7 WORMS Flashcards
Three species of Mansonella
M. ozzardi
* M. perstans
* M. streptocerca
a vector-borne filarial
nematode genus, are associated with human infections
Mansonella spp
a vector-borne filarial
nematode genus, are associated with human infections
Mansonella spp
What are the primary vectors of mansonella spp
biting midges of the genus Culicoides
____________ endemic throughout West, East, and
Central Africa, and is also highly prevalent in some neotropical
regions of Central and South America where it was likely
introduced.
Mansonella Perstans
__________is a New World species with a patchy distribution, and
is found in Central America, South America (Argentina, Bolivia,
Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela) and several
Caribbean islands
Mansonella Ozzardi
__________ is an Old World species that occurs in tropical
regions of West and Central Africa.
Mansonella Steptocerca
___________ infections generally appears to be mild
Mansonella Spp
(mansonella Spp)
Many infections are ____________
Asymptomatic
Mansonella Spp.
Non-specific symptoms including
___________ may occur. ________ and __________ symptoms also have been reported. Signs may include __________ and ________
FFPAA
fever,
fatigue,
pruritus,
arthralgias,
and abdominal pain
Headache
and
neuropsychiatric
Lymphadenopathy
and eosinophilia.
___________ are usually diagnosed by
the finding of microfilariae circulating in blood
Mansonella perstans and M. ozzardi
_________is usually diagnosed by finding microfilariae
in skin snips.
Mansonella streptocerca
- There is no standard treatment at present for
mansonellosis
__________ is presently one of the most widely used, but the use of ___________ has also been proven to be very effective against microfilariae.
The combination therapy of diethylcarbamazine plus
mebendazole for M. perstans microfilaremia
Ivermectin
common name for drancunculus medinensis
GFM
* Guinea worm
* Fiery serpent
* Medina Worm
Disease of Dracunculus Medinensis
Dracunculiasis
Parasite is frequently
found in the
subcutaneous tissues
and muscles of humans,
dogs, and sometimes
cattle and horses.
Dracunculus medinensis
The disease causes
cutaneous nodules and
subsequent ulcers.
Dracunculus medinensis
In dracunculus medinensis
________ are small (1.2-2.9 cm
long)
Males
In Dracunculus medinensis
___________ measures 60cm in
length
females
In Dracunculus medinensis
The larvae, which measure
between_____ and _______
micrometers, can live for ___ days
in clean water and ________ weeks
in muddy water.
500 and 700 mm
6 days - clean
2-3 weeks - muddy
Drancunculus Medinensis
Life Cycle
* Infective Stage:
* Definitive host:
* Intermediate host:
3rd stage of larva
humans, dogs, horses
cyclops / copepods
3 Treatment of dcyclops / copepodsracunculus medinensis
RFA
- Removal of worm
- Filtering water sources
- Avoid contact with contaminated water
Also known as the “Trichina Worm”, “Pork Worm
TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS
3 Diseases of Trichinella spiralis
Trichinosis
- Trichiniasis
- Trichinellosis
TRCIHINELLA SPIRALIS
Pork worm
* Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genus:
Species:
Binomial name: Trichinella spiralis
- Pork worm
- Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Adenophorea
Order: Trichurida
Family: Trichinellidae
Genus: Trichinella
Species: T. spiralis
Binomial name: Trichinella spiralis
In trichinella spiralis
Measures _________mm in length by _________
micra in transverse diameter.
1.4-1.6 mm
40-60
In trichinella spiralis
___________is found at the caudal end which is
eversible during coitus. It is guarded by 2
conspicuous conical papillae which clasp the
female during copulation
cloaca
Spicule is _______
* Posterior end of the worm is _________
absent
curved ventrad
In Trichinella Spiralis
Morphology:
__________Worm
About __________ and _________ micra in width.
* _________ opens at the anterior fifth of the body.
* Has a single uterus which contains larvae.
3-4 mm 60-80
Vulva
In trichinella spiralis
____________
measures ________ by _______ micra when extruded by the female worm
encysted larva
provided with a spear-like burrowing tip at its tapering anterior
end
Trichinella spiralis
morphology encysted larva
in the striated muscles, the larva grows to about 0.8-1mm and
becomes encrusted along the axis of the muscle fibers
Trichinella spiralis
Trichinella spiralis
Life cycle:
Infective stage :
Defintive host:
Diagnostic stage:
Trichinella spiralis
Life cycle:
Infective stage : encystted larva
Defintive host: swine, human -accidental host
Diagnostic stage:encysted larva
what is the Diagnosis of trichinella spiralis?
