CESTODES Flashcards
Cestodes
tapeworms
Trematodes
flukes
Tape-like dorsoventrally flattened segmented bilaterally symmetrical
Endoparasites the - adults stages are found in the ___________of humans
Hermaphroditic or_____________
- Acoelomic - ___________
Alimentary tract (Digestive system) is __________
Body is covered by cuticle or tegument where the nutrient absorption and gas exchange takes place
* Also protects the worm from digestive enzymes
What are the general body shape of a tapeworm
a. scolex
b. neck
c. strobila made up of proglottids
Parts of a Cestode
The adult worm is divided into 3 distinct parts:
- head
- neck
- strobila/proglottids
_________________ may usually be provided with suckers and rostellum to attach for attachment to the intestinal wall
Head
_____________ has actively dividing cells
neck
_____________ the long segmented body consists of segments of
Strobila/Proglottids:
Strobila
___________which immediately follow the neck region
the immature regions
Strobila
_______________ containing both sex organs and are responsible for reproduction (testes and ovaries are prominent)
the mature segments
Strobila
_____________ UTERUS filled with fertilized eggs.
the gravid segments
_____________ is defined as one that does not have a fully mature reproductive system and is without eggs.
immature proglottids
______________each have genital organs consisting of about ________ and a _______The gravid proglottids are found in the last fifth of the worm and also contain uterus, vitellaria and genital pore
uterus
Mature proglottids
testes
vagina
_____________ uterus filled with eggs
contains
May or may not undergo apolysis
Gravid proglottids
Cestodes: Tapeworms
Development of proglottids
- New proglottids bud from the ______.
- As they are pushed back, they ______ and ______ are produced.
- When filled with eggs, they are “_______” proglottids. Eggs are sometime released in _________, but often are retained within the segment.
neck
mature and eggs
gravid
feces
___________
Spatulate head with slit like grooves called ___________
Suctorial- groove (bothrium)
* Not provided with _________ and _______
Pseudophyllidean
bothria
suckers and rostellum
Pseudophyllidean
Pseudophyllidean
OWU
Ovum is __________
With ___________
___________ ovum
operculated
posterior knob
unembryonated ovum
Cyclophyllideans
__________ or __________ with suckers & rostellum
Ovum is ___________
Globular or cup shaped
nonoperculated
pseudophyllideans have __________and midline __________
uterine pores
midline genital pores
Release of eggs
Pseudophyllideans release their eggs via ___________
Cyclophyllideans discharge gravid proglottids to release eggs because they _______________
_______________is convoluted nonbranching tubes (rosette formation)
The uterus of Pseudophyllideans
______________have lateral branches
The uteri of cyclophyllidean
Diphyllobothrium latum
- Definitive host:
- Intermediate hosts:
1st (what stage is present?) - 2nd (what stage is present?)
Diagnostic stage: - Infective stage:
Definitive host: humans
* Intermediate hosts:
1st (cpepods/cyclops)procercoid larva
* 2nd (freshwater/fish)plerocercoid larva
Diagnostic stage: unembryonated ovum
* Infective stage: plerocercoid larva
predatory fishes: paratenic hosts
two example of cope pods are ______ and ________
cyclops and diaptomus
example of diphyllobothrium latum
Pike, Burbot, Perch, Arctic Char, Salmon.
