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03-2023 > PARA > Flashcards

PARA Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Simulium black fly agent
  2. Vector of Y. pestis
A
  1. Onchocerca volvulus
  2. Xenopsylla cheopsis
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2
Q

The motile, reproducing, feeding stage of the protozoans is which of the following?

Cyst
Trophozoite
Ova (egg)
Adult worm

A

Trophozoite

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3
Q

Which of the following organs of the body is most often involved in extraintestinal amoebiasis?

Lungs
Kidneys
Pancreas
Liver

A

Liver

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4
Q

Amoeba that inhibit the gastrointestinal tract of man are non-motile, non-feeding, and infective during which stage?

Pseudopod
Cyst
Trophozoite
Cryptozoite

A

Cyst

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5
Q

Which of these trophozoites, when acting as a pathogen, is likely to ingest red blood cells of the host?

Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba hartmanni
Entamoeba histolytica
Endolimax nana

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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6
Q

The point of differentiation between Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba hartmanni is:

Presence of peripheral chromatin
Presence of chromatoid bodies
Only one possesses a cyst form
Size

A

Size

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7
Q

Failure to find bacteria in purulent spinal fluid should alert one to the possibility of an infection with:

Viruses
Amoeba
Flagellates
Worms

A

Amoeba

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8
Q

Which of the following would have a double-walled, wrinkled cyst form?

Naegleria fowleri
Entamoeba hartmanni
Acanthamoeba castellanii
Dientamoeba fragilis

A

Acanthamoeba castellanii

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9
Q

A cyst that possesses a single nucleus and a large glycogen vacuole that stains deeply with iodine belong to:

Endolimax nana
Iodamoeba butschlii
Dientamoeba fragilis
Entamoeba coli

A

Iodamoeba butschlii

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10
Q

Amoeba inhabiting the central nervous system enter the body through the:

Mouth
Nasal mucosa
Urine
Joint fluid

A

Nasal mucosa

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11
Q

In which specimen are Acanthamoeba and Naegleria usually found?

Blood
Cerebrospinal fluid
Urine
Joint fluid

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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12
Q

Which of the following are often mistaken for cysts of amoeba?

Blastocystis hominis
Calcium carbonate crystals
Ammonium magnesium phosphate crystal
Epithelial cells

A

Blastocystis hominis

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13
Q

Which of the following is pathognomonic for Giardia lamblia and the stage it is found in?

Spiral groove/trophozoite
Undulating membrane/cyst
Cytostome/trophozoite
Ventral sucking disk/trophozoite

A

Ventral sucking disk/trophozoite

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14
Q

Which of the following protozoa have an undulating membrane?

Trichomonas
Trypanosoma
Chilomastix
Trichomonas and Trypanosoma

A

Trichomonas and Trypanosoma

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15
Q

A pear-shaped flagellate with jerky motility that is found in a urine specimen is identified as:

Trichomonas hominis
Trichomonas vaginalis
Escherichia coli
Leptospira

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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16
Q

Eighty (80) percent of the trophozoites of Dientamoeba fragilis have:

2 nuclei
3 nuclei
1 nuclei
No nuclei

A

2 nuclei

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17
Q

The only bilaterally symmetrical protozoan is:

Trichomonas
Dientamoeba
Giardia
Balantidium

A

Giardia

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18
Q

Which of the following is the vector of African sleeping sickness?

Reduviid bug (Triatoma)
Sandfly (Phlebtomus)
Tsetse fly (Glossina)
Ticks

A

Tsetse fly (Glossina)

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19
Q

How is Trypanosma cruzi transmitted?

Inhalation
Bite of the tsetse fly
Bite of the reduviid bug
Sexual contact

A

Bite of the reduviid bug

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20
Q

In the laboratory diagnosis of Leishmania donovani, which is the preferred specimen in which to find Leishman-Donovan bodies?

Bone marrow
Blood
Vaginal secretions
Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Bone marrow

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21
Q

Which of the following is the only ciliate that is pathogenic in humans?

Babesia
Isospora
Balantidium coli
Entamoeba coli

A

Balantidium coli

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22
Q

Structure used for motility of Balantidium coli:

Flagella
Cilia
Pseudopodia
Undulating membrane

A

Cilia

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23
Q

Which nucleus of the trophozoite of Balantidium coli is the reproductive one?

Micronucleus
Macronucleus
Both of these
None of these

A

Micronucleus

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24
Q

Which of the malarial organisms presents as pale, very AMOEBOID RING TROPHOZOITE, infecting a large pale red blood cell with dot of hemoglobin?

Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax

A

Plasmodium vivax

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25
Q

Which of the malarial organism preferentially invades reticulocytes?

Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium vivax
All of the above

A

Plasmodium vivax

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26
Q

The malarial organism whose schizont resembles a “fruit pie” in which the merozoites form a rosette around the malarial pigment is:

Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium falciparum

A

Plasmodium malariae

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27
Q

Which malarial organism characteristically has a BAND FORM trophozoite stretching across the red blood cell?

Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium falciparum

A

Plasmodium malariae

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28
Q

Which malarial organism features ring trophozoites that have double chromatin dots, applique forms, and often have multiple parasites in the infected red blood cells?

Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium ovale

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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29
Q

Which malarial organism has large, coarse, red dots within a large, pale red blood cell with fimbriated edges?

Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae

A

Plasmodium ovale

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30
Q

The sexual reproduction cycle in Plasmodium and coccidian is referred to as:

Sporogony
Schizogony
Sporocyst
None of the above

A

Sporogony

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31
Q

What is the infective stage of malarial parasite to the vector?

Cryptozoites
Trophozoites
Gametocyte
Ookinete

A

Gametocyte

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32
Q

What is the infective stage of malarial parasite to humans?

Gametocytes
Cryptozoites
Schizonts
Sporozoites

A

Sporozoites

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33
Q

In which type of malaria is there synchronized rupture of the red blood cells every 72 hours?

P. falciparum
P. ovale
P. vivax
P . malariae

A

P . malariae

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34
Q

Which hemoglobin is incompatible with malaria parasite survival?

Hb CC
Hb F
Hb SS
Hb A

A

Hb SS

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35
Q

What is the name of the laboratory test that allows laboratory-bred reduviid bugs to feed on patients suspected of having Chagas’ disease?

Complement fixation
Serodiagnosis
Xenodiagnosis
Western blot

A

Xenodiagnosis

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36
Q

What is both the definitive and intermediate host of Toxoplasma gondii?

Dog
Cow
Cat
Chicken

A

Cat

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37
Q

What constitutes a positive result in the Sabin-Feldman dye test?

Toxoplasma becomes nonmotile
Toxoplasma can no longer be demonstrated as an intracellular organism
Toxoplasma loses its affinity for methylene blue dye
The mouse into which the immune serum is injected does not die from toxoplasmosis

A

Toxoplasma loses its affinity for methylene blue dye

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38
Q

Which of the following tests is used for the detection of Cryptosporidium?

Sabin-Feldman dye test
G-6-PD test
Xenodiagnosis
Sheather’s sugar flotation

A

Sheather’s sugar flotation

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39
Q

Direct examination of stool specimens stained with iodine make the trophozoite of the protozoa stain what color?

Yellow
Brown
Trophozoites are destroyed by iodine
Do not stain

A

Trophozoites are destroyed by iodine

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40
Q

The modified acid-fast stain is most often used in parasitology to identify:

Protozoan cysts and trophozoites
Helminth eggs
Plasmodium
Cryptosporidium and other coccidia

A

Cryptosporidium and other coccidia

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41
Q

Microsporidial infections can be confirmed using:

Light microscopy and modified trichrome stains
Phase contrast microscopy and routine trichrome stains
Electron microscopy and modified acid-fast stains
Fluorescence microscopy and hematoxylin stains

A

Light microscopy and modified trichrome stains

An infection with microsporidia can be confirmed using modified trichrome stains (10X the normal dye content found in routine trichrome stains) and light microscopy. The internal polar tubule will be visible within some of the spores; this will serve as confirmation of the infection.

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42
Q

What morphological characteristic differentiates trichomonads from other intestinal flagellates?

Sucking disc
Undulating membrane
Cytostome
Axonemes

A

Undulating membrane

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43
Q

Shown to be related to GAY BOWEL SYNDROME:

Giardia lamblia
Entamoeba histolytica
Balantidium coli
Isospora belli

A

Giardia lamblia

Important risk factors for Giardiasis include: poor hygiene, poor sanitation, overcrowding, immunodeficiency, bacterial and fungal overgrowth in the small intestine, and homosexual practices. Giardiasis has been shown to be related to the “GAY BOWEL SYNDROME.”

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44
Q

Which of the following is the most important feature in differentiating cysts of Entamoeba histolytica from E. dispar?

