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PARASITOLOGY LEC > PARASIT LEC 1 > Flashcards

PARASIT LEC 1 Flashcards

1
Q

It is a branch of medical microbiology that deals
with the study of eukaryotic unicellular and
multicellular organisms and their medical
significance in human communities

A

PARASITOLOGY

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2
Q

is a branch of medicine which deals with tropical
diseases and other special medical problems of
tropical regions

A

TROPICAL MEDICINE

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3
Q

is an illness, which is indigenous to
or endemic in a tropical area. Many tropical
diseases are parasitic diseases.

A

TROPICAL DISEASE

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4
Q

Common or endemic in a tropical area,
such as ours, usually in Asian countries

A

INDIGENOUS

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5
Q

= co-exist, survival of species-
nourishment

A

ECOSYSTEM

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6
Q

Hunts the prey

A

predator

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7
Q

o Obtain nourishment from dead
animals/organisms

A

Scavengers

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8
Q

A relationship in which 2 species live in
close association with one another.

A

SYMBIOSIS

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9
Q

3 types of symbiosis

A

3 types: parasitism, mutualism,
commensalism

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10
Q

A relationship between 2 org in which both benefit
from each other

A

Mutualism

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11
Q

A relationship in which 1 org. benefits from the
association, but the host is neither helped nor
harmed.

A

Commensalism

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12
Q

A relationship in which one organism obtain its
nutrition at the expense of another organism

A

Parasitism

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13
Q

An org. that harbors and provides
sustenance for another org

A

Host

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14
Q

An org. that obtains its nourishment at the
expense of another org. which it affects
adversely but does not immediately kill
them

A

Parasite

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15
Q

Parasites that live outside of the
host’s body (infestation)

A

ECTOPARASITES

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16
Q

Parasites that live inside the host’s
body (infection)

A

ENDOPARASITES

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17
Q

Parasite that takes up permanent
residence in a host and are
completely dependent upon them

A

OBLIGATE PARASITE

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18
Q

Parasites that are not normally
parasitic (free) but can become
when they accidentally enter the
host

A

FACULATIVE PARASITE

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19
Q

Parasite is free living during part of
its existence and seeks its host to
obtain nourishment

A

INTERMITTENT/TEMPORARY

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20
Q

Is one that establishes itself in a
host in which it does not ordinarily
live

A

INCIDENTAL

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21
Q

Parasite that remains on or in the
body of the host from early life until
maturity, sometimes for its entire
life

A

PERMANENT

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22
Q

Artifacts mistaken as parasites,
such as pollen, hairs.

A

PSEUDOPARASITE

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23
Q

_______ is one in which the parasite reaches sexual
maturity/reproduction

A

Definitive Host

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24
Q

Example of defintive host

A

Humans

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25
Q

Is one that requires for parasite
development, but does not reach sexual
maturity

A

Intermediate host

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26
Q

host that Harbors only the asexual/larval(juvenile)
stage of the parasite

A

Intermediate host

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27
Q

Host that usually harbors the adult stage of the
parasite

A

Definitive host

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28
Q

Example of intermediate host

A

Ex. Snails, fish

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29
Q

_______Is one in which the parasite does not
undergo any development, but remains
alive and infective to another host

A

Paratenic/transport host

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30
Q

any org that harbors an infection that can
be transmitted to humans

A

Reservoir host

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31
Q

Introduction
Any organism that spends a portion or all of its life cycle intimately associated with another organism of a different species is considered as _______

  • The relationship is called ________
A

symbiosis

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32
Q

an association which the commensal takes the benefit without causing injury

A

commensalism

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33
Q

an association in which both partners are metabolically dependent upon each other and one cannot live without the help of other

  • none of the partners harm in the association
A

Mutualism

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34
Q

an association where one of the partner is harm and the other lives at the expense of the other

A

Parasitism

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35
Q

is a living organism, which takes its nourishment and other needs through contact with another species

A

parasite

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36
Q

______ is an organism which supports the parasite which later develops disease

A

host

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37
Q

branch of science that is concerned with the study of the biology of parasites and parasitic diseases including the distribution, biochemistry, physiology, evolution, and clinical aspects of parasites

