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Parasitology Flashcards

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0
Q

Biological relationship: one species benefits while harming the other

A

Parasitism

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1
Q

Biological relationship: one species benefits without harming/benefiting the other.

A

Commensalism

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2
Q

Type of parasites that causes infection

A

Endoparasite - lives inside the body of the host

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3
Q

Parasite that lives outside the body of the host, presence in host connotes infestation

A

Ectoparasite

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4
Q

Parasite that establishes itself in a host it does not ordinarily live

A

Accidental or Incidental parasite

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5
Q

Parasite that lives on host for short period of time

A

Temporary parasite

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6
Q

Parasite that remains on host for life

A

Permanent parasite

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7
Q

Host where parasites attains sexual maturity

A

Definitive or Final host

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8
Q

Host that harbors the asexual or larval stage

A

Intermediate host

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9
Q

Host where parasite does not develop further to later stages

A

Paratenic host

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10
Q

Host that allows life cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection

A

Reservoir host

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11
Q

It transmits parasite from one host to another

A

Vector

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12
Q

Refers to process of inoculating an infective agent

A

Exposure

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13
Q

Refers to establishment of infective agent inside host

A

Infection

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14
Q

Period between infection and evidence of symptoms

A

Incubation period (clinical)

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15
Q

Period between infection and demonstration of infection

A

Pre-patent period (biological)

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16
Q

Refers to infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection

A

Autoinfection

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17
Q

Infected individual is further infected with same species leading to massive infection

A

Hyperinfection or superinfection

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18
Q

Infective stage of E.histolytica

A

Mature cysts

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19
Q

Diagnostic stage of E.histolytica

A

Trophozoites, mature cyts, immature cyst

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20
Q

Causes flask-shaped colon ulcers

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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21
Q

Type of aspirate from an amebic liver abscess

A

Anchovy - sauce like aspirate

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22
Q

Treatment for the cyst carrier state of E.histolystica

A

Diloxanide furoate

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23
Q

Treatment for amebic colitis and amebic liver abscess

A

Metronidazole

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24
Q

Causes the “Backpacker’s diarrhea” usually after drinking non-treated water sources

A

Giardia lamblia - fecal-oral route

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25
Q

Motility of G.lamblia

A

Falling-leaf motility

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26
Q

Infective stage of G.lamblia

A

Cysts

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27
Q

Diagnostic stage for G.lamblia

A

Trophozoites, cysts

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28
Q

Appearance of G.lamblia on microscopy

A

Old-man/Grandfather facies

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29
Q

Treatment for G.lamblia

A

Metronidazole

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30
Q

Opportunistic intestinal protozoa that causes autoinfection in immunocompromised patients. Causes self-limited non-bloody diarrhea

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

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31
Q

Treatment for C.parvum

A

Nitazoxanide

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32
Q

Urogenital protozoan that exists only as a trophozoite. Pear-shaped flagellated trophozoite. Ping-pong transmission. Causes strawberry cervix

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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33
Q

Infective and diagnostic stage of T.vaginalis

A

Trophozoite

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34
Q

Treatment for T.vaginalis

A

Single oral dose of 2 grams of Metronidazole

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35
Q

Blood and tissue protozoa. most important parasitic disease in man that causes Durck granulomas and Blackwater fever

A

Plasmodium sp.

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36
Q

Shizogony and gametogony consist the ____ life cycle of Plasmodium

A

Asexual life cycle

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37
Q

Sexual life of Plasmodium involves?

A

Sporogony - mosquito is the definitive host

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38
Q

Important vector on the transmission of Plasmodium sp.

