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Generalities Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Basis for molecular taxonomy

A

16srRNA

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1
Q

Group of organisms living in an extreme environment

A

Archae

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2
Q

Refers to time required for the bacteria to split into two

A

Generation time

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3
Q

Prokaryote or Eukaryote: DNA within a nuclear membrane

A

Eukaryotes

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4
Q

Prokaryote or Eukaryote: mitotic division

A

Eukaryotes

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5
Q

Prokaryote or Eukaryote: binary fission

A

Prokaryotes

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6
Q

Prokaryote or Eukaryote: one chromosome numer

A

Prokaryotes

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7
Q

Prokaryote or Eukaryote: with membrane-bound organelles

A

Eukaryotes

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8
Q

Prokaryote or Eukaryote: 60s, 40s

A

Eukaryotes

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9
Q

Prokaryote or Eukaryote: cell wall containing peptidoglycan

A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q

Refers to unit of time, unit of cell sedimentation

A

Svedberg unit

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11
Q

Most common cause of viral conjunctivitis

A

Adenovirus

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12
Q

Obligate intracellular but acellular parasites of plants, naked RNA, no human disease

A

Viroids

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13
Q

Mobile genetic elements

A

Transposons

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14
Q

DNA pieces that move readily from one site to another either within or between the DNA of bacteria, plasmids and bacteriophages

A

Jumping genes

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15
Q

DNA replication followed by insertion of new copy into another site

A

Replicative transposition

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16
Q

DNA is excised from the site without replicating and then inserted into new site

A

Direct transposition

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17
Q

Cellular form of the protein PrPc is encoded by the host’s chromosomal DNA

A

Prions

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18
Q

Appearance of the vacoulated neurons with loss of function and the lack of an immune response or inflammation

A

Spongiform Encephalopathies

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19
Q

Three bacterial shapes

A

Cocci
Bacilli
Spirochetes

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20
Q

Three pattern cocci arrangement

A

Diplococci
Streptococci
Staphylococci

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21
Q

Smallest bacteria, but with steroids

A

Mycoplasma sp. dont have cell walls

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22
Q

Largest medically important bacteria

A

Borrelia burgdorferi - causes Lyme disease

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23
Q

Except Mycoplasma sp. all cell wall of bacteria is composed of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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24
Q

Peptidoglycan is a sugar backbone + peptide side chains crosslinked by?

A

Transpeptidase - alteration of this binding site hence result to resistance

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25
Q

Kill bacteria by cleaving the glycan backbone (B1->4 linkage between GlcNAc and MurNac) of peptidoglycan

A

Lysozymes

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26
Q

Play a role in facilitating the passage of small, hydrophilic molecules into the cell. In gram negative bacteria, they act as channel to allow entry of essential substances

A

Porin proteins

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27
Q

Type of bacteria with thicker; multilayer peptidoglycan

A

Gram positive cells

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28
Q

Type of cell: with teichoic acids

A

Gram positive cells

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29
Q

Type of cell: with lipopolysaccharide

A

Gram negative cells

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30
Q

Type of cell: with periplasmic space

A

Gram negative cells

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31
Q

All gram positive bacteria have no endotoxin except?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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32
Q

Steps in gram staining

A
  1. Primary stain
  2. Mordant
  3. Decolorizing agent
  4. Counterstain
33
Q

Gram staining reagents

A
  1. Crystal violet
  2. Iodine
  3. Acetone
  4. Safranin
34
Q

Mycobacteria are stained using what procedure?

A

Acid fast stain - stain the mycotic acid

35
Q

Darkfield microscopy are used for what organisms?

A

Spirochetes - too thin to see

36
Q

Serologies is an alternative approach for this organism since they don’t have cell walls

A

Mycoplasma sp.

37
Q

Stain used for Legionella sp.

