and ammonium thoglycolate are examples of products used to

A

raise the pH of hair

147
Q

An atom or molecule that carries an electric charge is an

A

ion

148
Q

Acids owe their chemical reactivity to the

A

hydrogen ion

149
Q

Chemical reactions that produce heat are called

A

exothermic

150
Q

The chemical reactions that combines an element or compound with oxygen to produce an oxide is

A

oxidation

151
Q

The rapid oxidation of any substance accompanied by heat or light is

A

combustion

152
Q

When oxygen is subtracted from a substance, the chemical reaction is called

A

reduction

153
Q

A substance that has a pH above 7.0 is considered to be a(n)

A

alkali solution

154
Q

A sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a moisturizing ingredient in cosmetic products is

A

glycerin

155
Q

The chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized is

A

redox

156
Q

Electricity is described as a form of

A

energy

157
Q

The flow of electricity along a conductor is called a(n)

A

electric current

158
Q

Metals used in electric wiring and motors are materials that are considered good electricity

A

conductors

159
Q

Electric wires are usually covered with a rubber substance that is used as an insulator or

A

nonconductor

160
Q

The path of electricity from the generating source through conductors and back to the original source is called a(n)

A

complete circuit

161
Q

Electric current that is constant, even flowing and travels in one direction is

A

direct current

162
Q

The device that changes direct current to alternating current is a(n)

A

converter

163
Q

A rapid and interrupted current that flows in one direction then in the opposite direction is

A

alternating current

164
Q

The unit that measures the pressure or force that pushes the flow of electrons through a conductor is a(n)

A

volt

165
Q

The unit that measures the amount of electric current is a(n)

A

ampere

166
Q

The current that is used for a facial and scalp treatments is measured in

A

milliamperes

167
Q

The unit that measures how much electric energy is being used in one second is a(n)

A

watt

168
Q

The device that prevents excessive current from passing through a circuit is a(n)

A

fuse

169
Q

A switch that automatically interrupts or shuts off an electric current at the first indication of an overload is a(n)

A

circuit breaker

170
Q

An important way of promoting electrical safety is the principle of

A

grounding

171
Q

An applicator that is used for directing the electric current from the machine to the client’s skin is called a(n)

A

electrode

172
Q

The positive electrode of an electrotherapy device is called a(n)

A

anode

173
Q

The negative electrode of an electrotherapy device is called a(n)

A

cathode

174
Q

The most commonly used modality that is a constant and direct current is

A

galvanic current

175
Q

The process of introducing water-soluble products into the skin with the use of electric current is called

A

iontophoresis

176
Q

A process that forces liquids into the tissues from the negative toward the positive pole is called

A

anaphoresis

177
Q

A thermal or heat-producing current with a high rate of oscillation that is used for scalp and facial treatments is

A

Tesla current

178
Q

Visible light, the part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum that we can see, makes up what percentage of natural sunlight?

A

35 percent

179
Q

The long wavelengths that penetrate the deepest and produce the most heat are

A

infrared rays

180
Q

To avoid damage to the eyes of a client or practitioner when using light therapy treatments, the eyes should be protected with saturated cotton pads or

A

safety goggles

181
Q

The foundation for all artistic applications is

A

design

182
Q

The design process begins by analyzing the entire person and using the design elements and principles to

A

enhance positive features

183
Q

In the hair design process, when deciding to take calculated risks, it is important to have a strong foundation in

A

techniques and skills

184
Q

In the principles of designs, line defines

A

form and space

185
Q

Lines that extend in the same direction and maintain a constant distance apart are

A

horizontal lines

186
Q

Lines positioned between horizontal and vertical, used to emphasize or minimize facial feature, are

A

diagonal lines

187
Q

An example of a hairstyle created using a single line is a

A

one-length style

188
Q

Curved lines that are used to blend and soften horizontal or vertical lines are

A

transitional lines

189
Q

The three-dimensional mass or general outlines of a hairstyle is referred to as its

A

form and space

190
Q

In hairstyling, the area that surrounds the form is the

A

space

191
Q

Natural wave patterns are described as straight, wavy, curly, and

A

extremely curly

192
Q

In hair design, with every movement the relationship of form and what other design element change?

A

space

193
Q

Hair texture changes can be created or chanted temporarily with styling tools and permanently with

A

chemicals

194
Q

Smooth wave patterns accent the face and can be used to narrow

A

a round head shape

195
Q

Illusions of dimension or depth are created when lighter and warmer colors are alternated with colors that are

A

darker and cooler

196
Q

For a client with gold skin tones, a flattering hair color tone would be

A

warm

197
Q

In the principles of art and design, the comparative relationship of one thing to another is called

A

proportion

198
Q

In designing for clients with large or broad shoulders, the stylist would create styles with

A

volume

199
Q

Balance is described as creating equal or appropriate proportions to create

A

symmetry

200
Q

In designing, when the two sides are the same distance from the center, have the same length and volume, the balance is considered to be

A

symmetrical

Cosmetology Review (7 decks)

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