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PARASITOLOGY LEC > HEPATIC AND INTESTINAL FLUKE > Flashcards

HEPATIC AND INTESTINAL FLUKE Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 hepatic flukes

A

Fasciola
Fasciola
Clonorchis sinensis
Opisthorcis
Opisthorcis

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2
Q

what are the 5 hepatic flukes

A

Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica
Clonorchis sinensis
Opisthorcis felineus
Opisthorcis viverrini

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3
Q

fasciola ______ is bigger than fasciola hepatica

A

fasciola gigantica

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4
Q

fasciola is called ________, adult worms are found in ____________

A

liver flukes
bile ducts

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5
Q

Sheep liver fluke (SHEEPATICA)
tEmpErate liver fluke (too many letter E’s)

A

fasciola hepatica

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6
Q
  • Giant liver fluke
    Tropical liver fluke
A

Fasciola gigantica

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7
Q

Unique feature of adult worms are presence of __________

A

Cephalic cone

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8
Q

Fasciola hepatica is smaller than __________ and it has a__________

A

fasciola gigantica
prominent shoulder

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9
Q

cephalic cone , 2 shoulders converging margins, smaller in size

A

fasciola hepatica

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10
Q

Less prominent in shoulders, parallel margins, larger in size

A

fasciola gigantica

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11
Q

Fasciola adult
* Intestine is ________
Testes are ___________
Ovary is __________
Vitellaria are _________

A

Fasciola adult
* Intestine is branched
* Testes are branched
Ovary is branched
* Vitellaria are extending up to posterior end
⚫ (+) Cephalic cone and shoulder (unique characteristic)

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12
Q

large ovoid, operculated, yellowis-brown, unembryonated

A

fasciola hepatica

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13
Q

Unembryonated when laid in the biliary tract and are evacuated with the feces
Embryonates in water to later release miracidium

A

fasciola hepatica

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14
Q

large ovoid, operculated, yellowis-brown, unembryonated

A

fasciola hepatica

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15
Q

Both are yellowish brown
* Both are ovoid
* Both operculated
* But this egg has thickened posterior end = _________

A

Paragonimus westermani

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15
Q

_______and ______ ova are both found in the stool.

A

Paragonimus and Fasciola

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15
Q

large ovoid, operculated, yellowis-brown, unembryonated

A

fasciola hepatica

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15
Q

_______and ______ ova are both found in the stool.

A

Paragonimus and Fasciola

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16
Q

Both are yellowish brown
* Both are ovoid
* Both operculated
* But this egg has thickened posterior end = _________

A

Paragonimus westermani

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17
Q

1st and 2nd intermediate host of fasciola hepatica

A

Fasciola hepatics
1st Intermediate host: Snail of the Genus Lymnaea
2nd Intermediate host: Aquatic vegetations/ water plants
⚫ Ipomea obscura (kangkong)
⚫ Nasturtium officinale (water cress)

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18
Q

large ovoid, operculated, yellowis-brown, unembryonated

A

fasciola hepatica

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18
Q

where can we get fasciola hepatica

A

dishes with raw water plant

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19
Q

_________ from the intestine will migrate through the intestinal wall then into the _____________of the liver parenchyma/tissue then into the ______ then to the ________

A

Metacercaria
Glisson’s capsule
liver then bile duct

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20
Q

Fascioliasis
* Acute or invasive phase
* The acute phase is also referred to as the
(5)

A

Fascioliasis
* Acute or invasive phase
* The acute phase is also referred to as the
(1) migratory phase
(2) invasive phase,
(3) hepatic phase,
(4) parenchymal phase
(5) larval phase.

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20
Q

Fascioliasis
* Human ingest the __________ encysted in the raw water plant.
* These Immature larval flukes migrate through the intestinal wall, the peritoneal cavity, the liver capsule, and hepatic tissue and, ultimately, to the bile ducts.

A

acute or invasive
Fascioliasis
metacercaria

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21
Q

Fascioliasis
* Acute or invasive phase
Triad:(3)

A

High fever - infection!
* Hepatomegaly - inflammation of the liver
* Marked eosinophilia - migrating parasites

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22
Q

_________- infection!

A

high fever

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22
Q

*___________- inflammation of the liver

A

hepatomegaly

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23
Q

_____________- migrating parasites

A
  • Marked eosinophilia
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23
Q

Fascioliasis
Chronic or latent phase

Asymptomatic and corresponds to the period when the parasite has reached the ________

_____________________
* In some cases, the walls of bile duct may be eroded allowing the worms to re-enter the liver parenchyma and cause large abscess

A

bile duct

  • If severe, adult worm causes infection), inflammation and fibrosis obstruction
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24
Q

What are the three halzoun symptoms

A

Picking throat sensation
coughing
sneezing

PCS

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25
Q

________________ is popular food presentation in lebanon and other countries of eastern mediterranean region

A

Raw ovine liver

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26
Q

Raw ovine liver is popular in what country ?

