1. Simulium black fly agent 2. Vector of Y. pestis

1. Onchocerca volvulus 2. Xenopsylla cheopsis

PARA Flashcards by MS ICA

Simulium black fly agent
Vector of Y. pestis

Onchocerca volvulus
Xenopsylla cheopsis

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The motile, reproducing, feeding stage of the protozoans is which of the following?

Cyst
Trophozoite
Ova (egg)
Adult worm

Trophozoite

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Which of the following organs of the body is most often involved in extraintestinal amoebiasis?

Lungs
Kidneys
Pancreas
Liver

Liver

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Amoeba that inhibit the gastrointestinal tract of man are non-motile, non-feeding, and infective during which stage?

Pseudopod
Cyst
Trophozoite
Cryptozoite

Cyst

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Which of these trophozoites, when acting as a pathogen, is likely to ingest red blood cells of the host?

Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba hartmanni
Entamoeba histolytica
Endolimax nana

Entamoeba histolytica

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The point of differentiation between Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba hartmanni is:

Presence of peripheral chromatin
Presence of chromatoid bodies
Only one possesses a cyst form
Size

Size

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Failure to find bacteria in purulent spinal fluid should alert one to the possibility of an infection with:

Viruses
Amoeba
Flagellates
Worms

Amoeba

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Which of the following would have a double-walled, wrinkled cyst form?

Naegleria fowleri
Entamoeba hartmanni
Acanthamoeba castellanii
Dientamoeba fragilis

Acanthamoeba castellanii

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A cyst that possesses a single nucleus and a large glycogen vacuole that stains deeply with iodine belong to:

Endolimax nana
Iodamoeba butschlii
Dientamoeba fragilis
Entamoeba coli

Iodamoeba butschlii

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Amoeba inhabiting the central nervous system enter the body through the:

Mouth
Nasal mucosa
Urine
Joint fluid

Nasal mucosa

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In which specimen are Acanthamoeba and Naegleria usually found?

Blood
Cerebrospinal fluid
Urine
Joint fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid

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Which of the following are often mistaken for cysts of amoeba?

Blastocystis hominis
Calcium carbonate crystals
Ammonium magnesium phosphate crystal
Epithelial cells

Blastocystis hominis

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Which of the following is pathognomonic for Giardia lamblia and the stage it is found in?

Spiral groove/trophozoite
Undulating membrane/cyst
Cytostome/trophozoite
Ventral sucking disk/trophozoite

Ventral sucking disk/trophozoite

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Which of the following protozoa have an undulating membrane?

Trichomonas
Trypanosoma
Chilomastix
Trichomonas and Trypanosoma

Trichomonas and Trypanosoma

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A pear-shaped flagellate with jerky motility that is found in a urine specimen is identified as:

Trichomonas hominis
Trichomonas vaginalis
Escherichia coli
Leptospira

Trichomonas vaginalis

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Eighty (80) percent of the trophozoites of Dientamoeba fragilis have:

2 nuclei
3 nuclei
1 nuclei
No nuclei

2 nuclei

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The only bilaterally symmetrical protozoan is:

Trichomonas
Dientamoeba
Giardia
Balantidium

Giardia

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Which of the following is the vector of African sleeping sickness?

Reduviid bug (Triatoma)
Sandfly (Phlebtomus)
Tsetse fly (Glossina)
Ticks

Tsetse fly (Glossina)

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How is Trypanosma cruzi transmitted?

Inhalation
Bite of the tsetse fly
Bite of the reduviid bug
Sexual contact

Bite of the reduviid bug

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In the laboratory diagnosis of Leishmania donovani, which is the preferred specimen in which to find Leishman-Donovan bodies?

Bone marrow
Blood
Vaginal secretions
Cerebrospinal fluid

Bone marrow

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Which of the following is the only ciliate that is pathogenic in humans?

Babesia
Isospora
Balantidium coli
Entamoeba coli

Balantidium coli

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Structure used for motility of Balantidium coli:

Flagella
Cilia
Pseudopodia
Undulating membrane

Cilia

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Which nucleus of the trophozoite of Balantidium coli is the reproductive one?

Micronucleus
Macronucleus
Both of these
None of these

Micronucleus

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Which of the malarial organisms presents as pale, very AMOEBOID RING TROPHOZOITE, infecting a large pale red blood cell with dot of hemoglobin?

Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium vivax

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Which of the malarial organism preferentially invades reticulocytes? Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium vivax All of the above

Plasmodium vivax

The malarial organism whose schizont resembles a “fruit pie” in which the merozoites form a rosette around the malarial pigment is: Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium falciparum

Plasmodium malariae

Which malarial organism characteristically has a BAND FORM trophozoite stretching across the red blood cell? Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium falciparum

Plasmodium malariae

Which malarial organism features ring trophozoites that have double chromatin dots, applique forms, and often have multiple parasites in the infected red blood cells? Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium ovale

Plasmodium falciparum

Which malarial organism has large, coarse, red dots within a large, pale red blood cell with fimbriated edges? Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium malariae

Plasmodium ovale

The sexual reproduction cycle in Plasmodium and coccidian is referred to as: Sporogony Schizogony Sporocyst None of the above

Sporogony

What is the infective stage of malarial parasite to the vector? Cryptozoites Trophozoites Gametocyte Ookinete

Gametocyte

What is the infective stage of malarial parasite to humans? Gametocytes Cryptozoites Schizonts Sporozoites

Sporozoites

In which type of malaria is there synchronized rupture of the red blood cells every 72 hours? P. falciparum P. ovale P. vivax P . malariae

P . malariae

Which hemoglobin is incompatible with malaria parasite survival? Hb CC Hb F Hb SS Hb A

Hb SS

What is the name of the laboratory test that allows laboratory-bred reduviid bugs to feed on patients suspected of having Chagas’ disease? Complement fixation Serodiagnosis Xenodiagnosis Western blot

Xenodiagnosis

What is both the definitive and intermediate host of Toxoplasma gondii? Dog Cow Cat Chicken

Cat

What constitutes a positive result in the Sabin-Feldman dye test? Toxoplasma becomes nonmotile Toxoplasma can no longer be demonstrated as an intracellular organism Toxoplasma loses its affinity for methylene blue dye The mouse into which the immune serum is injected does not die from toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma loses its affinity for methylene blue dye

Which of the following tests is used for the detection of Cryptosporidium? Sabin-Feldman dye test G-6-PD test Xenodiagnosis Sheather’s sugar flotation

Sheather’s sugar flotation

Direct examination of stool specimens stained with iodine make the trophozoite of the protozoa stain what color? Yellow Brown Trophozoites are destroyed by iodine Do not stain

Trophozoites are destroyed by iodine

The modified acid-fast stain is most often used in parasitology to identify: Protozoan cysts and trophozoites Helminth eggs Plasmodium Cryptosporidium and other coccidia

Cryptosporidium and other coccidia

Microsporidial infections can be confirmed using: Light microscopy and modified trichrome stains Phase contrast microscopy and routine trichrome stains Electron microscopy and modified acid-fast stains Fluorescence microscopy and hematoxylin stains

Light microscopy and modified trichrome stains An infection with microsporidia can be confirmed using modified trichrome stains (10X the normal dye content found in routine trichrome stains) and light microscopy. The internal polar tubule will be visible within some of the spores; this will serve as confirmation of the infection.

What morphological characteristic differentiates trichomonads from other intestinal flagellates? Sucking disc Undulating membrane Cytostome Axonemes

Undulating membrane

Shown to be related to GAY BOWEL SYNDROME: Giardia lamblia Entamoeba histolytica Balantidium coli Isospora belli

Giardia lamblia Important risk factors for Giardiasis include: poor hygiene, poor sanitation, overcrowding, immunodeficiency, bacterial and fungal overgrowth in the small intestine, and homosexual practices. Giardiasis has been shown to be related to the “GAY BOWEL SYNDROME.”

Which of the following is the most important feature in differentiating cysts of Entamoeba histolytica from E. dispar? Number of nuclei Size of the cyst Shape of the karyosome Distinguishing surface antigens by immunologic assays

Distinguishing surface antigens by immunologic assays E. histolytica and E. dispar cannot be morphologically differentiated. The cyst stage of both organisms has four nuclei with a centrally located karyosome. E. histolytica is a well recognized intestinal parasite, whereas E. dispar is considered nonpathogenic. Immunologic assays to detect antigens or molecular biology assays are necessary to differentiate these two species.

Which of the following is the preferred anticoagulant for preparing blood smears for diagnosing malaria? EDTA Heparin Sodium citrate Sodium fluoride

EDTA Collection of blood by finger stick is preferred for preparing blood smears for the detection of malaria. When a venipuncture is performed, the preferred anticoagulant for malarial blood smears is EDTA. Heparin can be used, but it may cause distortion of some parasite forms.