Number of nuclei
Size of the cyst
Shape of the karyosome
Distinguishing surface antigens by immunologic assays

A

Distinguishing surface antigens by immunologic assays

E. histolytica and E. dispar cannot be morphologically differentiated. The cyst stage of both organisms has four nuclei with a centrally located karyosome. E. histolytica is a well recognized intestinal parasite, whereas E. dispar is considered nonpathogenic. Immunologic assays to detect antigens or molecular biology assays are necessary to differentiate these two species.

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45
Q

Which of the following is the preferred anticoagulant for preparing blood smears for diagnosing malaria?

EDTA
Heparin
Sodium citrate
Sodium fluoride

A

EDTA

Collection of blood by finger stick is preferred for preparing blood smears for the detection of malaria. When a venipuncture is performed, the preferred anticoagulant for malarial blood smears is EDTA. Heparin can be used, but it may cause distortion of some parasite forms.

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46
Q

A free-living ameba that causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis is:

Dientamoebafragilis
Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba histolytica
Naegleria fowleri

A

Naegleria fowleri

Naegleria fowleri is found in freshwater ponds and lakes, especially those with disturbed or suspended soil. It has caused a number of cases of meningoencephalitis in people who have swum in these bodies of water. Essentially, all these infections have been fulminating and fatal, and they are often not diagnosed until autopsy.

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47
Q

Which of the following is the best technique to identify Dientamoeba fragilis in stool?

Formalin concentrate
Trichrome-stained smear
Modified acid-fast–stained smear
Giemsa stain

A

Trichrome-stained smear

Because there is no known cyst form, the best technique to recover and identify D. fragilis trophozoites would be the trichrome-stained smear.

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48
Q

A Gram stain from a gum lesion showed what appeared to be amoebae. A trichrome smear showed amoebae with a single nucleus and partially digested PMNs. The correct identification is:

Trichomonas tenax
Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar
Entamoeba polecki
Entamoeba gingivalis

A

Entamoeba gingivalis

E. gingivalis is known to be an inhabitant of the mouth and is characterized by morphology that resembles Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar. However, E. gingivalis tends to ingest PMNs, whereas Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar do not.

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49
Q

In an outbreak of diarrheal disease traced to a municipal water supply, the most likely causative agent is:

Cryptosporidium spp.
Cystoisospora belli
Entamoeba histolytica
Dientamoeba fragilis

A

Cryptosporidium spp.

Cryptosporidium oocysts have been transmitted through contaminated municipal water supplies. Such outbreaks have been well documented.

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50
Q

Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale are similar because they:

Exhibit Schüffner’s dots and have a true relapse in the life cycle
Have no malarial pigment and multiple rings
Have true stippling, do not have a relapse stage, and infect old red cells
Commonly have appliqué forms in the red cells

A

Exhibit Schüffner’s dots and have a true relapse in the life cycle

Both P. vivax and P. ovale infect young red cells, have true stippling (Schüffner’s dots), contain malarial pigment, and have a true relapse stage in the life cycle.

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51
Q

Early ring stages of the fifth human malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi, resemble those of:

Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax

A

Plasmodium falciparum

The early ring stages of Plasmodium knowlesi resemble those of P. falciparum.

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52
Q

Older developing stages (trophs, schizonts) of the fifth human malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi, resemble those of:

Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax

A

Plasmodium malariae

The older developmental stages of Plasmodium knowlesi (trophs, schizonts) resemble those seen in infections with P. malariae (band forms, rosette schizonts).

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53
Q

Autofluorescence requires no stain and is recommended for the identification of:

Entamoeba histolytica cysts
Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites
Dientamoeba fragilis trophozoites
Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts

A

Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts

Autofluorescence requires no stain and is often recommended for confirmation of Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts.

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54
Q

ECOFRIENDLY fecal fixative:

Formalin
Schaudinn’s
Polyvinyl alcohol
Merthiolate-iodine-formalin

A

Polyvinyl alcohol

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55
Q

Which of the following is associated with LOEFFLER’S SYNDROME:

Ascaris lumbricoides
Enterobius vermicularis
Trichuris trichiura
Wuchereria bancrofti

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

LOEFFLER’S SYNDROME: transient pulmonary infiltration; day-to-day clearing in 3 to 14 days; associated with marked peripheral eosinophilia

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56
Q

VISCERAL LARVA MIGRANS (VLM) and OCULAR LARVA MIGRANS (OLM) are caused by accidental ingestion of eggs of:

Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma caninum
Toxocara cati, Tocara canis

A

Toxocara cati, Tocara canis

A serum titer of 1: 8 is considered significant for OLM; 1: 32 is significant for VLM.