A

Lebanon

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27
Q
  • Due to ingestion of infected liver where livers of sheep and goats are eaten raw
A

halzoun (pharyngeal fasciolliasis)

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27
Q

we can get halzoun symptoms from ?

A

ingestion of raw liver with infected larvae

28
Q
  • Adult worm temporary lodged in the pharyngeal mucosa causing edematous congestion of the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, nasal fossae and Eustachean tube

Dyspnea, dysphagia, deafness (eustachian tube), occasionally asphyxiation

A

halzoun

29
Q

_________- infection!

A

high fever

29
Q

________________ is popular food presentation in lebanon and other countries of eastern mediterranean region

A

Raw ovine liver

29
Q

_________- infection!

A

high fever

30
Q

____________ are infrequent but can occur in the peritoneal cavity, intestinal wall, lungs, subcutaneous tissue, and very rarely in other locations such as eye and brain.

  • VERY RARE!!
A

Ectopic infection

30
Q

________________ is popular food presentation in lebanon and other countries of eastern mediterranean region

A

Raw ovine liver

30
Q

large ovoid, operculated, yellowis-brown, unembryonated

A

fasciola hepatica

30
Q

large ovoid, operculated, yellowis-brown, unembryonated

A

fasciola hepatica

30
Q

____________ are infrequent but can occur in the peritoneal cavity, intestinal wall, lungs, subcutaneous tissue, and very rarely in other locations such as eye and brain.

  • VERY RARE!!
A

Ectopic infection

31
Q
  • High cases in countries which raises _______
A

cattles and water
buffaloes

fasciola gigantica

32
Q

fasciola gigantica common name

A

giant liver fluke
tropical liver fluke

33
Q

Fasciola gigantica
* NOTE: Everything in Fasciola gigantica is bigger than that of Fasciola hepatica EXCEPT for the ____________

A

shoulder

34
Q
  • Adult worm is larger
    Larger ventral sucker
  • More branched intestine
    Branches of ovary are longer and more numerous
    Highly branched testes
  • Larger eggs
A

Fasciola gigantica

35
Q

Treatment and Prevention (fasciola gigantica)
Treatment
_____________
* Prevention
____________

A

Treatment and Prevention
Treatment
Triclabendazole is the drug of choice
* Biothionol
* Prevention
Washing or cooking of vegetables
* Boiling of drinking water
Elimination of the snail hosts
Chemotherapy

35
Q

Clonorchis
Intestine is ___________
* Testes are _______
Ovary is __________
Vittelaria is ____________

A

Clonorchis
* Intestine is unbranched
* Testes are branched
Ovary is lobed
* Vitellaria is only in the middle third of the body
* Chinese liver fluke
* 10-25mm long x 3-5mm wide

36
Q

clonorchis sinensis common name is ________

A

chinese liver fluke

36
Q

Opisthorchis
Intestine is ____________
Testes are _________
Ovary is __________
Vitelaria are _____________

A

Opisthorchis
* Intestine is unbranched
* Testes are LOBED
Ovary is LOBED
* Vitelaria are only in the middle third of the body
* 8-12mm long x 1.5-3mm wide

37
Q

Basically Clonorchis and Opisthorchis share the same morphology EXCEPT for the _________

A

Testes

38
Q

Opisthorchis viverrini is found in _________ and surrounding countries in Southeast Asia.
It is called as __________

A

Thailand
Southeast asian liver fluke

39
Q

Opisthorchis felineus is found in _______, _______, _____
It is also known as _________
* Most common hosts are cats

A

Eastern Europe,
Siberia, and the European Union
Cat liver flukes

40
Q

_________ are more deeply lobed

A

Testes of viverrini

41
Q

Yellowish brown, broadly ovoid

A

clonorchis and ophistorcis

42
Q

first intermediate host of clonorchis and opisthorcis

A

parafossarulus, bulinus
bithynia

43
Q

second intermediate host of clonorchis and opisthorcis

A

cyprinidae family of fresh water fish

44
Q

clonorchis and opisthorchis have light infection it is asymptomatic but if symptomatic

