PARASIT LEC 1 Flashcards
It is a branch of medical microbiology that deals
with the study of eukaryotic unicellular and
multicellular organisms and their medical
significance in human communities
PARASITOLOGY
is a branch of medicine which deals with tropical
diseases and other special medical problems of
tropical regions
TROPICAL MEDICINE
is an illness, which is indigenous to
or endemic in a tropical area. Many tropical
diseases are parasitic diseases.
TROPICAL DISEASE
Common or endemic in a tropical area,
such as ours, usually in Asian countries
INDIGENOUS
= co-exist, survival of species-
nourishment
ECOSYSTEM
Hunts the prey
predator
o Obtain nourishment from dead
animals/organisms
Scavengers
A relationship in which 2 species live in
close association with one another.
SYMBIOSIS
3 types of symbiosis
3 types: parasitism, mutualism,
commensalism
A relationship between 2 org in which both benefit
from each other
Mutualism
A relationship in which 1 org. benefits from the
association, but the host is neither helped nor
harmed.
Commensalism
A relationship in which one organism obtain its
nutrition at the expense of another organism
Parasitism
An org. that harbors and provides
sustenance for another org
Host
An org. that obtains its nourishment at the
expense of another org. which it affects
adversely but does not immediately kill
them
Parasite
Parasites that live outside of the
host’s body (infestation)
ECTOPARASITES
Parasites that live inside the host’s
body (infection)
ENDOPARASITES
Parasite that takes up permanent
residence in a host and are
completely dependent upon them
OBLIGATE PARASITE
Parasites that are not normally
parasitic (free) but can become
when they accidentally enter the
host
FACULATIVE PARASITE
Parasite is free living during part of
its existence and seeks its host to
obtain nourishment
INTERMITTENT/TEMPORARY
Is one that establishes itself in a
host in which it does not ordinarily
live
INCIDENTAL
Parasite that remains on or in the
body of the host from early life until
maturity, sometimes for its entire
life
PERMANENT
Artifacts mistaken as parasites,
such as pollen, hairs.
PSEUDOPARASITE
_______ is one in which the parasite reaches sexual
maturity/reproduction
Definitive Host
Example of defintive host
Humans
Is one that requires for parasite
development, but does not reach sexual
maturity
Intermediate host
host that Harbors only the asexual/larval(juvenile)
stage of the parasite
Intermediate host
Host that usually harbors the adult stage of the
parasite
Definitive host
Example of intermediate host
Ex. Snails, fish
_______Is one in which the parasite does not
undergo any development, but remains
alive and infective to another host
Paratenic/transport host
any org that harbors an infection that can
be transmitted to humans
Reservoir host
Introduction
Any organism that spends a portion or all of its life cycle intimately associated with another organism of a different species is considered as _______
- The relationship is called ________
symbiosis
an association which the commensal takes the benefit without causing injury
commensalism
an association in which both partners are metabolically dependent upon each other and one cannot live without the help of other
- none of the partners harm in the association
Mutualism
an association where one of the partner is harm and the other lives at the expense of the other
Parasitism
is a living organism, which takes its nourishment and other needs through contact with another species
parasite
______ is an organism which supports the parasite which later develops disease
host
branch of science that is concerned with the study of the biology of parasites and parasitic diseases including the distribution, biochemistry, physiology, evolution, and clinical aspects of parasites
parasitology
____________ is restricted to studying those parasites that are living in or on the body of human, their geographic distribution, the diseases caused by them, clinical picture and the response generated by human against them
Medical parasitology or human parasitology
A parasitic organism that lives on the outer surface of its host
Ectoparasite
presence of ectoparasite in the body
Infestation
parasites that live inside the body of their host
Endoparasites
presence of the endoparasites in the body
Infection
This parasite is completely dependent on the host during a segment or all of its life cycle
Obligate Parasite
Example of obligate parasite
Ascaris lumbricoides
organism that exhibits both parasitic and non parasitic stages of living and hence does not absolutely depend on the parasitic way of life, but it is capable of adapting to it if placed on the host
Faculative parasite
example of facultative parasite
strongyloides stercoralis
is one that wanders in to an organ in which it is not usually found
Erratic or aberrant parasite
Example of erratic
Ascaris in humans and Entamoeba histolytica
_________ is caused by Entamoeba histolytica
amebic liver abscess
Those that only visit the host from time to time for feeding
intermittent/Temporary parasites
organisms that have been swallowed and passed through the alimentary tract without causing any effect
Spurious/ Coprozoic parasite
parasite that parasitizes other parasites
Hyperparasite
An object or organism that has been mistaken for a parasite
Pseudoparasite
A host that harbors parasite in the adult stage or where the parasite undergoes a sexual method of reproduction
Definitive host
harbors the larval stages of the parasite of an asexual cycle of development takes place
Intermediate host
single host species
monoxenous
multiple host species
heteroxenous
parasite does not require intermediate host to complete its life cycle
direct life cycle
parasite requires the presence of an intermediate host to complete its life cycle
Indirect life cycle