A free-living ameba that causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis is: Dientamoebafragilis Entamoeba coli Entamoeba histolytica Naegleria fowleri

Naegleria fowleri Naegleria fowleri is found in freshwater ponds and lakes, especially those with disturbed or suspended soil. It has caused a number of cases of meningoencephalitis in people who have swum in these bodies of water. Essentially, all these infections have been fulminating and fatal, and they are often not diagnosed until autopsy.

Which of the following is the best technique to identify Dientamoeba fragilis in stool? Formalin concentrate Trichrome-stained smear Modified acid-fast–stained smear Giemsa stain

Trichrome-stained smear Because there is no known cyst form, the best technique to recover and identify D. fragilis trophozoites would be the trichrome-stained smear.

A Gram stain from a gum lesion showed what appeared to be amoebae. A trichrome smear showed amoebae with a single nucleus and partially digested PMNs. The correct identification is: Trichomonas tenax Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar Entamoeba polecki Entamoeba gingivalis

Entamoeba gingivalis E. gingivalis is known to be an inhabitant of the mouth and is characterized by morphology that resembles Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar. However, E. gingivalis tends to ingest PMNs, whereas Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar do not.

In an outbreak of diarrheal disease traced to a municipal water supply, the most likely causative agent is: Cryptosporidium spp. Cystoisospora belli Entamoeba histolytica Dientamoeba fragilis

Cryptosporidium spp. Cryptosporidium oocysts have been transmitted through contaminated municipal water supplies. Such outbreaks have been well documented.

Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale are similar because they: Exhibit Schüffner’s dots and have a true relapse in the life cycle Have no malarial pigment and multiple rings Have true stippling, do not have a relapse stage, and infect old red cells Commonly have appliqué forms in the red cells

Exhibit Schüffner’s dots and have a true relapse in the life cycle Both P. vivax and P. ovale infect young red cells, have true stippling (Schüffner’s dots), contain malarial pigment, and have a true relapse stage in the life cycle.

Early ring stages of the fifth human malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi, resemble those of: Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium falciparum The early ring stages of Plasmodium knowlesi resemble those of P. falciparum.

Older developing stages (trophs, schizonts) of the fifth human malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi, resemble those of: Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium malariae The older developmental stages of Plasmodium knowlesi (trophs, schizonts) resemble those seen in infections with P. malariae (band forms, rosette schizonts).

Autofluorescence requires no stain and is recommended for the identification of: Entamoeba histolytica cysts Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites Dientamoeba fragilis trophozoites Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts

Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts Autofluorescence requires no stain and is often recommended for confirmation of Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts.

ECOFRIENDLY fecal fixative: Formalin Schaudinn’s Polyvinyl alcohol Merthiolate-iodine-formalin

Polyvinyl alcohol

Which of the following is associated with LOEFFLER’S SYNDROME: Ascaris lumbricoides Enterobius vermicularis Trichuris trichiura Wuchereria bancrofti

Ascaris lumbricoides LOEFFLER’S SYNDROME: transient pulmonary infiltration; day-to-day clearing in 3 to 14 days; associated with marked peripheral eosinophilia

VISCERAL LARVA MIGRANS (VLM) and OCULAR LARVA MIGRANS (OLM) are caused by accidental ingestion of eggs of: Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma caninum Toxocara cati, Tocara canis

Toxocara cati, Tocara canis A serum titer of 1: 8 is considered significant for OLM; 1: 32 is significant for VLM.

CREEPING ERUPTION or CUTANEOUS LARVA MIGRANS (CLM) is caused by skin penetration of infective larvae of: Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma caninum Toxocara cati, Tocara canis

Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma caninum

A patient presents with vague abdominal pains and a MICROCYTIC HYPOCHROMIC anemia. A possible causative parasite is: Enterobius vermicularis Ancylostoma duodenale Brugia malayi Trichinella spiralis

Ancylostoma duodenale

Infective stage is the SHEATHED FILARIFORM LARVA: Strongyloides stercoralis Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus

Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus

Infective stage is the UNSHEATHED FILARIFORM LARVA: Strongyloides stercoralis Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus

Strongyloides stercoralis

Which of the following roundworms is capable of AUTOINFECTION, HYPERINFECTION, and a HEAVY WORM BURDEN with characteristic larval migration required in the life cycle? Ancylostoma duodenale Enterobius vermicularis Strongyloides stercoralis Ascaris lumbricoides

Strongyloides stercoralis

Parasite recovery from stool may be enhanced by the BAERMANN FUNNEL TECHNIQUE: Ascaris lumbricoides Enterobius vermicularis Strongyloides stercoaralis Ancylostoma duodenale

Strongyloides stercoaralis The basic method is to wrap the sample in a PAPER TISSUE OR CLOTH AND SUBMERGE IT IN A FUNNEL FILLED WITH WATER. The nematodes will clump and sink to the bottom of the funnel where they can be recovered.

