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PARASITOLOGY LEC > 7 WORMS > Flashcards

7 WORMS Flashcards

1
Q

Three species of Mansonella

A

M. ozzardi
* M. perstans
* M. streptocerca

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2
Q

a vector-borne filarial
nematode genus, are associated with human infections

A

Mansonella spp

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3
Q

a vector-borne filarial
nematode genus, are associated with human infections

A

Mansonella spp

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4
Q

What are the primary vectors of mansonella spp

A

biting midges of the genus Culicoides

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5
Q

____________ endemic throughout West, East, and
Central Africa, and is also highly prevalent in some neotropical
regions of Central and South America where it was likely
introduced.

A

Mansonella Perstans

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6
Q

__________is a New World species with a patchy distribution, and
is found in Central America, South America (Argentina, Bolivia,
Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela) and several
Caribbean islands

A

Mansonella Ozzardi

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7
Q

__________ is an Old World species that occurs in tropical
regions of West and Central Africa.

A

Mansonella Steptocerca

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8
Q

___________ infections generally appears to be mild

A

Mansonella Spp

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9
Q

(mansonella Spp)
Many infections are ____________

A

Asymptomatic

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10
Q

Mansonella Spp.

Non-specific symptoms including
___________ may occur. ________ and __________ symptoms also have been reported. Signs may include __________ and ________

A

FFPAA

fever,
fatigue,
pruritus,
arthralgias,
and abdominal pain

Headache
and
neuropsychiatric

Lymphadenopathy
and eosinophilia.

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11
Q

___________ are usually diagnosed by
the finding of microfilariae circulating in blood

A

Mansonella perstans and M. ozzardi

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12
Q

_________is usually diagnosed by finding microfilariae
in skin snips.

A

Mansonella streptocerca

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13
Q
  • There is no standard treatment at present for
A

mansonellosis

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14
Q

__________ is presently one of the most widely used, but the use of ___________ has also been proven to be very effective against microfilariae.

A

The combination therapy of diethylcarbamazine plus
mebendazole for M. perstans microfilaremia

Ivermectin

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15
Q

common name for drancunculus medinensis

A

GFM
* Guinea worm
* Fiery serpent
* Medina Worm

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16
Q

Disease of Dracunculus Medinensis

A

Dracunculiasis

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17
Q

Parasite is frequently
found in the
subcutaneous tissues
and muscles of humans,
dogs, and sometimes
cattle and horses.

A

Dracunculus medinensis

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18
Q

The disease causes
cutaneous nodules and
subsequent ulcers.

A

Dracunculus medinensis

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19
Q

In dracunculus medinensis

________ are small (1.2-2.9 cm
long)

A

Males

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20
Q

In Dracunculus medinensis

___________ measures 60cm in
length

A

females

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21
Q

In Dracunculus medinensis

The larvae, which measure
between_____ and _______
micrometers, can live for ___ days
in clean water and ________ weeks
in muddy water.

A

500 and 700 mm
6 days - clean
2-3 weeks - muddy

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22
Q

Drancunculus Medinensis
Life Cycle
* Infective Stage:
* Definitive host:
* Intermediate host:

A

3rd stage of larva
humans, dogs, horses
cyclops / copepods

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23
Q

3 Treatment of dcyclops / copepodsracunculus medinensis

A

RFA

  • Removal of worm
  • Filtering water sources
  • Avoid contact with contaminated water
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24
Q

Also known as the “Trichina Worm”, “Pork Worm

A

TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

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25
Q

3 Diseases of Trichinella spiralis

A

Trichinosis
- Trichiniasis
- Trichinellosis

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26
Q

TRCIHINELLA SPIRALIS

Pork worm
* Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genus:
Species:
Binomial name: Trichinella spiralis

A
  • Pork worm
  • Scientific classification
    Kingdom: Animalia
    Phylum: Nematoda
    Class: Adenophorea
    Order: Trichurida
    Family: Trichinellidae
    Genus: Trichinella
    Species: T. spiralis
    Binomial name: Trichinella spiralis
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27
Q

In trichinella spiralis

Measures _________mm in length by _________
micra in transverse diameter.