A

Silver stain - due to poor uptake of red counterstain

38
Q

Alternative approach for Chlamydiae stain

A

Inclusion bodies

39
Q

Alternative approach for Rickettsiae

A

Giemsa/Tissue stains - very small

40
Q

Essential component of bacteria that contains many hydrolytic enzymes, including B-lactamases

A

Periplasm

41
Q

Component of bacteria site of oxidative and transport enzymes

A

Cytoplamic membrane

42
Q

Bacterial component participates in cell division and secretion

A

Mesosome

43
Q

Bacterial component for attachment and conjugation

A

Pilus or fimbria - glycoprotien

44
Q

Component of bacteria, that has genes for antibiotic resistance and toxins

A

Plasmid - non-essential component

45
Q

Bacterial component for site of nutrients in cytoplasm

A

Granule - glycogen, lipids, polyphosphates

46
Q

All bacteria capsules are composed of polysaccharide except?

A

Bacillus anthracis - polypeptide of D-glutamate

47
Q

Type of pili

A
  1. Attachment pili

2. Conjugation pili

48
Q

Extrachromosomal double stranded circular DNA capable of replicating independently of bacterial chromosome

A

Plasmid

49
Q

Natural antibiotic (oligodynamic actions)

A

Heavy metals

50
Q

Four phase of bacterial growth

A

Phase 1: lag phase
Phase 2: log or exponential phase
Phase 3: maximum stationary phase
Phase 4: decline or death phase

51
Q

Phase wherein nutrients are incorporated, vigorous metabolic activity occurs but cells do not divide (zero growth rate)

A

Lag phase

52
Q

Phase: rapid cell division occurs, continues until either one or more of nutrients become exhausted.

A

Log or exponential phase

53
Q

B-lactam antibiotics act during this phase (constant growth rate)

A

Log or exponential phase

54
Q

Phase: spores are formed

A

Maximum stationary phase

55
Q

Phase: most of the cells die due to exhausted nutrient supply. (Negative growth rate)

A

Decline or death phase

56
Q

Are needed by bacteria to survive in aerobic environments

A

Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase

57
Q

Organisms that completely dependent on oxygen for ATP generation

A

Obligate aerobes

58
Q

Organism that uses fermentation but can tolerate low amounts of oxygen because they have superoxide dismutase

A

Microaerophiles

59
Q

Anaerobic metabolism that utilizes oxygen if it is present, but can use fermentation in its absence

A

Facultative anaerobes

60
Q

Metabolism exclusively anaerobic but insensitive to the presence of oxygen

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

61
Q

Organisms that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because they lack three important enzymes

A

Obligate anaerobes

62
Q

Classification of Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium, Leptospira and Mycoplasma based on oxygen metabolism

A

Obligate aerobes

63
Q

Examples of microaerophiles

A

Streptococcus, spirochetes, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter

64
Q

Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium and Mycoplasm are examples of what? Based on oxygen metabolism

A

Facultative anaerobes

65
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Actinomyces, Bacteroides and Clostridium

66
Q

Extrachromosomal pieces of bacterial DNA encoding for both exotoxins and enzymes

A

Plasmids

67
Q

Refers to the movement of genes from inactive sites into active sites of transcription

A

Programmed rearrangements -results to antigenic variations

68
Q

Relapsing fever is an example of programmed rearrangements by what bacteria?

A

Borrelia recurrentis

69
Q

DNA transfer from one bacterium to another, common DNA transfer

A

Conjugation

70
Q

Transfer procedure involves the uptake of naked DNA, purified DNA taken up by a cell

A

Transformation

71
Q

Transfer procedure that involves a vector, DNA transferred by a virus from one cell to another

A

Transduction

72
Q

In Transduction procedure, a ___ is required to attach to host cell and injects DNA

A

Phage DNA - double stranded

73
Q

Mutation results from three type of molecular changes

A
  1. Base substitution
  2. Frameshift mutation
  3. Transposons or insertion sequences
74
Q

Occurs when the normal flora occupy receptor sites preventing pathogens from binding

A

Colonization resistance

75
Q

Refers to a group of bacteria in the mouth

A

Viridans

76
Q

Normal flora: skin

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

77
Q

Normal flora: vagina

A

Lactobacillus vaginalis, E.coli, Streptococcus agalactiae

78
Q

Normal flora: colon

A

Bacteroides and E.coli

79
Q

Normal flora: nose

A

Staphylococcus aureus

80
Q

Normal flora: dental plaque

A

Stretococcus mutans

81
Q

Normal flora: mouth

A

Viridans Streptococci

Microbiology (8 decks)

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