A primate parasite, has been isolated from humans in Africa and causes a severe life-threatening condition called “SWOLLEN BELLY SYNDROME.” Toxocara cati Toxocara canis Ancylostoma caninum Strongyloides fuelleborni

Strongyloides fuelleborni

The intestinal nematode considered capable of VERTICAL TRANSMISSION and the potential cause for CONGENITAL INFECTIONS is: Ascaris lumbricoides Enterobius vermicularis Trichuris trichiura Ancylostoma duodenale

Ancylostoma duodenale

The filariform larva is the infective stage for: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichostrongylus spp. Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis Ancylostoma duodenale, Strongyloides stercoralis Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus

Ancylostoma duodenale, Strongyloides stercoralis

The examination of blood film should be performed at _____ to DETECT MICROFILARIAE. LPO HPO OIO

LPO MICROFILARIA: LPO PLASMODIA, TRYPANOSOMES: OIO

MOST COMMON identified species of filarial worms that infect humans: Brugia malayi Loa loa Onchocerca volvulus Wuchereria bancrofti

Wuchereria bancrofti

Lymphatic vessel involvement within the RETROPERITONEAL REGION is associated with: Brugia malayi Loa loa Onchocerca volvulus Wuchereria bancrofti

Wuchereria bancrofti

The nematode Loa loa is transmitted to humans by: Culex spp. Simulium spp. Mansonia spp. Chrysops spp.

Chrysops spp.

The parasite is transmitted by the black fly, Simulium spp. Brugia malayi Loa loa Onchocerca volvulus Wuchereria bancrofti

Onchocerca volvulus

Sheathed microfilaria, nuclei extend to the tail in an irregularly arranged fashion: Brugia malayi Loa loa Onchocerca volvulus Wuchereria bancrofti

Loa loa W. bancrofti: Sheathed, tail free of nuclei B. malayi: Sheathed, tail with 2 separate nuclei L. loa: Sheathed, nuclei up to the tip of the tail O. volvulus: Unsheathed, tail is free of nuclei M. perstans: Unsheathed, nuclei up to the tip of the tail M. ozzardi: Unsheathed, tail is free of nuclei M. streptocerca: Shepherd’s crook

Microfilariae are sheathed and contain 4 to 5 subterminal and 2 TERMINAL NUCLEI in the tail: Brugia malayi Loa loa Onchocerca volvulus Wuchereria bancrofti

Brugia malayi W. bancrofti: Sheathed, tail free of nuclei B. malayi: Sheathed, tail with 2 separate nuclei L. loa: Sheathed, nuclei up to the tip of the tail O. volvulus: Unsheathed, tail is free of nuclei M. perstans: Unsheathed, nuclei up to the tip of the tail M. ozzardi: Unsheathed, tail is free of nuclei M. streptocerca: Shepherd’s crook

Unsheathed microfilaria, tail is free of nuclei: Brugia malayi Loa loa Onchocerca volvulus Wuchereria bancrofti

Onchocerca volvulus W. bancrofti: Sheathed, tail free of nuclei B. malayi: Sheathed, tail with 2 separate nuclei L. loa: Sheathed, nuclei up to the tip of the tail O. volvulus: Unsheathed, tail is free of nuclei M. perstans: Unsheathed, nuclei up to the tip of the tail M. ozzardi: Unsheathed, tail is free of nuclei M. streptocerca: Shepherd’s crook

The tail of this microfilaria is often referred to as a “shepherd’s crook”: Mansonella perstans Mansonella ozzardi Mansonella streptocerca Wucheriria bancrofti

Mansonella streptocerca

The endosymbiont Wolbachia sp. is required for parasite reproduction in all of the following except: Onchocerca volvulus Brugia timori Loa loa Wuchereria bancrofti

Loa loa W. bancrofti, Brugia spp., and Onchocerca volvulus harbor an endosymbiotic alpha-proteobacterium, Wolbachia sp. Wolbachia is an obligate intracellular organism.