muscle biopsy
bentonite flocculation test
clinical disease for trichinella S
Clinical Disease
1. Destruction of the muscle fiber
2. Eosinophilia
3. May have myocardial involvement
Trichinella spiralis prevention
Prevention and Control
1. Sterilizing garbage containing raw
meat scraps
2. Cook meat properly (77oC or 170oF)
3. Storage at -150C for 20 days or -300C
for 6 days
4. Screening of pigs
5. Public education
Trichinella spiralis
treatment
thiabendazole
mebendazole
Common Name of angiostrongylus cantonensis
rat lungworm
Angiostrongylus Cantonensis Was described by _______ in _____ from ________
in _________
chen - 1935
domestic rats
canton. china
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
The worm normally lives in the lungs of rats but
can cause __________________in man
eosinophilic meningoencephalitis
disease in angiostrongylus C
angiostrongyliasis
eosinophilic meningoencephalitis
- pale and filiform
- 16 to 19 mm x 0.26 mm in diameter
- they have a well-developed caudal
bursa (kidney-shaped & single-lobed)
male in angiostrongy C
- pale and filiform
- 21 to 25 mm x 0.30-0.36 mm
in diameter - has uterine tubules which are
round spirally around the
intestine (barber’s pole pattern) - lays 15,000 eggs/day
female in angiostrongy
Have delicate ___________
* Measure 46-48 micra x 68 micra
* Unembryonated when ___________
angiostrongylusC
hyaline shells
oviposited
Life Cycle
* Infective stage
* Definitive host –
* Incidental host –
* Intermediate host
Life Cycle
* Infective stage – 3
rd stage larva
* Definitive host – rats
* Incidental host – humans
* Intermediate host – snails (Achatina fulica)
diagnosis for angiostrongy
- Relatively difficult
- Presumptive diagnosis is made by travel history and exposure
- CSF (10% eosinophilia in proportion to the WBC)
- CT Scan
- ELISA
angiostrongy treatment
No antihelminthic treatment is recommended
* Usually self-limiting ; administration of
antihelminths not necessary
* Killing worms found in the brain would cause
greater inflammatory reaction
* Management:
* Symptomatic treatment with analgesics
* Frequent removal of about 10mL spinal fluid at
intervals relieves headaches (invasive)
* Thiabendazole, Medendazole, Albendazole,
Ivermectin (effective in experimental animals)
Angiostrongylus cantonensis prevention
Proper eating habits
* Safe food preparation
* Elimination of IH
* Washing of leafy vegetables
____________are nematode
parasites of whales, dolphins,
porpoises, walruses, seals, sea
lions, and other deep marine
mammals
anisakis
milky white in color
* measuring 19 to 36
mm in length
* long stomach, and a
blunt tail with mucron,
and are referred to as
Type I larvae.
anisakis - 3rd stage larva
Anisakis
- __________: hemorrhage and
inflammation, severe abdominal pain
accompanied by nausea and vomiting
2.________________ - ______________
Gastric pathology
intestinal pathology
allergic reaction
diagnosis for anisakis
- recent history of eating raw or improperly
cooked fish or squid - gastroscopic/endoscopic examination
- Serological test - Enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and
radioallergosorbent test (RAST).
trr=eatment for anisakis
Treatment
1. The main approach is to mechanically
remove the larva using endoscopic forceps.
2. Corticosteroids
3. Albendazole
what is the epidemiology in anisakis
In Asia, the majority of reports have come
from Japan and Korea.
control and prevention for anisakis
marine fish, squid, and shellfish must be
thoroughly cooked prior to consumption.
* For raw or undercooked preparations, fish
and shellfish must undergo blast freezing at –
35°C for at least 15 hours.
* Freezing at –20°C for 7 days has also been
found to be effective.
disease of toxo cara
toxocariasis
toxocara third stage larva
3rd Stage Larvae: straight esophagus extending about a third of
the body length
In toxocara
measure approximately 4—6 cm long (______)
and 6—10 cm long (_________).
males and females
Like all ascarids, ________ have three
“lips” on the anterior end of the worm.
toxocara
They also possess large, spearshaped cervical alae, which are broader
in ____________
T. vati T. cani
__________ with striations,
characteristic of T. cati.
broad alae
are golden in
color, spherical to slightly pear
shaped, thick-shelled, and have a
pitted surface. The size range for
different species varies slightly; T.
canis is slightly larger (80—85 µm)
than T. cati (65—75 µm).
toxocara eggs
TOxocara life cycle
Infective Stage
- ?
Intermediate host
- ?
Definitive host
- ?
Accidental host
-?
Paratenic host
Diagnostic Stage
- ?
result of migration and subsequent
death of the larvae in the different
tissues and organs, producing an
intense inflammatory response
manifested as eosinophilic granulomas
Visceral Larva Migrants (VLM)
expressed with signs and symptoms
manifested in the eyes, and occurs
usually in children _________ years old
Ocular Larva Migrants (VLM)
5-10 years old
Larvae may migrate to the brain,
meninges, and may be found present
in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Neurological Toxocariasis
give me the diagnosis of Toxocara
- Definitive diagnosis of toxocariasis is based
on the detection of larvae from biopsy
tissues, but this test is time-consuming and
difficult to perform. - clinical and serologic tests: Commercial
immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits
____________can be treated with
antiparasitic drugs such as albendazole or
mebendazole
visceral toxocariasis
__________ is more difficult and
usually consists of measures to prevent
progressive damage to the eye
ocular toxocariasis
give me the treatment of toxocariasis
Treatment
1. Visceral toxocariasis can be treated with
antiparasitic drugs such as albendazole or
mebendazole
2. Ocular toxocariasis is more difficult and
usually consists of measures to prevent
progressive damage to the eye
epidemiology of toxocara
Soil transmitted zoonosis with the infection
more commonly found in children than adults
* Cases are more frequently seen in children
living in homes and in neighborhoods where
dogs and puppies are not dewormed.
- Control and Prevention of toxocara
- control and capture of stray dogs and cats
- cleaning up feces from soil and pavements
- closing of potentially contaminated areas to
animals and children - implementing strategic anthelminthic
treatment of dogs and cats - hand washing
