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Diagnostic Imaging II > Part 10-test 3 > Flashcards

Part 10-test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

-oma

A

tumor

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2
Q

tumor

A

lesion followed by an abnormal growth of cells

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3
Q

benign tumor

A

abnormal tissue masses are are not cancers

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4
Q

malignant tumor

A

synonymous with cancer and malignant tumors are usually named using -carcinom, -sarcoma or -blastoma

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5
Q

cancer

A

diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues

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6
Q

carcinoma

A

any malignant cancer that arises from epithelial cells

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7
Q

sarcoma

A

cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels or other connective or supportive tissue

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8
Q

lymphoma/leukemia

A

malignancies derived from hematopoietic cells

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9
Q

blastoma

A

tumor (usually malignant) which resembles an immature or embryonic tissue

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10
Q

metastasis

A

new tumors that appear far from the original tumor

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11
Q

predictive factors for differential diagnosis

A 
age
incidence
skeletal location
interosseous location
tumor appearance
clinical presentation
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12
Q

metastatic disease

A

74% of all malignancies in bone

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13
Q

MC malignant tumor in adults

A

multiple myeloma

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14
Q

MC malignant tumor in kids

A

osteosarcoma

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15
Q

MC benign osseous tumor

A

osteochondroma

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16
Q

MC benign spinal tumor

A

hemangioma

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17
Q

what pattern of bone destruction is least worrysome? most?

A

least- geographic

most- permative

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18
Q

what are the positions of a lesion in the horizontal plane?

A 
central/medullary
eccentric
cortical
parosteal
soft tissues
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19
Q

describe geographic bone desctruction

A 
least aggressive
usually solitary lesion <1cm
indicative of a slow growing lesion
short zone of transition
margin is well defined, can be smooth or isolated
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20
Q

describe moth eaten destruction

A

moderate degree of aggressiveness
numerous small holes (2-5mm) in size
longer zone of transition than geographic
margins are not well defined

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21
Q

describe permeative bone destruction

A

most aggressive growing lesion
numerous small holes (1mm) in size
wide zone of transition
poorly demarcated or imperceptible borders

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22
Q

what are the big differences between benign and malignant holes in bones?

A

longer zone of transition=more aggressive

shorter zone of transition= less aggressive

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23
Q

cortical changes that could indicate tumors?

A 
buttressing/thickening
endosteal scalloping
splitting or tunneling
thinning with or without expansion
penetration with or without periosteal reaction
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24
Q

differential diagnoses of solitary lucent bone lesions

A 
FOG MACHINES
fibrous dysplasia
osteoblastoma
giant cell tumor
metastasis
aneurysmal bone cyst
chondroblastoma
hyperparathyroidism (brown tumor)
infection (osteomyelitis)
non-ossifying fibroma
enchondroma/eosinophilic granuloma
simple (unicameral) bone cyst
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25
Q

types of periosteal reactions

A 
laminated
codman's
hair on end
solid
complex
26
Q

describe buttressing/solid periosteal reaction

A

additional layers of new bone are added to exterior creating an expanded osseous contour

27
Q

buttressing/solid periosteal reactions are associated with?

A

slow growing lesions

28
Q

describe laminated/layered/onion skinned

A

multiple alternating layers of lucency and opacity with alternating growth
can be thin or thick
can be seen in slow or aggressive lesions

29
Q

onion skin/layered/laminated are associated with?

A

Ewing’s sarcoma

30
Q

describe spiculated

A

linear radiating spicules of new bone

“hair on end”

31
Q

describe sunburst

A

type of spiculated

when bone is radiating from a central focus

32
Q

spiculated is associated with?

A

osteosarcoma

33
Q

describe codman’s triangle

A

triangular elevation periosteum seen at the peripheral lesion-cortex junction
may be seen also with benign tumors, infections or other disorders

34
Q

what is one of the most aggressive forms of periosteal reactions?

A

codman’s triangle

35
Q

what are the different types of tumor matrices?

A 
osseous
fibrus
vascular
muscular
cartilaginous
36
Q

cartilaginous matrix appearances

A 
ring/arc like
flocculent
small crystals
popcorn like
stippled
37
Q

benign tumors with cartilaginous matrix

A

enchondroma
osteochondroma
chondroblastoma
chondromyxoid fibroma

38
Q

malignant tumors with cartilaginous matrix

A

chondrosarcoma

39
Q

osseous matrix appearances

A

variable size radiodense areas
may occupy parts of entire lesion
can be homogenous or inhomogenous increased density changes/sclerosis
solid, cloud like, ivory like

40
Q

benign tumors with osseous matrix

A

osteoma
osteoblastoma
osteochondroma
osteoid osteoma

41
Q

malignant tumors with osseous matrix

A

osteosarcoma

42
Q

benign tumors with fibrous dysplasia

A 
fibrous dysplasia
desmoplastic fibroma
non-ossifying fibroma
fibrous cortical defect
ossifying fibroma
43
Q

malignant tumors with fibrous dysplasia

A

fibrosarcoma

44
Q

what are the differences between primary and secondary neoplasias?

A

primary- bone expansion, >6cm in length, periosteal reactions, presence of soft tissue masses

secondary- <6cm in length, number of lesions

45
Q

what is the most common tumor of bone?

A

metastasis

46
Q

most common primary sites for mets?

A

breast, lung, prostate, kidney, thyroid, bowel

47
Q

describe MC female tumor

A

70% breast
80% are lytic
next MC are thyroid, kidney, uterus

48
Q

describe MC male tumor

A

60% prostate
80% are blastic
next MC is lung, which is mostly lytic

49
Q

what are the different pathways of metastasis?

A

hematogenous dissemination via Batson’s venous plexus
lymphatic dissemination
direct extension

50
Q

lab values that may be present with metastasis?

A 
ESR
serum calcium
alkaline phosphatase (blastic)
acid phosphatase&amp;/or PSA antigen (prostate)
serum protein
albumin:globulin ratio
protein electrophoresis
51
Q

clinical features of metastasis

A

40 or older
recent weight loss, look like death, anemic, fever
initial sign may be pathological fx
pain is usually persistent and nocturnal

52
Q

MC sites for metastasis

A 
spine
ribs and sternum
pelvis and sacrum
proximal extremities
skull
53
Q

acral metastasis

A

lytic mets to distal elbow and knees most common to hands and feet
most commonly linked to lung cancer

54
Q

radiographic signs of metastasis

A

osteolytic
osteoblastic
mixed

55
Q

radiographic features of vertebral metastasis

A 
ivory vertebra
pedicle descruction
pathologic collapse
focal osteoporosis of a body
malignant schmorl's node formation
56
Q

most common reason for pathological collapse in adults

A

lytic mets
multiple myeloma
traumatic fracture (osteoporosis)

57
Q

most common reason for a pathological collapse in kids

A

eosinophilic granuloma

58
Q

what is the name of a flat or pancake vertebra?

A

vertebra plana

59
Q

solitary ivory vertebra are MC seen in?

A

paget’s
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
osteoblastic metastasis

60
Q

T1 MRI characteristics of metastasis? T2?

A

T1: most sensitive (shows as a low signal)
metastatic lesion oblique, angled or round
check for pedicular involvement
extradural mass, multiplicity
T2: less sensitive (shows as high signal

Diagnostic Imaging II (19 decks)

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