PARasit Flashcards
Endoparasite causes ____ to human
Infection
Causes by ectoparasite called
Infestation
Free living organism that passes through digestive without infecting host
Spurious
Host Harbors the SEXUAL STAGE of parasite
Definitive or Final Host
Harbors ASEXUAL or LARVAL stage of the parasite
Intermediate host
Allows the parasite to complete its life cycle to continue and become infectious to human
Reservoir
Only serve as transport of parasite. No further development
Paratenic (para po jeep!)
Soil parasites
Hookworms
Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura
Strongyloides stercolis
The infective person is the main source of infection himself
Autoinfection
Most commonly submitted sample for parasite examination
Stool
Outpatient stool collected in 10 days
3 total stools (submitted every other day)
How many stool specimen for amebiasis infection?
6 stools in 14 days
Inpatient stool specimen collection
Everyday for 3 days
Collection storage of stool in parasit
Wide mouth, sterile, WAXED cardboard
Type of parasite found in watery stool specimen
Trophozoites
Helminth eggs
Liquid or watery stools are examined for how many minutes
Less than 30mins
Semiformed or soft stool spx can recover
Trophozoites and cysts
Examined for less than 1hr
Formed stool can recovered
Cysts
24hrs
Storage of the specimen temperature stool for parasitic diagnosis
Refrigerated temp 3-4C
Locomatory organelles of protozoans - PSEUDOPHILIA
Sarcodina
Amoebas locomotion:
Entameoba spp
Naegleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba spp
Locomotory of protozoan
Flagellates
Mastigophora
Trichomonas spp
Giardia
Chilomastix
Dientamoeba
Hemoflagellates
Leishmania spp
Trypanosima brucei
T cruzi
Mastigophora
Amoebas extraintestinal spp
Entamoeba gingivalis – Mouth
Naegleria fowleri – Nose - CNS
Acanthamoeba spp – Corneal
The only amoeba who doesnt have cystic stage
Entamoeba gingivalis
Feeding stage of parasite in life cycle of amoebas
Trophozoites
Begins to multiply in the intestine. Destryos by iodine
infective stage of amoeba
cysts
lab diagnosis that shows motility of trophozites of amoeba, internal and cytoplasmic structure
saline wet preparations
diseases causes by the pathogenic entamoeba Histolytica
- intestinal amebiasis
- extraintestinal amebiasis (liver)
- amebic colitis
- amebic dysentery
known as the bull’s eye entamoeba because the karyosome is located centrally
entamoeba histolytica
more satistfactory method in examining cyst of amoeba
permanent stain: trichrome
entamoeba that moves in one direction, progressive, directional movement, explosive manner, one pseudopod (finger-like)
Entamoeba histolytica
amoeba cyst mode of transmission
fecal-oral route: contaminated food/water
differences of pathogenic entamoeba and nonpathogenic
Pathogenic: centrally located karyosome, evenly distributed chromatin peripheral
this is considered as the diagnostic test for E. histolytica
RBC presence on the cytoplasm
what is the shape of the chromatoidal bar of the e histolytica
sausage shape/ coffin shaped
how many nuclei does the cyst of e histolytic has
4 quadrinuclei
resistant to chlorination but destroyed through boiling
flasked shaped ulcerations
caused by e histolytica
leading cause of mortality of parasitic infection are
malaria - Plasmodium spp
schistosomiasis - Schistosoma spp
method of choice for discriminating e histolytica and e dispar
PCR molecular analysis
lab diagnosis of Naegleri fowleri in amoebic meningoencephelitis
CNS examination - trophozoites recovery
causative agent of Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
Naegleria fowleri
diagnostic sign for meningitis where the patient is unable to fully straigthen his leg when hip is 90 degree flexed
Kernig’s sign
MOT of N fowleri
inhalation of contaminated water
can infect healthy people
Cyst has double walled wrinkled form of spiny hyaline projections
Acanthamoeba spp
trophozoites of acanthomoeba is
spinelike pseudopods : acanthopodia
positive result of Acanthamoeba on BAP agar
Trailing effect (tracks)
BAP + E.coli (source of food) eats the bacteria
acanthamoeba spp that is the most responsible for CNS and eye infection of Humans
Acanthamoeba castellani
the morphology of cyst of Giardia intestinalis
ovoid-football shaped
disease that is caused by acanthamoeba spp
- acanthamoeba keratitis/ amebic keratitis
- Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) immunocompromised px (Balamuthia mandriallis)
the only pathogenic in Mastigophora (intesinal flagellates)
Giardia intentinalis/duodenale/lamblia
“cercomonas intestinalis”
the morphology of trophozoites of Giardia intestinalis; the only bilaterally symmetrical protozoan
pear-shaped/ teardrop
4 pairs of flagella
Old man’s face with eyeglasses appearance
Giardia intestinalis tropozhoites
motility of Giardia intestinalis
falling leaf motility
Organism of G intestinal may be passed and recovered on one day’s sample but on the following day no parasites in seen
shed in the stool in showers
Major cause of diarrheal outbreaks : waterborne and foodborne outbreak
Giardia
Dientamoeba
Cryptosporulom
Gay-bowel syndrome
traveler’s diarrhea
steatorrhea/malabsorption
Giardia intestinalis
can be identified in px who were infected with helminths of E. vermicularis (pinworm)
Dientamoeba fragilis
D fragilis exhibit Brownian movement known as
Hakansson phenomenom
D fragilis swells and return to normal size in mounting water preparations
nonpathogenic intestinal flagellates
Chilomastix mesnili
protozoans who have pear-shaped trophozoites
- Giardia
- Trichomonas
- Chilomastix
Trichomona spp found in contaminated milk
T.hominis
SPX: stool
Trichomonas spp found in tartar between teeth and gingival margin of the gums
T.tenax
MOT: Kissing, utensils
SPX: oral scrapings
Most common non-viral STI in the world
Trichomoniasis
causes t vaginalis infections and cervival carcinoma
Trichomonas vaginalis
rapid jerky motility
T vaginalis
s/s: strawberry cervix
vaginitis
CA. Trich vaginalis
Hemoflagellates
- Leishmanias
- Trypanosomas
Four morphology stages of hemoflagellates
APET
A/mastigote
Pro/mastigote
Epi/mastigote
Trypo/mastigote
Stage of hemoflagellates: found primarily in tissues, muscle as well as the CNS within macrophage where they multiply
Amastigote
Visible to peripheral blood.
