Part 2 Flashcards
The dark special cells that protect sensitive cells and provide color to the skin are
melanocytes
The granular layer of the skin is also called the
stratum granulosum layer
The outermost layer of the epidermis is the
stratum corneum
A fiber protein that is the principal component of hair and nails is
keratin
The deepest layer of the epidermis is the
stratum germinativum
The clear, transparent layer under the skin surface is the
stratum lucidum
Cells that are almost dead and pushed to the surface to replace cells and shed from the
stratum granulosum layer
The underlying or inner layer of the skin is the
dermis layer
The outermost layer, directly beneath the epidermis, is the
papillary layer
The deepest layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients and contains sweat and oil glands is the
reticular layer
Tissue that gives smoothness and contour to the body and provides a protective cushion is
subcutaneous tissue
The clear fluid that removes toxins and cellular waste and has immune f functions is
lymph
Motor nerve fibers attached to the hair follicle that can cause goose bumps are the
arrector pili muscle
Nerves that regulate the secretion of perspiration and sebum are
secretory nerve fibers
Basic sensations such as touch, pain, heat, cold, and pressure are registered by
nerve endings
The amount and type of pigment produced by and individual is determined by
genes
Two types of melanin produces by the body are
pheomelanin and eumelanin
Skin gets its strength, form, and flexibility from flexible fibers found within the
dermis layer
The fibrous protein that gives skin its form and strength is
collagen
A fiber that gives skin its flexibility and elasticity is
elastin
The sudoriferous glands help the body regulate
temperature
A tube like duct that ends at the skin surface to form the sweat pre is the
secretory coil
The sebaceous or oil glands are connected to the
hair follicles
The principal functions of the skin and protection, sensation, heat regulation, excretion, and
secretion and absorption
The best way to support the heath of the skin is by eating foods from
fats, carbohydrates, and proteins
The hard protective plate found at the ends of fingers and toes are
natural nails
The area under a healthy nail plate should appear
pinkish
A main protein that is found in natural nails is
keratin
Nails are an appendage of the skin and are part of what body system?
integumentary system
A healthy nail is smooth, shiny and
translucent
The portion of the living skin on which the nail plate sits is the
nail bed
The nail bed is attached to the nail plate by a thin layer of
bed epithelium
Nails cells are formed in what part of the nail structure
matrix
The nail plate is guided and helped along during its growth by a thin layer of tissue called
bed epithelium
The matrix continues to create new cells provided that
it receives nutrition and is kept healthy
The visible part of the matrix that extends from underneath the living skin is the
lunula
The most visible and functional part of the nail module is the
nail plate
The nail plate is constructed of how many layers of nail cells?
100
The part of the nail plate that extends over the top of the finger or toe is the
free edge
The dead, colorless tissue attached to the nail plate is
cuticle
The living skin at the base of the nail covering the matrix area is the
eponychium
The slightly thickened layer of skin that lies underneath the free edge of the nail plate is the
hyponychium
Tough bands of fibrous tissues that connect bones are
ligaments
The slits or furrows on the sides of the nail plate are
nail grooves
The length, width, and curvature of nails are determined by the
matrix shape
In the normal adult, the average rate of nail growth is about
1/10 inch per month
A healthy natural nail will continue to grow provided there is not damage to the
matrix
Replacement of the natural fingernail usually takes about
4 to 6 months
What fingernail grows the fastest
middle finger
The nail has a water content between
15 and 25 percent
The scientific study of hair, its diseases, and care is called
trichology
The two parts of a mature hair strand are the hair shaft and
hair root
The portion of hair the projects above the skin is the
hair shaft
The follicle, bulb, papilla, arrector pili muscle, and sebaceous glands are main structures of the
hair root
The tube like depression or pocket in the skin or scalp that contains the hair root is the
follicle
Hair follicles are not found on the palms of the hands or the
soles of the feet
The follicle extends downward from the epidermis, where it surrounds the
dermal papilla
The lowest area or part of the hair strand is the
hair bulb
A small, cone-shaped area at the base o the hair follicle that fits into the hair bulb is the
dermal papilla
A tiny, involuntary muscle fiber inserted in the base of the hair follicle is the
arrector pili
The oil glands of the skin connected to the hair follicles are
sebaceous glands
An oily substance secreted from the sebaceous glands is
sebum
The overlapping layer of hair with transparent, scale like cells is the
cuticle
The three main layers of the hair shaft are the cuticle, medulla and
cortex
Swelling the hair raises the cuticle layer and allows for
penetration
For chemicals to penetrate a healthy cuticle hair layer, they must
have an alkaline pH
The fibrous protein core of the hair, formed by elongated cells containing melanin pigment, is the
cortex later
The medulla is the innermost layer of the hair and is composed of
round cells
Hair is composed of a protein that grows from cells originating within the
hair follicle
The process whereby living cells mature and begin their journey up the hair shaft is
keratinization