A

Anopheles flavirostis minimus

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39
Q

Diagnostic stage of Plasmodium

A

Trophozoites (ring form) in RBC

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40
Q

Plasmodium species: with a longer asexual cycle

A

P.malariae - for72 hours and the rest were just 48hours

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41
Q

Plasmodium species: prefers all type of RBC

A

P.falciparum

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42
Q

Plasmodium species: prefers young RBC

A

P.vivax and P.ovale

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43
Q

Plasmodium species: with the highest parasitemia

A

P.falciparum

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44
Q

Plasmodium species: with the lowest parasitemia

A

P.malariae

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45
Q

Plasmodium species: with compact gametocytes

A

P.malariae

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46
Q

Plasmodium species: with banana-shaped gametocytes

A

P.falciparum

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47
Q

Plasmodium species: causes cerebral malaria

A

P.falciparum

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48
Q

Plasmodium species: may have recrudescence

A

P.falciparum and P.malariae

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49
Q

Plasmodium species: with relapse

A

P.vivax and P.ovale

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50
Q

Plasmodium species: with many cases of drug resistance

A

P.falciparum

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51
Q

Plasmodium species: with 6-12 merozoites

A

P.malariae

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52
Q

Plasmodium species: large round gametocytes

A

P.vivax

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53
Q

Plasmodium species: with benign quartan periodicity

A

P.malariae

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54
Q

Refers to recurrence of symptoms after a temporary abatement

A

Recrusdescence

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55
Q

Refers to return of a disease after its apparent cessation due to reactivation of hypnozoites

A

Relapse

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56
Q

Diagnosis of Plasmodium sp. can be done using what?

A

Thin and Thick smears with Giemsa stain
Thin smear for species identification
Thick smear to screen for the presence of organisms

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57
Q

Right time to collect blood samples for patient with Malaria

A

Taken during fever or 2-3 hours after peak

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58
Q

Malarial dots : punctuate granulations present in red blood cells invaded by P.ovale and P.vivax

A

Schuffner dots

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59
Q

Malarial dots: fine dots present in red blood cells invaded by P.malariae

A

Ziemann dots

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60
Q

Malarial dot: coarse granulations present in red blood cells invaded by P.falciparum

A

Maurer dot

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61
Q

Condition caused by severe complication of P.falciparum malaria. Presents with acute renal failure

A

Blackwater fever

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62
Q

Areas of high endemicity to Malaria

A

Palawan, Kalinga-Apayao, Ifugao, Agusan del Sur

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63
Q

Areas of Chloroquine-resistance Malaria

A

Palawan, Davao del Norte, Compostela Valley

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64
Q

Treatment that kill schizonts in the liver

A

Tissue schizonticides - Primaquine

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65
Q

Drug that kill parasitic forms only in the erythrocytes

A

Blood schizonticides - Chloroquine, quinine

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66
Q

Drugs that prevent sporogony and multiplication in the mosquito

A

Sporonticides - Proguanil and Pyrimethamine

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67
Q

Treatment for Chloroquine-resistance

A

Mefloquine + doxycycline

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68
Q

Treatment for eradication of hypnozoites

A

Primaquine

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69
Q

Treatment for severe cases or in pregnant patients

A

Quinidine or quinine

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71
Q

Infective stage of Toxoplasma

A

Fecal oocyst

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72
Q

Diagnostic stage for Toxoplasma

A

Trophozoite (bradyzoites)

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73
Q

Definitive host of T.gondii

A

Domestic cat

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74
Q

Causes ring-enhancing lesions in immunocompromised patients

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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75
Q

Treatment for T.gondii

A

Sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine

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76
Q

Causes transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Reduvlid bug - Triatoma

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77
Q

Diagnostic stage of T.cruzi

A

Trypomastigotes in blood

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78
Q

Diagnosis for T.cruzi

A

Stained BMA or muscle biopsy

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79
Q

Disease caused by T.cruzi with Romana’s sign and chagoma, fever, LAD and hepatosplenomegaly

A

Acute Chaga’s disease

80
Q

Treatment for T.cruzi

A

Nifurtimox

81
Q

Two members of Trypanosoma brucei

A

T.brucei gambiense

T.brucei rhodesiense

82
Q

Causes the transmission of T.brucei

A

Tsetse fly (Glossina) bite

84
Q

Diagnostic stage of T.brucei

A

Trypomastigotes in blood

85
Q

Treatment for blood-borne disease caused by T.brucei

A

Suramin

87
Q

Flagellated marine protist that causes Red tide

A

Dinoflagellates

88
Q

Most common cause in the Philippines is?