A

Opisthorchiasis and Clonorchiasis
⚫Light infection
Asymptomatic
If symptomatic
Fatigue
Weakness
Altered appetite
* Diarrhea
* Weight loss
Abdominal pain
Enlargement of the liver

45
Q

Opisthorchiasis and Clonorchiasis

Heavy infections
___________ by the adult worms
If the worms enter the _______, it can result to ________ and ________

A

Bile duct obstruction
gallbladder - cholecystisis and cholelithiasis
(gallstone formation

46
Q

Opisthorchiasis and Clonorchiasis
Chronic infection

  • Development of the parasite in the distal bile ducts provokes ____________ of the biliary epithelium
  • This can lead to ________ and ________
A

intense inflammatory and proliferative changes
fibrosis of the liver and bile duct

47
Q

Adenocarcinoma of the bile ducts and gallbladder

A

Cholangiocarcinoma

48
Q

____________ and _______ have carcinogenic potentials; can initiate transformation of the bile duct epithelium

A
  • Opisthorchis and Clonorchis
49
Q

treatment and prevention for clonorchis and opisthorcis

A

praziquantel
proper human waste disposal

50
Q

Intestinal Flukes

(6)

A
  • fasciolopsis buski
    Echinostoma ilocanum
  • Artyfechinostomum malayanum
  • Heterophyes heterophyes
    Metagonimus yokogawai
    Gastrodiscoides hominis
51
Q

Fasciolopsis adult
Intestine is ________
Testes is ________
Ovary is ________
Vitellaria are __________
* No cephalic cone and shoulder

A

Fasciolopsis adult
Intestine is unbranched
Testes is branched
Ovary is branched
Vitellaria are up to posterior end
* No cephalic cone and shoulder

52
Q

Ventral sucker of _________ is bigger than fasciola

A

fasciolopsis

53
Q

Yellowish brown
* Operculated
* Unembryonated
* Indistinguishable from Fasciola
egg
* Both can be found in the stool

A

Fasciolopsis egg

54
Q

fasciolopsis first intermediate host

A

segmentina or hippeutis

55
Q

fasciolopsis second intermediate host

A

aquatic plants

ipomea obscura (kangkong)
trapa bicornis (water caltrops)
elocharis tuberosa (water chestnut)

56
Q

Pathology
* Enteritis due to the attachment of the adults manifests abdominal discomfort due to ________, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
* Some patients will develop _________
* Severe infections may cause _______ and eventually leading to __________

A

ulcer formation
anemia
ileus
intestinal obstruction

57
Q

Fasciolopsis buski treatment and prevention

A

Praziquantel
boiling

58
Q

Echinostoma first intermediate host

A

gyraulus convexiusculus
hippeutis umbilicalis

59
Q

Echinostoma second intermediate host

A

pila luzonica
vivipara angularis

60
Q

First intermediate host of artyfechinostomum malayanum

A

Gyraulus convexiusculus

61
Q

Second intermediate host of artyfechinostomum

A

pila scutata

62
Q
  • Operculated
  • Unembryonated
    Cannot be differentiated from the egg of Fasciola and Fasciolopsis
A

Echinostoma Egg

63
Q

Echinostomiasis

________ and _________
In heavy infection
inflammatory lesion occurs at the site of attachment and ulcers may develop
* Anemia

A

Abdominal pain and diarrhea

64
Q

Echinostoma treatment and prevention

A

praziquantel
avoid eating raw snails

65
Q

First intermediate host of heterophyes heterophyes

A

pirenella conica snail

66
Q

second intermediate host

A

bolti and bouri fishes

67
Q
  • Ovoid
    Light brown in color
    Operculated with thickened rim
    Fully embryonated when laid
  • Similar to Clonorchis and Opisthorchis but Posterior protuberance is absent
A

Heterophyes Egg

68
Q

H hyterophyes occurs in ____, _____, _____

A

Asia
Egypt
hawaii

69
Q

M yokogawai occurs in

A

Balkan
Far East
Spain

70
Q

The most common intestinal fluke

A

Metagonimu yokogawai

71
Q

Commonly inabit the small intestine

A

Heterophyes heterophyes and metagonimus yokogawai

PARASITOLOGY LEC (11 decks)

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