The five main elements that make up the chemical composition of human hair are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and
nitrogen and sulfur
The chemical bonds that hold together the amino acid molecules are
peptide bonds
An end bond is also known as a(n)
peptide bonds
When peptide bonds hold together a very long chain of amino acids, it is called a
polypeptide chain
The three types a cross-links that form the bonds between the polypeptide chains are hydrogen bonds, salt bonds, and
disulfide bonds
A weak type of physical side bond that is easily broken by water or heat is a(n)
hydrogen bond
A salt bond is easily broken with the use of
strong alkaline or acidic solutions
Bonds that must be chemically separated are
disulfide bonds
Hydrogen chemical hair relaxers break disulfide bonds and during rinsing convert them to
lanthionine bonds
The natural hair pigment found in the cortex layer of the hair is
melanin
Two different types of melanin are eumelanin and
pheomelanin
Natural wave patterns are the result of
genetics
Asians trend to have
extremely straight hair
Extremely curly hair grows
in long twisted spirals
To help minimize tangles in extremely curly hair when washing you should use
a detangling rinse
Extremely curly hair may often break or knot easily due to
low elasticity
Four important factors to consider in hair analysis are texture and porosity
elasticity and density
The thickness or diameter of the individual hair strands is the
hair texture
Hair texture is classified as
coarse medium or fine
The measurement of individual hair strands on one square inch of the scalp is
hair density
The ability of the hair to absorb water or oil is
porosity
Chemical services performed on hair with low porosity require
more alkaline solutions
Hair with high porosity is often the result of
over processing
The ability of the hair to stretch and return without breaking is
elasticity and density
Wet hair with normal elasticity will stretch up to
50 percent
When shaping and styling hair, consider the hair’s
natural growth patterns
Dry hair and scalp can be caused by
inactive sebaceous glands
Oily scalp and hair can be treated by properly shampooing with
normalizing shampoo
Hair that is not pigmented and almost never has medulla is
vellus
Long, soft hair found on the scalp, legs, arms, and bodies of males and females is
terminal
The phases of hair growth are anagen, catagen, and
telogen
The growth phase where new hair produced is
anagen
The average growth of healthy scalp hair is
one inch per month
The final or resting phase in the hair growth cycle is
telogen stage
In general, the cross sections of curly hair can be
oval
The term used to identify abnormal hair loss is
alopecia
The sudden falling out of hair in round patches or baldness in spots is called
alopecia areata
Two products approve by the FDA to stimulate hair growth and allowed for sale in the United States are
minoxidil and finasteride
The technical term used to describe gray hair is
canities
A variety canities, characterized by alternating bands of gray and pigmented hair, is
ringed hair
A condition of abnormal hair growth on areas of the body is
hypertrichosis
Trichorrhexis nodosa is characterized by brittleness of the hair and formation of
swellings along the hair shaft
The technical term used to describe beaded hair is
monilethrix
The medical term for dandruff is
pityriasis
The medical term used to describe a final organism characterized by itching, scales, and painful circular lesions is
tinea
The type of fungal infection characterized by red papules at the opening of the hair follicles is
tinea capitis
A highly contagious skin disease caused by a nite parasite is
scabies
An acute localized bacterial infection of the hair follicle that produce constant pain is
a furuncle
An inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue caused by staphylococci is
a carbuncle
The spread of disease can be prevented by practicing approved
sanitation and disinfection procedures
The science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions is known as
chemistry
The study of substances that contain carbon is referred to as
organic chemistry
Products manufactured from natural gas, oil, or plant or animal remains are considered to be
organic
Metals, minerals, water, and air are examples of
inorganic substances
Inorganic chemistry is the science that deals with compounds lacking
carbon
Any substance that occupies space and has mass can be considered to be
matter
A basic substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances without loss of identity is called
matter
Substances that cannot be divided into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means are
atoms
The smallest particle of an element is a(n)
atom
Chemically joining two or more atoms forms a(n)
molecule
Chemical combinations of two or more atoms of different elements form
a compound
Normal matter exists in three different physical states, which are solid, gas, and
liquid
Characteristics that do not involve chemically changing a substance are
physical properties
A change in a substance’s chemical composition is a
chemical change
Matter that is not mixed with substances of different chemical compositions is a
pure substance
Physical mixtures containing two or more different substances are
solutions, suspensions, and emulsions
A blended mixture of two or more liquids or a solid dissolved in a liquid is a(n)
solution
A substance that dissolves another substance with no change in chemical composition is a
solvent
Miscible liquids that can be
mixed into stable solutions
Liquids that are not capable of being mixed into stable solutions are
immiscible
A product that does not separate when standing and contains particles is considered to be