The worm has a characteristic, thick cuticle and a large uterus that fills the body cavity and contains rhabditoid larvae: Ascaris lumbricoides Enterobius vermicularis Ancylostoma duodenale Dracunculus medinensis

Dracunculus medinensis

Removal and gradual retraction of the adult gravid female worm is recommended in infections with: Ancylostoma braziliense Dracunculus medinensis Trichinella spiralis Toxocara cati

Dracunculus medinensis

The following infection may RESEMBLE ACUTE APPENDICITIS: Parastrongylus costaricensis Gnathostoma sp. Toxocara cati Parastrongylus caninum

Parastrongylus costaricensis

Infection with Clonorchis or Opisthorchis may result from eating raw or undercooked: Aquatic vegetation Crabs Crayfish Freshwater fish

Freshwater fish

Which of the following can be acquired by ingestion of crab or crayfish bearing the metacercaria: Fasciola hepatica Fasciolopsis buski Clonorchis sinensis Paragonimus westermani

Paragonimus westermani

Which of the following flukes has an OPERCULATED FLASK-SHAPED egg with PROMINENT SHOULDERS and a KNOB AT THE OPPOSITE END? Opisthorchis Paragonimus Fasciola Fasciolopsis

Opisthorchis Feedback: F. hepatica Operculated, brownish-yellow, unembryonated C. sinensis, O. viverrini Operculated with shoulders, opposite end knob, yellow-brown, embryonated P. westermani, P. mexicanus Operculated with shoulders, thick shelled, brownish-yellow, unembryonated F. buski Operculated, yellow-brown, unembryonated H.heterophyes, M. yokogawai Operculated with slight (minimal) opercular shoulders, yellow-brown, embryonated

The eggs are small, yellow-brown, EMBRYONATED, and operculated and may have MINIMAL OPERCULAR SHOULDERS: Fasciola hepatica Fasciolopsis buski Heterophyes heterophyes Paragonimus westermani

Heterophyes heterophyes Feedback EMBRYONATED (MATURE) EGGS “CHOS/SHOC” OPERCULATED: Clonorchis, Heterophyes, Opistorchis MATURE, NONOPERCULATED: Schistosoma UNEMBROYONATED (IMMATURE) EGGS, OPERCULATED Fasciola, Fasciolopsis, Echinostoma UNEMBRYONATED, WITH OPERCULUM AND ABORPERCULUM: Paragonimus

The infective life cycle stage of a fluke (except blood fluke) is the: Miracidium Cercariae Metacercariae Pleurocercariae

Metacercariae

The fluke acquired by eating contaminated vegetation is: Clonorchis sinensis Fasciolopsis buski Heterophyes heterophyes Paragonimus westermani

Fasciolopsis buski

Fish carrying metacercariae may transmit: Clonorchis sinensis Fasciolopsis buski Paragonimus westermani Schistosoma haematobium

Clonorchis sinensis

Paragonimus westermani infection is acquired by: Drinking contaminated water Eating infected crustacea Eating infected fish Eating infected water chestnuts

Eating infected crustacea

The mode of transmission of schistosomal infection is by: Ingestion of contaminated aquatic vegetation Direct penetration of the skin by cercariae Ingestion of raw fish Mosquito bite

Direct penetration of the skin by cercariae

The drug of choice for treatment of schistosome infections is: Metrifonate Praziquantel Bilarcil Niclosamide

Praziquantel Infection with S. mansoni may require a larger dose than that for the other species.

A diagnostic characteristic of the egg of Schistosoma mansoni is: A large lateral spine No spine A pointed terminal spine A small lateral spine

A large lateral spine

To optimize recovery of S. haematobium in urine, the specimen should be collected: Early morning Between noon and 2 pm Between 2 pm and 4 pm Between 10 pm and 2 am

Between noon and 2 pm

Infection with S. haematobium may present with which of the following? Nausea Basophilia Hematuria Jaundice

Hematuria

A patient from the Great Lakes area presents with vague abdominal symptoms and a MACROCYTIC ANEMIA. Which cestode would be the probable cause? Diphyllobothrium latum Echinococcus granulosus Taenia saginata Hymenolepis nana

Diphyllobothrium latum

In the Diphyllobothrium latum life cycle, the infective stage for humans is: Cysticercus Cysticercoid Procercoid Plerocercoid

Plerocercoid

Only cestode to have an aquatic life cycle: Diphyllobothrium latum Dipylidium caninum Hymenolepis diminuta Hymenolepis nana

Diphyllobothrium latum 1st intermediate host: COPEPOD 2nd intermediate host, reservoir host: FISH Definitive host: MAN