A

1.4-1.6 mm
40-60

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28
Q

In trichinella spiralis

___________is found at the caudal end which is
eversible during coitus. It is guarded by 2
conspicuous conical papillae which clasp the
female during copulation

A

cloaca

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29
Q

Spicule is _______
* Posterior end of the worm is _________

A

absent
curved ventrad

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30
Q

In Trichinella Spiralis
Morphology:
__________Worm

About __________ and _________ micra in width.
* _________ opens at the anterior fifth of the body.
* Has a single uterus which contains larvae.

A

3-4 mm 60-80
Vulva

31
Q

In trichinella spiralis
____________

measures ________ by _______ micra when extruded by the female worm

A

encysted larva

32
Q

provided with a spear-like burrowing tip at its tapering anterior
end

A

Trichinella spiralis
morphology encysted larva

33
Q

in the striated muscles, the larva grows to about 0.8-1mm and
becomes encrusted along the axis of the muscle fibers

A

Trichinella spiralis

34
Q

Trichinella spiralis
Life cycle:
Infective stage :
Defintive host:
Diagnostic stage:

A

Trichinella spiralis
Life cycle:
Infective stage : encystted larva
Defintive host: swine, human -accidental host
Diagnostic stage:encysted larva

35
Q

what is the Diagnosis of trichinella spiralis?

A

muscle biopsy
bentonite flocculation test

36
Q

clinical disease for trichinella S

A

Clinical Disease
1. Destruction of the muscle fiber
2. Eosinophilia
3. May have myocardial involvement

37
Q

Trichinella spiralis prevention

A

Prevention and Control
1. Sterilizing garbage containing raw
meat scraps
2. Cook meat properly (77oC or 170oF)
3. Storage at -150C for 20 days or -300C
for 6 days
4. Screening of pigs
5. Public education

38
Q

Trichinella spiralis
treatment

A

thiabendazole
mebendazole

39
Q

Common Name of angiostrongylus cantonensis

A

rat lungworm

40
Q

Angiostrongylus Cantonensis Was described by _______ in _____ from ________
in _________

A

chen - 1935
domestic rats
canton. china

41
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis
The worm normally lives in the lungs of rats but
can cause __________________in man

A

eosinophilic meningoencephalitis

42
Q

disease in angiostrongylus C

A

angiostrongyliasis
eosinophilic meningoencephalitis

43
Q
  • pale and filiform
  • 16 to 19 mm x 0.26 mm in diameter
  • they have a well-developed caudal
    bursa (kidney-shaped & single-lobed)
A

male in angiostrongy C

44
Q
  • pale and filiform
  • 21 to 25 mm x 0.30-0.36 mm
    in diameter
  • has uterine tubules which are
    round spirally around the
    intestine (barber’s pole pattern)
  • lays 15,000 eggs/day
A

female in angiostrongy

45
Q

Have delicate ___________
* Measure 46-48 micra x 68 micra
* Unembryonated when ___________

A

angiostrongylusC
hyaline shells
oviposited

46
Q

Life Cycle
* Infective stage
* Definitive host –
* Incidental host –
* Intermediate host

A

Life Cycle
* Infective stage – 3
rd stage larva
* Definitive host – rats
* Incidental host – humans
* Intermediate host – snails (Achatina fulica)

47
Q

diagnosis for angiostrongy

A
  • Relatively difficult
  • Presumptive diagnosis is made by travel history and exposure
  • CSF (10% eosinophilia in proportion to the WBC)
  • CT Scan
  • ELISA
48
Q

angiostrongy treatment

A

No antihelminthic treatment is recommended
* Usually self-limiting ; administration of
antihelminths not necessary
* Killing worms found in the brain would cause
greater inflammatory reaction
* Management:
* Symptomatic treatment with analgesics
* Frequent removal of about 10mL spinal fluid at
intervals relieves headaches (invasive)
* Thiabendazole, Medendazole, Albendazole,
Ivermectin (effective in experimental animals)

49
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis prevention

A

Proper eating habits
* Safe food preparation
* Elimination of IH
* Washing of leafy vegetables

50
Q

____________are nematode
parasites of whales, dolphins,
porpoises, walruses, seals, sea
lions, and other deep marine
mammals

A

anisakis

51
Q

milky white in color
* measuring 19 to 36
mm in length
* long stomach, and a
blunt tail with mucron,
and are referred to as
Type I larvae.