A

parasitology

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38
Q

____________ is restricted to studying those parasites that are living in or on the body of human, their geographic distribution, the diseases caused by them, clinical picture and the response generated by human against them

A

Medical parasitology or human parasitology

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39
Q

A parasitic organism that lives on the outer surface of its host

A

Ectoparasite

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40
Q

presence of ectoparasite in the body

A

Infestation

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41
Q

parasites that live inside the body of their host

A

Endoparasites

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42
Q

presence of the endoparasites in the body

A

Infection

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43
Q

This parasite is completely dependent on the host during a segment or all of its life cycle

A

Obligate Parasite

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44
Q

Example of obligate parasite

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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45
Q

organism that exhibits both parasitic and non parasitic stages of living and hence does not absolutely depend on the parasitic way of life, but it is capable of adapting to it if placed on the host

A

Faculative parasite

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46
Q

example of facultative parasite

A

strongyloides stercoralis

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47
Q

is one that wanders in to an organ in which it is not usually found

A

Erratic or aberrant parasite

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48
Q

Example of erratic

A

Ascaris in humans and Entamoeba histolytica

49
Q

_________ is caused by Entamoeba histolytica

A

amebic liver abscess

50
Q

Those that only visit the host from time to time for feeding

A

intermittent/Temporary parasites

51
Q

organisms that have been swallowed and passed through the alimentary tract without causing any effect

A

Spurious/ Coprozoic parasite

52
Q

parasite that parasitizes other parasites

A

Hyperparasite

53
Q

An object or organism that has been mistaken for a parasite

A

Pseudoparasite

54
Q

A host that harbors parasite in the adult stage or where the parasite undergoes a sexual method of reproduction

A

Definitive host

55
Q

harbors the larval stages of the parasite of an asexual cycle of development takes place

A

Intermediate host

56
Q

single host species

A

monoxenous

57
Q

multiple host species

A

heteroxenous

58
Q

parasite does not require intermediate host to complete its life cycle

A

direct life cycle

59
Q

parasite requires the presence of an intermediate host to complete its life cycle

A

Indirect life cycle

60
Q

A host that serves as a temporary refuge and vehicle for reaching obligatory host

A

Paratenic host

61
Q

A host that makes the parasite available for the transmission to another host and is usually not affected by the infection

A

Reservoir host

62
Q

A host that is naturally infected with certain species of parasite

A

Natural host

63
Q

A host that is under normal circumstances not infected with the parasite

A

Accidental host

64
Q

may be inflected by a parasite by means of pressure as it grows larger

A

Mechanical Injury

65
Q

Example include the tissue damaging enzymes of E. histolytica

A

Deleterious effect of toxic substances

66
Q

parasite may produce disease by competing with the host for nutrients

A

Deprivation of nutrients, fluids and metabolites

67
Q

fibrosis of liver after deposition of ova

A

Excessive proliferation of certain tissues due to invasion by some parasites canal so cause tissue in damage in man

68
Q

Skin penetration

A

Example schistosoma species and hookworms

69
Q

An organism which not only transports a pathogen but also plays a role in the life cycle of the pathogen inside of mosquito bacteria inside of tick

A

Biological vector

70
Q

An organism which only transports a pathogen (fly)

A

Mechanical vector

71
Q

example of vertical transmission

A

Toxoplasma gondii

72
Q

Example of sexual intercourse

A

PTE
public louse
Trichonomoas vaginalis
Entamoeba histolytica

73
Q

Example of Air-borne transmission

A

Enterobius vermicularis

74
Q

The stage in the life cycle at which the parasite is able to initiate infection to its host is referred to as ________

A

infective stage

75
Q

__________ is the life cycle stage that exits the definitive host

A

Diagnostic stage

76
Q

Time between infection and evidence of symptoms

A

Clinical incubation period

77
Q

Time between infection and acquisition of the parasite as demonstration of the infection

A

Biological incubation period

78
Q

occurs when an infected individual becomes his direct source of infection

A

Autoinfection

79
Q

Happens when the already infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite

  • Female adult worms can be OVIPAROUS or LARVIPAROUS
A

Superinfection or hyperinfection

80
Q
  • Form of reproduction in which an egg can develop into an embryo without being fertilized by a sperm.
A

Parthenogenesis

81
Q

parthenogenesis is derived from the Greek words for _________

A

virgin birth

82
Q

> ____________TURNOVER:
____________
Shed their teguments in abundance can neutralize antibody response at a distance away from the parasite.