Lifespan of D. latum, T. saginata and T. solium: Usually less than 1 year 1 to 5 years 10 to 15 years Up to 25 years

Up to 25 years H. nana: Perhaps many years as a result of autoinfection H. diminuta: Usually less than 1 year D. caninum: Usually less than 1 year D. latum, Taenia: Up to 25 years

Thick-walled POLLEN GRAINS resemble the eggs of: Ascaris lumbricoides Dipylidium caninum Hymenolepis nana Taenia species

Taenia species

Which of the following can bypass the need for an intermediate host? Diphyllobothrium latum Dipylidium caninum Hymenolepis diminuta Hymenolepis nana

Hymenolepis nana

Which tapeworm infects CATTLE as an INTERMEDIATE HOST? Taenia saginata Dipylidium caninum Hymenolepis diminuta Hymenolepis nana

Taenia saginata

Definitive host of Taenia saginata: Cow Pig Insect Human

Human Human serves as the definitive host for beef (Taenia saginata) and pork (Taenia solium) tapeworms; cows/ camels and pigs serve as intermediate hosts, respectively. Humans also serve as the intermediate host for T. solium (cysticercosis).

Which tapeworm cannot be identified to the species level based on its egg morphology; instead, proglottids must be examined? Diphyllobothrium Dipylidium Hymenolepis Taenia

Taenia Uterine branches visualized by staining the proglottids with INDIA INK T. SAGINATA: 15 to 20 branches, dichotomous or tree-like T. SOLIUM: 7 to 13 lateral branches, dendritic or fingerlike

Gravid proglottids resemble rice grains(dry) or cucumber seeds (moist): Diphyllobothrium latum Dipylidium caninum Taenia spp. Hymenolepis nana

Dipylidium caninum

Eggs HAVE POLAR FILAMENTS present in the space between the oncospheres and the eggshell: Hymenolepis diminuta Hymenolepis nana

Hymenolepis nana

The eggs contain a six-hooked oncosphere with the ABSENCE OF POLAR FILAMENTS in the space between the oncosphere and the eggshell: Hymenolepis diminuta Hymenolepis nana

Hymenolepis diminuta

Protozoan with large karyosome, may be surrounded by refractile granules that are difficult to see (“BASKET NUCLEUS”): Endolimax nana Entamoeba coli Entamoeba histolytica Iodamoeba butschlii

Iodamoeba butschlii

Which operculated ovum contain a miracidium and can appear in sputum, often accompanied by blood and Charcot-Leyden crystals? Fasciola hepatica Paragonimus westermani Schistosoma mansoni Dipylidium caninum

Paragonimus westermani

Which of the following is the first intermediate host of the flukes? Snail Water plant Fish Crab

Snail

What is a schistosomule? Cercaria Cercaria minus tail Free-swimming cercaria Metacercaria

Cercaria minus tail

Which tapeworm proglottid makes its way across the fecal specimen by doubling movements, and is seen under the microscope to have numerous regular uterine branches (more than 15) resembling those of a tree? Taenia saginata Taenia solium Diphyllobothrium lactum Dipylidium caninum

Taenia saginata

Which species of Taenia has 7 to 12 uterine branches? Taenia solium Taenia saginata Echinococcus granulosus None of the above

Taenia solium

The eggs of Echinococcus granulosus are found in the feces of: Cats Fish Dog Cattle

Dog

Which of the following is found in the intermediate host of Echinococcus granulosus? Adult worm Egg Hydatid cyst Pseudocyst

Hydatid cyst

The first intermediate host of Diphyllobothrium latum: Copepod Snail Fish Crab

Copepod

The second intermediate host of Diphyllobothrium latum Cattle Waterplants Crayfish Freshwater fish

Freshwater fish

What is the infective stage of the broad fish tapeworms to human? Plerocercoid Coracidium Hydatid cyst Cysticerus

Plerocercoid

In some individuals, particularly those of Scandinavian extraction, this worm can case a megaloblastic anemia: Diphyllobothrium latum Dipylidium caninum Taenia solium Necator americanus

Diphyllobothrium latum

Which of the following worms have separate sexes? Intestinal flukes Liver flukes Tapeworms Blood flukes

Blood flukes

The male roundworm is differentiated from the female roundworm by its: Dorsally curved posterior Pointed posterior Square posterior Rounded posterior

Dorsally curved posterior

Which stage of Trichuris trichiura is infective to humans? Rhabditiform larva Filariform larva Cyst Embryonated egg