Diphyllobothrium latum: _________________
Plerocercoid larva
Diphyllobothrium latum
Other names: _________ and _________
2-4mm tall x 10-12mm wide
Fish tapeworm
Broad tapeworm
___________
Adult worm is _________ in color
________ long (longest tapeworm)
10 m 32 ft
__________ proglottids
* __________ markings in the proglottids
Can live from _______years
Diphyllobothrium latum
yellowish
3-10 m long
3000-4000
dark central
5-10
________
Has slit like grooves called two______
_________/ suckers and rostellum
Scolex
bothria
no acetabula
Ovum
Diagnostic stage
* 58-76um by 40-51um
* _______
Operculated ova with terminal knob at the__________
oval
posterior end
Diphyllobothrium latum
- Uterine pore middle, _________
___________ is found on the ventral side or in the midline
Copyright Scimnifier
discharge eggs
genital pores
(Rosette Uterus in the midline)
Gravid proglottid
Pathogenesis
- Some patients may not show signs of disease
- Abdominal discomfort, loss of weight, malnutrition
- Mechanical obstruction if there is large number of worms
Competes with Vitamin B12 with the host - Vitamin B 12 deficiency (ileum) resulting to ___________
megaloblastic anemia
Vitamin B12 - (Cyano) Cobalamin
Functions
____________ cell formation
____________ maintains myelin sheath around nerves
Helps treat ____________
Deficiency
Megaloblastic anaemia
Nerve degeneration
Red blood
Nervous system
pernicious anaemia
Treatment and Prevention for diphyllobothrium latum
Treatment and Prevention
Praziquantel
* Scolex must be recovered to ensure full recovery
* If scolex is not recovered, a repeat stool exam after 3 months of treatment should be requested to ensure that patient is no longer infected
* All freshwater fishes should be thoroughly cooked
Freezing for 24-48hrs at a temperature of -18 degree Celsius will kill the plerocercoid larvae
Proper human waste disposal
Life cycle
* Humans acquire sparganosis by either drinking water contaminated with infected copepods or consuming the flesh of an under-cooked second intermediate host.
- Humans cannot serve as ___________ for Spirometra spp., but serve as ____________intermediate hosts
defintive host
paratenic host or second intermediate host
_________ Signs and symptoms
* Migrating ___________ cause various symptoms depending on the final location in the host.
_________ may locate anywhere, including -__________
Sparganosis
spargana
subcutaneous tissue, muscles, breast, orbit, urinary tract, pleural cavity, lungs, abdominal viscera and the central nervous system
What are the different sparganosis example
cerebral sparganosis
subcutaneous sparganosis
ocular sparganosis
Treatment and Prevention for sparganosis
Praziquantel
Surgical removal of the sparganum
Boiling of water
Cooking thoroughly the meat of second intermediate hosts
Avoid applying poultice on inflamed areas of the skin
Health education
Proper human waste disposal
Dipylidium caninum
Diagnostic stage:
Infective stage:
Definitive host:
* Intermediate host:
Dipylidium caninum
___________
* Common intestinal parasite of dogs and cats
Presence of bilateral genial pores
* Di means 2, pylis means gate/entrance
* Double pored tapeworm
______________
* _______ cm long with ______proglottids in the strobila
Dog tapeworm
flea tapeworm
10-70 200 proglottids
Dipylidium caninum looks like a ________
pumpkin seed
Dipylidium caninum : ______
The ________ has ____ suckers and protusible rostellum with ________ rows of _____________
Suckers are ____________
scolex
1-7 rows
rose thorn-shaped hooklets.
Dipylidium caninum : mature segment
___________ shaped proglottids with the presence of __________
2 sets of _________ and reproductive system organs
pumpkin seed shape
bilateral genital pores
male
Dipylidium caninum have _____________
gravid proglottids
Dipylidium caninum ova packets of ________ eggs enclosed in a capsule with_____________
Six-Hooked Onconosphere
Size Range of Each Egg: _______ um in diameter
8-15 eggs
hexacanth embryo
30-60
Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations
Light infections - ___________
Heavy infections
__________
Acquired through the ingestion of flea
____________
asymptomatics
IEDA
* Intestinal discomfort,
epigastric pain,
diarrhea
* Allergic reactions
CCP
Ctenocephalides canis
* Ctenophalides felis
Pulex irritans
Dipylidium caninum: intermediate host
Ctenocephalides canis ___________
Ctenocephalides felis ____________
dog flea
cat flea
Dipylidium caninum
* The __________- are ______ when freshly passed and may be mistaken for maggots or fly larvae.
* The ___________, which are capable of moving several inches per hour, either creep out of the anus or are passed intact in the feces and release typical egg packets.
proglottids- motile
gravid proglottids
Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention for dipylidium caninum
Stool sample
Recovery of gravid proglottids or eggs
Praziquantel
Deworming of dogs and cats
* Insecticides
Health education
Cestodes
*____________ (flame cells and collecting ducts) are present for excretion of waste products
* ___________ and __________ are for the sensation
* The main nerve centre of a cestode is a ____________
Nerves emanate from the ganglion to supply the general body muscular and sensory endings, with two lateral nerve cords running the length of the strobila.
protonephridia
nerve ganglion and collecting ducts
cerebral ganglion in its scolex