A

anisakis - 3rd stage larva

52
Q

Anisakis

  1. __________: hemorrhage and
    inflammation, severe abdominal pain
    accompanied by nausea and vomiting
    2.________________
  2. ______________
A

Gastric pathology
intestinal pathology
allergic reaction

53
Q

diagnosis for anisakis

A
  1. recent history of eating raw or improperly
    cooked fish or squid
  2. gastroscopic/endoscopic examination
  3. Serological test - Enzyme-linked
    immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and
    radioallergosorbent test (RAST).
54
Q

trr=eatment for anisakis

A

Treatment
1. The main approach is to mechanically
remove the larva using endoscopic forceps.
2. Corticosteroids
3. Albendazole

55
Q

what is the epidemiology in anisakis

A

In Asia, the majority of reports have come
from Japan and Korea.

56
Q

control and prevention for anisakis

A

marine fish, squid, and shellfish must be
thoroughly cooked prior to consumption.
* For raw or undercooked preparations, fish
and shellfish must undergo blast freezing at –
35°C for at least 15 hours.
* Freezing at –20°C for 7 days has also been
found to be effective.

57
Q

disease of toxo cara

A

toxocariasis

58
Q

toxocara third stage larva

A

3rd Stage Larvae: straight esophagus extending about a third of
the body length

59
Q

In toxocara

measure approximately 4—6 cm long (______)
and 6—10 cm long (_________).

A

males and females

60
Q

Like all ascarids, ________ have three
“lips” on the anterior end of the worm.

A

toxocara

61
Q

They also possess large, spearshaped cervical alae, which are broader
in ____________

A

T. vati T. cani

62
Q

__________ with striations,
characteristic of T. cati.

A

broad alae

63
Q

are golden in
color, spherical to slightly pear
shaped, thick-shelled, and have a
pitted surface. The size range for
different species varies slightly; T.
canis is slightly larger (80—85 µm)
than T. cati (65—75 µm).

A

toxocara eggs

64
Q

TOxocara life cycle
Infective Stage
- ?
Intermediate host
- ?
Definitive host
- ?
Accidental host
-?
Paratenic host
Diagnostic Stage
- ?

A
65
Q

result of migration and subsequent
death of the larvae in the different
tissues and organs, producing an
intense inflammatory response
manifested as eosinophilic granulomas

A

Visceral Larva Migrants (VLM)

66
Q

expressed with signs and symptoms
manifested in the eyes, and occurs
usually in children _________ years old

A

Ocular Larva Migrants (VLM)
5-10 years old

67
Q

Larvae may migrate to the brain,
meninges, and may be found present
in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

A

Neurological Toxocariasis

68
Q

give me the diagnosis of Toxocara

A
  1. Definitive diagnosis of toxocariasis is based
    on the detection of larvae from biopsy
    tissues, but this test is time-consuming and
    difficult to perform.
  2. clinical and serologic tests: Commercial
    immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked
    immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits
69
Q

____________can be treated with
antiparasitic drugs such as albendazole or
mebendazole

A

visceral toxocariasis

70
Q

__________ is more difficult and
usually consists of measures to prevent
progressive damage to the eye

A

ocular toxocariasis

71
Q

give me the treatment of toxocariasis

A

Treatment
1. Visceral toxocariasis can be treated with
antiparasitic drugs such as albendazole or
mebendazole
2. Ocular toxocariasis is more difficult and
usually consists of measures to prevent
progressive damage to the eye

72
Q

epidemiology of toxocara

A

Soil transmitted zoonosis with the infection
more commonly found in children than adults
* Cases are more frequently seen in children
living in homes and in neighborhoods where
dogs and puppies are not dewormed.

73
Q
  • Control and Prevention of toxocara
A
  • control and capture of stray dogs and cats
  • cleaning up feces from soil and pavements
  • closing of potentially contaminated areas to
    animals and children
  • implementing strategic anthelminthic
    treatment of dogs and cats
  • hand washing

PARASITOLOGY LEC (11 decks)

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