A

Pyrodinium bahamese var compressum

89
Q

Treatment for T.brucei infection for CNS penetration

A

Melarsoprol

91
Q

Drug that kills gametocytes in human blood

A

Gametocides - Primaquine

92
Q

If Saxitoxin causes shellfish paralytic syndrome then ____ causes shellfish neurotoxic syndrome

A

Brevetoxin

93
Q

If Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning is associated with Okadaic acid then Amnesic shellfish syndrome is due to?

A

Domoic acid

94
Q

Causes Granulomatous amebic encephalitis or amebic keratitis in patients using contact lenses

A

Acanthamoeba castellanii

95
Q

Causes mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania brasiliensis

97
Q

Drug of choice for Leishmaniasis

A

Sodium Stibo Gluconate (Antimony compound)

98
Q

Causes Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis vis nasal inhalation, acquired while swimming in contaminated pools

A

Naegleria fowleri

100
Q

Babesiosis caused by Babesia microti is transmitted by the bite of?

A

Ixodes tick

101
Q

Causes cutaneous leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania tropica

102
Q

Leishmaniasis is transmitted by?

A

Sandfly (Phlebotomus)

103
Q

All cestodes are treated with Praziquantel except for ______ treated with Albendazole

A

Echinococcus granulosus

104
Q

Intermediate host of Taenia solium?

A

Pigs

105
Q

Sited affected of Taenia saginata?

A

Intestine together with T.solium and D.latum

106
Q

Infective stage of Taenia solium

A

Cysticerci, eggs

107
Q

Diagnostic stage of T.solium

A

Gravid proglottids

108
Q

Condition caused by T.solium wherein the small infective eggs cross the BBB and causes seizures

A

Neurocysticercosis

109
Q

Cestode known to cause megaloblastic anemia due to Vitamin B12 deficiency. Have operculated eggs

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

110
Q

Infective stage of D.latum

A

Pterocercoid larvae

111
Q

Diagnostic stage of D.latum

A

Unembryonated eggs

112
Q

One of the smallest tapeworms. Intermediate hosts: sheep and human. Definitive host: dog. Cysts acts as SOLs and may cause life-threatening anaphylaxis once cyst ruptures

A

Echinococcus granulosus

113
Q

Procedure performed on patients infected with E.granulosus

A

PAIR procedure - puncture, aspiration, injection and reaspiration

114
Q

Cestode with multiloculated cysts (honeycomb vesicles). Definitive host: foxes

A

Echinococcus multilocularis

115
Q

A dwarf tapeworm. Most common tapeworm in developed countries. With polar filaments and six-hooked larva

A

Hymenolepsis nana

116
Q

A rat tapeworm. Accidental parasite to human by ingesting insects harboring eggs.

A

Hymenolepsis diminuta

117
Q

Most common tapeworm of dogs and cats

A

Dipylidium cannum

118
Q

Common intermediate host for trematodes

A

Snail

119
Q

Intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum

A

Snail (Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi)

120
Q

Trematode that causes swimmer’s itch disease

A

Schistosoma japonicum

121
Q

Transmission of Oriental blood fluke?

A

Oriental blood fluke - S.japonicum, transmission is due to skin penetration by the cercariae

122
Q

Infective stage of S.japonicum

A

Cercariae

123
Q

Diagnostic stage of S.japonicum

A

Eggs in feces

124
Q

Diagnosis of S.japonicum?