A host that serves as a temporary refuge and vehicle for reaching obligatory host
Paratenic host
A host that makes the parasite available for the transmission to another host and is usually not affected by the infection
Reservoir host
A host that is naturally infected with certain species of parasite
Natural host
A host that is under normal circumstances not infected with the parasite
Accidental host
may be inflected by a parasite by means of pressure as it grows larger
Mechanical Injury
Example include the tissue damaging enzymes of E. histolytica
Deleterious effect of toxic substances
parasite may produce disease by competing with the host for nutrients
Deprivation of nutrients, fluids and metabolites
fibrosis of liver after deposition of ova
Excessive proliferation of certain tissues due to invasion by some parasites canal so cause tissue in damage in man
Skin penetration
Example schistosoma species and hookworms
An organism which not only transports a pathogen but also plays a role in the life cycle of the pathogen inside of mosquito bacteria inside of tick
Biological vector
An organism which only transports a pathogen (fly)
Mechanical vector
example of vertical transmission
Toxoplasma gondii
Example of sexual intercourse
PTE
public louse
Trichonomoas vaginalis
Entamoeba histolytica
Example of Air-borne transmission
Enterobius vermicularis
The stage in the life cycle at which the parasite is able to initiate infection to its host is referred to as ________
infective stage
__________ is the life cycle stage that exits the definitive host
Diagnostic stage
Time between infection and evidence of symptoms
Clinical incubation period
Time between infection and acquisition of the parasite as demonstration of the infection
Biological incubation period
occurs when an infected individual becomes his direct source of infection
Autoinfection
Happens when the already infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite
- Female adult worms can be OVIPAROUS or LARVIPAROUS
Superinfection or hyperinfection
- Form of reproduction in which an egg can develop into an embryo without being fertilized by a sperm.
Parthenogenesis
parthenogenesis is derived from the Greek words for _________
virgin birth
> ____________TURNOVER:
____________
Shed their teguments in abundance can neutralize antibody response at a distance away from the parasite.
> Schistosoma mansoni
SURFACE TURNOVER
- Cuticle covering of worms can prevent phagocytosis and protect them from cytokines and complement proteins
- Some shed the contents of their outer covering to neutralize antibody at a site away from the parasite
Resistance to Immune response
Entamoeba histolytica produces suppressor factor which inhibits movement of phagocytes
Immune suppression
Some parasites can change the antigenic compositions of their surfaces
Antigenic variation
- Schistosoma will coat it self with the host antigen
- Host mimicry
ANTIGEN DISGUISE:
____________cover themselves with host proteins to be considered as self and will not be attacked by the immune factors.
host’s RBCs
> Adult Schistosoma
Toxoplasma, Trypanosoma and Leishmania parasites multiply within the cytoplasm of macrophages thus they can evade phagocytosis
* Plasmodium falciparum can make the infected red cells display surface knobs
- Intracellular sequestration
Use of antihelminthic drugs in an individual or a - public health program
Deworming
Refers to the number of previously positive subjects found to be egg negative on clinical samples using standard procedure
Cure rate
Refers to the percentage fall in the egg counts on clinical samples after deworming
Egg reduction rate
Individual-level deworming with - selection for treatment based on diagnosis of infection and severity
Selective treatment
Group level deworming where the group to be treated (w/out prior diagnosis) may be defined by age, sex or other social characteristics irrespective of infection status.
- Targeted treatment
- Population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status or other social characteristics
Universal treatment
Regular, systematic, large - scale intervention involving the administration of one or more drugs to selected population with the aim or reducing morbidity and transmission
*Preventive chemotherapy
Unicellular eukaryotes
Has _______, _______, ______, ______
Some have locomotory apparatus
Protozoans
nucleus, cytoplasm, membrane and organelles
- NEMATODA
Roundworms (Nemahelminths)
Flat and Segmented - CESTODA (tapeworms)
Flatworms (Platyhelminths)
Flat and unsegmented - TREMATODA
flukes
Entamoeba histolytica forming food like structures which we called _________
Pseudopods
Submucosa are rich in _________
blood vessel
The abscess of entamoeba histolytica in the amebic liver looks like a __________
entamoeba histolytica
Open releasing larva is called _____, then it will infect the _________ and we call them as ________
CORACIDIA
SMALL CRUSTACEANS
CYCLOPS
ingestion by food or water contamination
Peroral
study of anthropod
Entomology
Example of mechanical vector
cockroach /fly landing E. Histolytica
It is called as strawberry cervix
Trichinomas Vaginalis
Give me the four division of protozoa
SFAC
Sporozoa
Flagellates
Amoebae
Cilliates
It is a parasite that we will encounter when we got to swimming
Sarcarial dermatitis
It is a parasite that competes with B12
Diphylbothrium latum
Example of incidental
Anisakis
Hookworm adult stage can be found in the ___________
small intestine
5 kingdoms
APFPM
animal
plant
fungi
protista
monera
a disease that is always present to greater or lesser degree
Endemic
a disease that is always present to greater or lesser degree
Endemic
disease a larger number of persons
Epidemic
parasite of bird
cochlear leochloridium
example of monoxenous
ascaris lumbricoides
example of ectoparasite
pediculus humanus capilis
