Generalities Flashcards by Marlon Turaja

Basis for molecular taxonomy

16srRNA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Group of organisms living in an extreme environment

Archae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Refers to time required for the bacteria to split into two

Generation time

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prokaryote or Eukaryote: DNA within a nuclear membrane

Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prokaryote or Eukaryote: mitotic division

Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prokaryote or Eukaryote: binary fission

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prokaryote or Eukaryote: one chromosome numer

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prokaryote or Eukaryote: with membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prokaryote or Eukaryote: 60s, 40s

Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prokaryote or Eukaryote: cell wall containing peptidoglycan

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Refers to unit of time, unit of cell sedimentation

Svedberg unit

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most common cause of viral conjunctivitis

Adenovirus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Obligate intracellular but acellular parasites of plants, naked RNA, no human disease

Viroids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mobile genetic elements

Transposons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

DNA pieces that move readily from one site to another either within or between the DNA of bacteria, plasmids and bacteriophages

Jumping genes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

DNA replication followed by insertion of new copy into another site

Replicative transposition

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

DNA is excised from the site without replicating and then inserted into new site

Direct transposition

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cellular form of the protein PrPc is encoded by the host’s chromosomal DNA

Prions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Appearance of the vacoulated neurons with loss of function and the lack of an immune response or inflammation

Spongiform Encephalopathies

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Three bacterial shapes

Cocci
Bacilli
Spirochetes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Three pattern cocci arrangement

Diplococci
Streptococci
Staphylococci

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Smallest bacteria, but with steroids

Mycoplasma sp. dont have cell walls

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Largest medically important bacteria

Borrelia burgdorferi - causes Lyme disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Except Mycoplasma sp. all cell wall of bacteria is composed of?

Peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Peptidoglycan is a sugar backbone + peptide side chains crosslinked by?

Transpeptidase - alteration of this binding site hence result to resistance

Kill bacteria by cleaving the glycan backbone (B1->4 linkage between GlcNAc and MurNac) of peptidoglycan

Lysozymes

Play a role in facilitating the passage of small, hydrophilic molecules into the cell. In gram negative bacteria, they act as channel to allow entry of essential substances

Porin proteins

Type of bacteria with thicker; multilayer peptidoglycan

Gram positive cells

Type of cell: with teichoic acids

Gram positive cells

Type of cell: with lipopolysaccharide

Gram negative cells

Type of cell: with periplasmic space

Gram negative cells

All gram positive bacteria have no endotoxin except?

Listeria monocytogenes

Steps in gram staining

1. Primary stain 2. Mordant 3. Decolorizing agent 4. Counterstain

Gram staining reagents

1. Crystal violet 2. Iodine 3. Acetone 4. Safranin

Mycobacteria are stained using what procedure?

Acid fast stain - stain the mycotic acid

Darkfield microscopy are used for what organisms?

Spirochetes - too thin to see

Serologies is an alternative approach for this organism since they don't have cell walls

Mycoplasma sp.

Stain used for Legionella sp.

Silver stain - due to poor uptake of red counterstain

Alternative approach for Chlamydiae stain

Inclusion bodies

Alternative approach for Rickettsiae

Giemsa/Tissue stains - very small

Essential component of bacteria that contains many hydrolytic enzymes, including B-lactamases

Periplasm

Component of bacteria site of oxidative and transport enzymes

Cytoplamic membrane

Bacterial component participates in cell division and secretion

Mesosome

Bacterial component for attachment and conjugation

Pilus or fimbria - glycoprotien

Component of bacteria, that has genes for antibiotic resistance and toxins

Plasmid - non-essential component

Bacterial component for site of nutrients in cytoplasm

Granule - glycogen, lipids, polyphosphates

All bacteria capsules are composed of polysaccharide except?

Bacillus anthracis - polypeptide of D-glutamate

Type of pili

1. Attachment pili | 2. Conjugation pili

Extrachromosomal double stranded circular DNA capable of replicating independently of bacterial chromosome

Plasmid

Natural antibiotic (oligodynamic actions)

Heavy metals

Four phase of bacterial growth

Phase 1: lag phase Phase 2: log or exponential phase Phase 3: maximum stationary phase Phase 4: decline or death phase

Phase wherein nutrients are incorporated, vigorous metabolic activity occurs but cells do not divide (zero growth rate)

Lag phase

Phase: rapid cell division occurs, continues until either one or more of nutrients become exhausted.

Log or exponential phase

B-lactam antibiotics act during this phase (constant growth rate)

Log or exponential phase

Phase: spores are formed

Maximum stationary phase

Phase: most of the cells die due to exhausted nutrient supply. (Negative growth rate)

Decline or death phase

Are needed by bacteria to survive in aerobic environments

Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase

Organisms that completely dependent on oxygen for ATP generation

Obligate aerobes

Organism that uses fermentation but can tolerate low amounts of oxygen because they have superoxide dismutase

Microaerophiles

Anaerobic metabolism that utilizes oxygen if it is present, but can use fermentation in its absence

Facultative anaerobes

Metabolism exclusively anaerobic but insensitive to the presence of oxygen

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Organisms that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because they lack three important enzymes

Obligate anaerobes

Classification of Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium, Leptospira and Mycoplasma based on oxygen metabolism

Obligate aerobes

Examples of microaerophiles

Streptococcus, spirochetes, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter

Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium and Mycoplasm are examples of what? Based on oxygen metabolism

Facultative anaerobes

Obligate anaerobes

Actinomyces, Bacteroides and Clostridium

Extrachromosomal pieces of bacterial DNA encoding for both exotoxins and enzymes

Plasmids

Refers to the movement of genes from inactive sites into active sites of transcription

Programmed rearrangements -results to antigenic variations

Relapsing fever is an example of programmed rearrangements by what bacteria?

Borrelia recurrentis

DNA transfer from one bacterium to another, common DNA transfer

Conjugation

Transfer procedure involves the uptake of naked DNA, purified DNA taken up by a cell

Transformation

Transfer procedure that involves a vector, DNA transferred by a virus from one cell to another

Transduction

In Transduction procedure, a ___ is required to attach to host cell and injects DNA

Phage DNA - double stranded

Mutation results from three type of molecular changes

1. Base substitution 2. Frameshift mutation 3. Transposons or insertion sequences

Occurs when the normal flora occupy receptor sites preventing pathogens from binding

Colonization resistance

Refers to a group of bacteria in the mouth

Viridans

Normal flora: skin

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Normal flora: vagina

Lactobacillus vaginalis, E.coli, Streptococcus agalactiae

Normal flora: colon

Bacteroides and E.coli

Normal flora: nose

Staphylococcus aureus

Normal flora: dental plaque

Stretococcus mutans

Normal flora: mouth

Viridans Streptococci