A

Kato-katz technique

Circumoval precipitation test

125
Q

Liver granuloma caused by the eggs of S.japonicum causes what tyle of obstruction that results to hepatomegaly and portal hypertension

A

Presinusoidal obstruction

126
Q

A systemic hypersensitivity, resembling serum sickness caused by S.japonicum

A

Katayama fever

127
Q

Type of seizure associated with S.japonicum

A

Jacksonian seizure

128
Q

Areas with endemicity to S.japonicum

A

Sorsogo , Samar, Leyte, Oriental Mindoro, Bohol and all Mindanao except Misamis Oriental

129
Q

A lung fluke, that causes chronic cough with bloody sputum that closely resembles tuberculosis

A

Paragonimus westermani - hermaphrodite

130
Q

Intermediate host of P.westermani

A 
Snail (Antemelania asperata)
Mountain crab ( Sundathelphusa philippina)
131
Q

Infective stage of P.westermani

A

Metacercariae

132
Q

Diagnostic stage of P.westermani

A

Unembryonated egg

133
Q

Diagnosis of P.westermani can be made using?

A

3% NaOH preparation

134
Q

CXR finding: for Paragonimiasis

A

Ring-shadow opacity

135
Q

Asian liver fluke that is associated with cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumor) transmitted by eating undercooked/raw fish

A

Clonorchis sinensis

136
Q

Infective stage of C.sinesis

A

Metacercariae

137
Q

Diagnostic stage of C.sinensis

A

Embryonated egg

138
Q

Diagnosis for C.sinensis

A

Direct fecal smear

Potassium permanganate stain

139
Q

Appearance of C.sinensis on Potassium permanganate stain

A

Melon-like ridges

140
Q

Sheep liver fluke transmitted by eating watercress or any aquatic plants that causes obstructive jaundice and painful pharyngitis

A

Fasciola hepatica

141
Q

Intestinal fluke transmitted by eating aquatic vegetation that caused gland abscesses, and worm intoxication (anasarca and coma resulting from Accumulation of toxins)

A

Fasciolopsis buski

142
Q

Intestinal fluke transmitted by eating raw fish from containing cysts. It mimics peptic ulcer disease

A

Heterophyes heterophyes

143
Q

All are intestinal nematodes except? Ascaris, Trichinella, Capillaria, Enterobius

A

Trichinella is a tissue nematode

144
Q

Most common and largest nematode

A

Ascaris lumbricoides - giant roundworm

145
Q

Infective stage of A.lumbricoides

A

Embryonated egg

146
Q

Diagnostic stage of Ascaris

A

Fertilized egg/unembryonated egg

147
Q

Diagnosis for Ascaris

A

Direct fecal smear

Kato-katz technique

148
Q

Condition resulting to hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by Ascaris

A

Loeffler’s syndrome

149
Q

Treatment for Ascaris?

A

Albendazole - has greater larvicidal activity than mebendazole

150
Q

Hookworms that causes major damage due to blood loss at site of attachment. Blood oozes in response to an anticoagulant made by the worm

A

Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale

151
Q

Type of anemia caused by hookworms

A

Microcytic anemia due to blood loss - worms can ingest 0.25mL of blood per day

152
Q

Treatment for Hookworms

A

Albendazole

153
Q

Also known as whipworm.

A

Trichuris trichiura

154
Q

Appearance of T.trichiura based on Kato-katz technique

A

Barrel-shaped eggs with bipolar plugs. Chinese lantern appearance

155
Q

Condition cause by T.trichiura due to increased peristalsis to expel the worms

A

Rectal prolapse

156
Q

Treatment for T.trichiura

A

Mebendazole

157
Q

Also known as seatworm. Most common STH in developed countries (cosmopolitan worm)

A

Enterobius vermicularis

158
Q

Diagnostic stage of E.vermicularis

A

Eggs on perianal folds

159
Q

Diagnosis for E.vermicularis

A

Graham’s scotch tape technique - appears D-shaped eggs

160
Q

Pruritus ani is associated with what roundworm?