Embryonated egg

Trichuris trichiura, hookworm, and _______ ”unholy three” of roundworm. Enterobius vermicularis Ascaris lumbricoides Taenia saginata Hymenolepsis nana

Ascaris lumbricoides

The helminth that induces a hypochromic microcytic anemia in its host is the: Hookworm Whipworm Pinworm Threadworm

Hookworm

The rhabditiform larva of the hookworm has a: Long buccal cavity equal to the width of the body Short buccal cavity equal to ½ the width of the body Medium length buccal cavity Has no buccal cavity

Long buccal cavity equal to the width of the body

Which of the following larval worms enters the host by penetration of the skin? Strongloides stercoralis Ancylostoma duodenale Both of these None of these

Both of these

A roundworm that inhabits the small intestine and usually is demonstrated as rhabditiform larvae in the fecal specimen is the: Hookworm Large roundworm Whipworm Threadworm

Threadworm

Adults of filarial worms live in: Blood and feces Urine and lymphatics Subcutaneous tissues Lymphatics and subcutaneous tissues

Lymphatics and subcutaneous tissues

Dirofilaria immitis: Dog heartworm Dog hookworm Rat lungworm Cercarial dermatitis

Dog heartworm

Cutaneous larva migrans or creeping eruptions is caused by: Larvae of pinworm Microfilariae Filariform larvae of the dog hookworm Metacercariae

Filariform larvae of the dog hookworm

Specific gravity of zinc sulfate solution for the flotation method: 1.01 1.04 1.18 1.48

1.18

The ideal temperature at which to hold a fecal specimen for more than 1 hour is: Freezer temperature Refrigerator temperature Room temperature Incubator temperature

Refrigerator temperature

Most tapeworms are intestinal parasites of humans. Humans can be both the intermediate and the definitive host of: Taenia saginata Taenia solium Echinococcus granulosus Diphyllobothrium latum

Taenia solium

Charcot-Leyden crystals in stool may be associated with an immune response and are thought to be the breakdown products of: Neutrophils Eosinophils Monocytes Lymphocytes

Eosinophils

Characteristics of the rhabditiform (noninfective) larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis include a: Short buccal capsule and large genital primordium Long buccal capsule and pointed tail Short buccal capsule and small genital primordium Small genital primordium and notch in tail

Short buccal capsule and large genital primordium

A mother brings two male children; ages 3 and 4, to the clinic because they are restless, haven't been sleeping well, and frequently are scratching their bottoms. Examination is consistent with perianal pruritus. What is the most likely etiologic agent involved in this infection? Enterobius vermicularis Stronyloides stercoralis Acanthamoeba duodenale Necator americanus

Enterobius vermicularis

A 33-year-old dog owner presents with abdominal pain and signs of internal hemorrhaging. Blood tests show eosinophilia, but parasite eggs are NOT found in fecal smears. An ELISA test confirms a diagnosis of visceral larva migrans. What is the most likely etiologic agent involved in this infection? Schistosoma mansoni Taenia saginata Toxocara canis Dipylidium caninum

Toxocara canis

All of the following larva migrate through the lungs except one: Ascaris Hookworm Pinworm Stronyloides

Pinworm

Habitat of the adult Trichinella spiralis: Small intestines Skeletal muscles Blood CSF

Small intestines T. SPIRALIS ADULT - SMALL INTESTINES T. SPIRALIS LARVA - MUSCLES

Malabsorption syndrome is associated with this parasite: Enterobius vermicularis Necator americanus Trichuris trichiura Capillaria philippinensis

Capillaria philippinensis

The mouth of Necator americanus is characterized by the presence of: Teeth Cutting plates Both of these None of these

Cutting plates

Which of the following microfilariae is unsheathed? Wuchereria bancrofti Onchocerca volvulus Loa loa Brugia malayi

Onchocerca volvulus

Eye worm producing fugitive swelling or Calabar swelling: Loa loa Onchocerca volvulus Dipetalonema perstans Mansonella ozzardi

Loa loa

Infective stage of the Schistosomes to their final host: Miracidium Sporocyst Cercaria Metacercaria

Cercaria

Eggs of this fluke are small and shaped like an old-fashioned electric light bulb: Clonorchis sinensis Fasciola lanceolata Fasciolopsis buski Echinostoma ilocanum

Clonorchis sinensis

Infection with this fluke is acquired by eating the tissues of fresh water crabs: Heterophyes heterophyes Paragonimus westermani Clonorchis sinensis Fasciolopsis buski