A

> Schistosoma mansoni
SURFACE TURNOVER

83
Q
  • Cuticle covering of worms can prevent phagocytosis and protect them from cytokines and complement proteins
  • Some shed the contents of their outer covering to neutralize antibody at a site away from the parasite
A

Resistance to Immune response

84
Q

Entamoeba histolytica produces suppressor factor which inhibits movement of phagocytes

A

Immune suppression

85
Q

Some parasites can change the antigenic compositions of their surfaces

A

Antigenic variation

86
Q
  • Schistosoma will coat it self with the host antigen
A
  • Host mimicry
87
Q

ANTIGEN DISGUISE:
____________cover themselves with host proteins to be considered as self and will not be attacked by the immune factors.
host’s RBCs

A

> Adult Schistosoma

88
Q

Toxoplasma, Trypanosoma and Leishmania parasites multiply within the cytoplasm of macrophages thus they can evade phagocytosis
* Plasmodium falciparum can make the infected red cells display surface knobs

A
  • Intracellular sequestration
89
Q

Use of antihelminthic drugs in an individual or a - public health program

A

Deworming

90
Q

Refers to the number of previously positive subjects found to be egg negative on clinical samples using standard procedure

A

Cure rate

91
Q

Refers to the percentage fall in the egg counts on clinical samples after deworming

A

Egg reduction rate

92
Q

Individual-level deworming with - selection for treatment based on diagnosis of infection and severity

A

Selective treatment

93
Q

Group level deworming where the group to be treated (w/out prior diagnosis) may be defined by age, sex or other social characteristics irrespective of infection status.

A
  • Targeted treatment
94
Q
  • Population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status or other social characteristics
A

Universal treatment

95
Q

Regular, systematic, large - scale intervention involving the administration of one or more drugs to selected population with the aim or reducing morbidity and transmission

A

*Preventive chemotherapy

96
Q

Unicellular eukaryotes
Has _______, _______, ______, ______
Some have locomotory apparatus

A

Protozoans
nucleus, cytoplasm, membrane and organelles

97
Q
  • NEMATODA
A

Roundworms (Nemahelminths)

98
Q

Flat and Segmented - CESTODA (tapeworms)

A

Flatworms (Platyhelminths)

99
Q

Flat and unsegmented - TREMATODA

A

flukes

100
Q

Entamoeba histolytica forming food like structures which we called _________

A

Pseudopods

101
Q

Submucosa are rich in _________

A

blood vessel

102
Q

The abscess of entamoeba histolytica in the amebic liver looks like a __________

A

entamoeba histolytica

103
Q

Open releasing larva is called _____, then it will infect the _________ and we call them as ________

A

CORACIDIA
SMALL CRUSTACEANS
CYCLOPS

104
Q

ingestion by food or water contamination

A

Peroral

105
Q

study of anthropod

A

Entomology

106
Q

Example of mechanical vector

A

cockroach /fly landing E. Histolytica

107
Q

It is called as strawberry cervix

A

Trichinomas Vaginalis

108
Q

Give me the four division of protozoa

A

SFAC
Sporozoa
Flagellates
Amoebae
Cilliates

109
Q

It is a parasite that we will encounter when we got to swimming

A

Sarcarial dermatitis

110
Q

It is a parasite that competes with B12

A

Diphylbothrium latum

111
Q

Example of incidental

A

Anisakis

112
Q

Hookworm adult stage can be found in the ___________

A

small intestine

113
Q

5 kingdoms

A

APFPM
animal
plant
fungi
protista
monera

114
Q

a disease that is always present to greater or lesser degree

A

Endemic

115
Q

a disease that is always present to greater or lesser degree

A

Endemic

116
Q

disease a larger number of persons

A

Epidemic

117
Q

parasite of bird

A

cochlear leochloridium

118
Q

example of monoxenous

A

ascaris lumbricoides

119
Q

example of ectoparasite

A

pediculus humanus capilis

PARASITOLOGY LEC (11 decks)

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