a solution
Solutions that contain undisclosed particles that are visible to the naked eye are known as
suspensions
A mixture of two or more immiscible substances united with the aid of a binder is known as a(n)
emulsion
A substance that acts as a bridge to allow oil and water to mix or emulsify is a(n)
surfactant
The water-loving head of a surfactant molecule is
hydrophilic
Ammonium hydroxide and ammonium thoglycolate are examples of products used to
raise the pH of hair
An atom or molecule that carries an electric charge is an
ion
Acids owe their chemical reactivity to the
hydrogen ion
Chemical reactions that produce heat are called
exothermic
The chemical reactions that combines an element or compound with oxygen to produce an oxide is
oxidation
The rapid oxidation of any substance accompanied by heat or light is
combustion
When oxygen is subtracted from a substance, the chemical reaction is called
reduction
A substance that has a pH above 7.0 is considered to be a(n)
alkali solution
A sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a moisturizing ingredient in cosmetic products is
glycerin
The chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized is
redox
Electricity is described as a form of
energy
The flow of electricity along a conductor is called a(n)
electric current
Metals used in electric wiring and motors are materials that are considered good electricity
conductors
Electric wires are usually covered with a rubber substance that is used as an insulator or
nonconductor
The path of electricity from the generating source through conductors and back to the original source is called a(n)
complete circuit
Electric current that is constant, even flowing and travels in one direction is
direct current
The device that changes direct current to alternating current is a(n)
converter
A rapid and interrupted current that flows in one direction then in the opposite direction is
alternating current
The unit that measures the pressure or force that pushes the flow of electrons through a conductor is a(n)
volt
The unit that measures the amount of electric current is a(n)
ampere
The current that is used for a facial and scalp treatments is measured in
milliamperes
The unit that measures how much electric energy is being used in one second is a(n)
watt
The device that prevents excessive current from passing through a circuit is a(n)
fuse
A switch that automatically interrupts or shuts off an electric current at the first indication of an overload is a(n)
circuit breaker
An important way of promoting electrical safety is the principle of
grounding
An applicator that is used for directing the electric current from the machine to the client’s skin is called a(n)
electrode
The positive electrode of an electrotherapy device is called a(n)
anode
The negative electrode of an electrotherapy device is called a(n)
cathode
The most commonly used modality that is a constant and direct current is
galvanic current
The process of introducing water-soluble products into the skin with the use of electric current is called
iontophoresis
A process that forces liquids into the tissues from the negative toward the positive pole is called
anaphoresis
A thermal or heat-producing current with a high rate of oscillation that is used for scalp and facial treatments is
Tesla current
Visible light, the part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum that we can see, makes up what percentage of natural sunlight?
35 percent
The long wavelengths that penetrate the deepest and produce the most heat are
infrared rays
To avoid damage to the eyes of a client or practitioner when using light therapy treatments, the eyes should be protected with saturated cotton pads or
safety goggles
The foundation for all artistic applications is
design
The design process begins by analyzing the entire person and using the design elements and principles to
enhance positive features
In the hair design process, when deciding to take calculated risks, it is important to have a strong foundation in
techniques and skills
In the principles of designs, line defines
form and space
Lines that extend in the same direction and maintain a constant distance apart are
horizontal lines
Lines positioned between horizontal and vertical, used to emphasize or minimize facial feature, are
diagonal lines
An example of a hairstyle created using a single line is a
one-length style
Curved lines that are used to blend and soften horizontal or vertical lines are
transitional lines
The three-dimensional mass or general outlines of a hairstyle is referred to as its
form and space
In hairstyling, the area that surrounds the form is the
space
Natural wave patterns are described as straight, wavy, curly, and
extremely curly
In hair design, with every movement the relationship of form and what other design element change?
space
Hair texture changes can be created or chanted temporarily with styling tools and permanently with
chemicals
Smooth wave patterns accent the face and can be used to narrow
a round head shape
Illusions of dimension or depth are created when lighter and warmer colors are alternated with colors that are
darker and cooler
For a client with gold skin tones, a flattering hair color tone would be
warm
In the principles of art and design, the comparative relationship of one thing to another is called
proportion
In designing for clients with large or broad shoulders, the stylist would create styles with
volume
Balance is described as creating equal or appropriate proportions to create
symmetry
In designing, when the two sides are the same distance from the center, have the same length and volume, the balance is considered to be
symmetrical