A

Enterobius vermicularis

161
Q

Treatment for E.vermicularis

A

Pyrantel pamoate

162
Q

Facultative parasite that causes larva currens, duodenitis, paradoxical asthma and hyperinfection syndrome

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

163
Q

Diagnostic stage of S.stercoralis

A

Rhabditiform stage

164
Q

Infective stage of S.stercoralis

A

Filariform larvae

165
Q

Diagnostic for S.stercoralis

A

Harada-Mori culture

166
Q

Treatment for S.stercoralis

A

Ivermectin

167
Q

Also known a Pudoc worm that causes borborygmus and protein - losing enteropathy

A

Capillaria philippinensis - intestinal nematode

168
Q

Only nematode whose life cycle involves a migratory bird

A

Pudoc worm - Capillaria philippinensis

169
Q

Appearance of Pudoc worm on Kato-katz technique

A

Peanut-shaped eggs with flattened bipolar plugs

170
Q

Treatment for C.philippinensis

A

Albendazole

171
Q

Most debilitating nematode infection with usual scenario of a farmer from abaca plantation

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

Brugia malayi

172
Q

Preference of Wuchereria

A

Scrotal lymphatics

173
Q

Clinical picture of W.bancrofti

A

Hydrocoele

174
Q

Vector of B.malayi

A

Mansonia mosquito

175
Q

Prefer limb lymphatics

A

Brugia malayi

176
Q

Clinical picture of B.malayi

A

Elephantiasis

177
Q

Diagnostic stage of filariasis

A

Microfilariae

178
Q

Small epithelioid granulomas in Filariasis

A

Meyers-Kouvenaar bodies

179
Q

Refers to milky urine in Filariasis

A

Chyluria

180
Q

Endemicity of Bancroftian Filariasis

A

Sorsogon, Samar, Leyte, Palawan, Camarines, Albay, Mindoro and all of Mindanao

181
Q

Malayan Filariasis endemicity

A

Easter Samar, Agusan del Sur, Palawan, Sulu

182
Q

Treatment for Filariasis

A

Diethylcarbamazine

183
Q

Tissue nematode that causes fever, periorbital edema and hemorrhagic phenomena during mild stages and myocarditis and respiratory myositis in severe cases

A

Trichinella spiralis

184
Q

Diagnostic procedure of choice for T.spiralis

A

Muscle biopsy

185
Q

Treatment for T.spiralis

A

Thiabendazole

186
Q

Namatode that causes dermal nodules, hanging groin, lizard skin and river blindness. Transmitted by female blackfly ( Simulium)

A

Onchocerca volvulus

187
Q

Treatment for O.volvulus

A

Ivermectin

188
Q

Reaction due to lysis of O.volvulus worms during treatment

A

Mazzoti reaction

189
Q

Transmitted by deer fly or mango fly (Chrysops). Causes Calabar swellings (subcutaneous edema) and worm may crawl across the conjunctiva

A

Loa loa

190
Q

Guinea fire worm also known as Serpent of Israelites that causes pruritic painful papule and live worm in skin ulcers

A

Dracunculus medinensis

191
Q

A dog ascaris causes visceral larva migrans, ocular larva migrans, uveitis and endophthalmitis

A

Toxocara canis

192
Q

Hookworm associated with cutaneous larva migrans (creeping eruptions)

A

Ancylostoma caninum,

Ancylostoma brasiliense

193
Q

Most common cause of parasitic meningitis

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

194
Q

Zoonotic roundworm that causes eosinophillic gastroenteritis

A

Anisakis simplex

195
Q

Causes visceral/kala-azar leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania donovani

196
Q

Refers to hyperesthesia due to T.brucei infection

A

Kerandel sign

197
Q

Infective stage of T.brucei

A

Metacyclic trypomastigotes

198
Q

Refers to enlargement of the posterior cervical LN due to T.brucei infection

A

Winterbottom’s sign

199
Q

Infective stage of T.cruzi

A

Metacyclic trypomastigotes

200
Q

Only ciliated protozoan to cause human disease. Associated with Pigs.

A

Balantidium coli - causes Balantidial dysentery

Microbiology (8 decks)

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