migrate, reproduce stage hemoflagellates
Trypomastigote
Hemoflagellate Stage where can be seen only after leishmania transmission
Promastigote
Vector of Lesishmaniasis
Sandfly: Phlebotomus spp/ Lutzomyia
Hemoflagellate is found only in vectors
Epimastigote
Safer, less invasive procedure in leishmanian prep from venous blood
Giemsa stained Buffy coat films
Culture medium for Hemoflagellates: leishmania spp and Trypanosoma
Novy-Nicole McNeal Medium (NNN)
Ideal stage for culturing of Leishmania
Promastigote
-seen during leishmanian transmission-
Long and slender appearance
Diagnostic specimen of Leishman spp infection that is in multiplying stage
Amastigote
Skin test for Leishmania spp infection
Montenegro skin test
Similar to tuberculin skin test for Mtb
Infective stage of Leishman in Man
Promastigote
Life cycle of Leishman spp
- Sandfly salivary gland - promastigote
- Infected stage in MAN - promastigote
- Tissue cells of man multiply into amastigote
- Infected again Sandfly carries Amastigote
- AMastigote resides to Salivary gland of phlebotomus fly as Promastigote again
DF: Man
Vector: Phlebotomus spp
Stage of Leishmanian spp infection carried by sandfly salivary gland
Promastigote
Old world cutaneous leishmaniasis: Localized infection
Leishmania tropica
“Oriental sore, Aleppo Button, Baghdad or Jericho boil”
Weeping lesions, New world boil, Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Leishmania braziliensis
Dumdum Fever or Black fever
Leishmania donovani
can be transmitted throught blood transfusion
Nagana causative agent; sleeping sickness
“West African sleeping sickness” months-years manifestation
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
- trypasomal disease
Causative agent of Chagas disease, described by medical student Carlos Chagas
Trypasoma cruzi
East african sleeping sickness; weeks manifestation
Trypasoma brucei rhodesiense
Vector of African sleeping sickness
tsetse flies genus Glossina
Phase of Trypasoma sleeping disease where it evaded peripheral blood and lymph nodes
Acute phase
Phase of Trypasoma sleeping disease where it evaded CNS; meningoencephalitis “sleeping coma”
Chronic phase of sleeping disease
Febrile stage specimen for trypanoma sleeping disease
Blood and lymph
Sleeping stage if trypanoma infection
CSF
Diagnostic stage of trypanoma spp
Trypomastigote
most common vector of Trypanosoma cruzi
triatomid bugs
kissing bug
Erythematous nodule at the sitee of infection Trypanomal cruzi infection called
Chagoma
Diagnostic stage of Trypanoma cruzii
Trypomastigote
amastigote
test animal for trypanomal cruzi infection
Reduviid bugs (stool exam) in xenodiagnosis
Largest parasitic protozoan; ciliate
Neobalantidium coli
Natural host: Pigs
Sporozoans
Phylum apicomplexa
Sexual reproduction of sporozoan
Sporogony
FH: Arthropod
Asexual reproduction of sporozoan
Schizogony
IH: Man
Leading parasitic disease mortality worldwide
Malaria
Plasmodium vivax
Most common causative agent of malaria in the Philippines
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium spp phylum/family
Phylum: Apicomplexa
Class: Aconoidasida
Order: Haemosporida
Infective stage of Plasmodium in asexual reproduction
Sporozoites
Asexual “schizogony’”
FInal host in sexual reproduction of Plasmodium
Anopheles
Enumerate the life cycle of Plasmodium in Asexual Reproduction
- Definitive Host: Female Anopheles mosquitoe
- Infective stage: Sporozoites
- Bites Man
Sporozoites -> man LIVER
1. Exoerythrocytic stage: Cryptozoites -> merozoites
2. Bloodstream stage: RBC
merozoites > ring trophozoites > schizont
3. schizont has merozoites and infect other cells
4. merozoites = gametocyte (micro and macro)
Enumerate the life cycle of Plasmodium in sexual Reproduction
- Gametocyte ingested by the anopheles in blood meal
Anopheles gut:
1. gametes form zygote
2. oocyts in gut wall releases sporozoites moves to salivary gland –> man
Man as a host in Plasmodium cycle
Intermediate host
most fatal plasmodium
Plasmodium falciparum
Important virulence factor of Plasmodium vivax
FY6
- causative agent of Malaria worldwide
schizont of P. vivax
12-24 meroxoites 16 average
schizont of P.ovale
8 merozoites
Stages of P.vivax in peripheral blood
All stages seen
Merozoites are arranged in around a central pigment. Daisy like/ rosette
Plasmodium malariae
ziemmans dots, band trophozoites
P. malariae
Plasmodium spp invades reticulocytes / immature rbca
P.ovale
P.vivax