Paragonimus westermani

Schistosoma cercaria enter the human body: By eating raw snail By eating contaminated vegetables and fish By blood transfusion By skin penetration

By skin penetration

Human tapeworm that does not require an intermediate host to complete its natural life cycle: Hymenolepis nana Hymenolepis diminuta Taenia saginata Dipylidium caninum

Hymenolepis nana

Microfilaria is sheathed, the body nuclei extend almost to the tip of the tail Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi Loa loa Onchocerca volvulus

Loa loa

The term “internal autoinfection” is generally used in referring to infections with: Ascaris lumbricoides Necator americanus Trichuris trichiura Strongyloides stercoralis

Strongyloides stercoralis

A fibrous skin nodule is removed from the back of a patient from Central America. A microfilaria seen upon microscopic exam of the nodule is: Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi Onchocerca volvulus Loa loa

Onchocerca volvulus

Cysticercosis is caused by the disseminated larva of: Hymenolepis nana Hymenolepis diminuta Taenia saginata Taenia solium

Taenia solium

A tapeworm with almond-shaped or spoon-shaped scolex is: Taenia saginata Taenia solium Dipylidium caninum Diphyllobothrium latum

Diphyllobothrium latum

An operculated CESTODE egg that can be recovered in human feces is: Clonorchis sinensis Paragonimus westermani Dipylidium caninum Diphyllobothrium latum

Diphyllobothrium latum Clonorchis and Paragonimus - TREMATODES, operculated egg D. caninum - CESTODE, CYLOPHYLLIDEAN, non-operculated egg D. latum - CESTODE, PSEUDOPHYLLIDEAN, operculated egg

Migrating larva of this parasite can be found in sputum: Ascaris lumbricoides Paragonimus westermani Both of these None of these

Ascaris lumbricoides LARVA IN SPUTUM - ASCARIS, STRONGYLOIDES, HOOKWORM EGG (OVUM) IN SPUTUM - PARAGONIMUS

Egg of this parasite can be found in sputum: Ascaris lumbricoides Paragonimus westermani Both of these None of these

Paragonimus westermani LARVA IN SPUTUM - ASCARIS, STRONGYLOIDES, HOOKWORM EGG (OVUM) IN SPUTUM - PARAGONIMUS

Serve as DEFINITIVE HOST for the beef tapeworm: Cows, camels Pigs Humans Dogs, cats

Humans TAENIA SAGINATA Humans serve as the definitive host for the beef tapeworm, whereas cows/camels serve as intermediate hosts.

INTERMEDIATE HOSTS of Taenia saginata: Cows, camels Pigs Humans Dogs, cats

Cows, camels TAENIA SAGINATA Humans serve as the definitive host for the beef tapeworm, whereas cows/camels serve as intermediate hosts.

Eggs can be confused with POLLEN GRAINS: Enterobius Trichuris Taenia Dipylidium

Taenia BAILEY & SCOTT'S: TAENIA EGGS Eggs can be confused with pollen grains (handle all proglottids with extreme care)

Gravid proglottids resemble rice grains (dry) or cucumber seeds (moist): Diphyllobothrium latum Dipylidium caninum Hymenolepis nana Hymenolepis diminuta

Dipylidium caninum BAILEY & SCOTT'S: DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM Gravid proglottids resemble rice grains (dry) or cucumber seeds (moist).

Parasite recovery from stool may be enhanced by the Baermann funnel technique: Ascaris lumbricoides Enterobius vermicularis Strongyloides stercoralis Trichinella spiralis

Strongyloides stercoralis

Consumption of the infective larval stage encysted on aquatic plants that have not been cooked results in infection with: Clonorchis sinensis Fasciola hepatica Heterophyes heterophyes Paragonimus westermani

Fasciola hepatica

A schistosoma egg with a terminal spine would be most likely found in which of the following? Feces Bile Sputum Urine

Urine S. HAEMATOBIUM - URINE

Serves as the definitive host for the beef tapeworm: camel cow human pig

Human T. saginata IH: Camel/ Cow

In infections with T. solium, humans can serve as the: definitive host intermediate host either the definitive or the intermediate host none of these options

either the definitive or the intermediate host

The major complication with T. solium is CYSTICERCOSIS in which the human host becomes the ___ host and harbors the __ in tissues definitive host, adult worms definitive host, larvae intermediate host, adult worms intermediate host, larvae

intermediate host, larvae