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57
Q

CREEPING ERUPTION or CUTANEOUS LARVA MIGRANS (CLM) is caused by skin penetration of infective larvae of:

Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma caninum
Toxocara cati, Tocara canis

A

Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma caninum

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58
Q

A patient presents with vague abdominal pains and a MICROCYTIC HYPOCHROMIC anemia. A possible causative parasite is:

Enterobius vermicularis
Ancylostoma duodenale
Brugia malayi
Trichinella spiralis

A

Ancylostoma duodenale

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59
Q

Infective stage is the SHEATHED FILARIFORM LARVA:

Strongyloides stercoralis
Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus

A

Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus

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60
Q

Infective stage is the UNSHEATHED FILARIFORM LARVA:

Strongyloides stercoralis
Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

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61
Q

Which of the following roundworms is capable of AUTOINFECTION, HYPERINFECTION, and a HEAVY WORM BURDEN with characteristic larval migration required in the life cycle?

Ancylostoma duodenale
Enterobius vermicularis
Strongyloides stercoralis
Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

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62
Q

Parasite recovery from stool may be enhanced by the BAERMANN FUNNEL TECHNIQUE:

Ascaris lumbricoides
Enterobius vermicularis
Strongyloides stercoaralis
Ancylostoma duodenale

A

Strongyloides stercoaralis

The basic method is to wrap the sample in a PAPER TISSUE OR CLOTH AND SUBMERGE IT IN A FUNNEL FILLED WITH WATER. The nematodes will clump and sink to the bottom of the funnel where they can be recovered.

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63
Q

A primate parasite, has been isolated from humans in Africa and causes a severe life-threatening condition called “SWOLLEN BELLY SYNDROME.”

Toxocara cati
Toxocara canis
Ancylostoma caninum
Strongyloides fuelleborni

A

Strongyloides fuelleborni

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64
Q

The intestinal nematode considered capable of VERTICAL TRANSMISSION and the potential cause for CONGENITAL INFECTIONS is:

Ascaris lumbricoides
Enterobius vermicularis
Trichuris trichiura
Ancylostoma duodenale

A

Ancylostoma duodenale

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65
Q

The filariform larva is the infective stage for:

Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichostrongylus spp.
Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis
Ancylostoma duodenale, Strongyloides stercoralis
Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus

A

Ancylostoma duodenale, Strongyloides stercoralis

66
Q

The examination of blood film should be performed at _____ to DETECT MICROFILARIAE.

LPO
HPO
OIO

A

LPO

MICROFILARIA: LPO
PLASMODIA, TRYPANOSOMES: OIO

67
Q

MOST COMMON identified species of filarial worms that infect humans:

Brugia malayi
Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus
Wuchereria bancrofti

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

68
Q

Lymphatic vessel involvement within the RETROPERITONEAL REGION is associated with:

Brugia malayi
Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus
Wuchereria bancrofti

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

69
Q

The nematode Loa loa is transmitted to humans by:

Culex spp.
Simulium spp.
Mansonia spp.
Chrysops spp.

A

Chrysops spp.

70
Q

The parasite is transmitted by the black fly, Simulium spp.

Brugia malayi
Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus
Wuchereria bancrofti

A

Onchocerca volvulus

71
Q

Sheathed microfilaria, nuclei extend to the tail in an irregularly arranged fashion:

Brugia malayi
Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus
Wuchereria bancrofti

A

Loa loa

W. bancrofti: Sheathed, tail free of nuclei
B. malayi: Sheathed, tail with 2 separate nuclei
L. loa: Sheathed, nuclei up to the tip of the tail
O. volvulus: Unsheathed, tail is free of nuclei
M. perstans: Unsheathed, nuclei up to the tip of the tail
M. ozzardi: Unsheathed, tail is free of nuclei
M. streptocerca: Shepherd’s crook

72
Q

Microfilariae are sheathed and contain 4 to 5 subterminal and 2 TERMINAL NUCLEI in the tail:

Brugia malayi
Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus
Wuchereria bancrofti

A

Brugia malayi

W. bancrofti: Sheathed, tail free of nuclei
B. malayi: Sheathed, tail with 2 separate nuclei
L. loa: Sheathed, nuclei up to the tip of the tail
O. volvulus: Unsheathed, tail is free of nuclei
M. perstans: Unsheathed, nuclei up to the tip of the tail
M. ozzardi: Unsheathed, tail is free of nuclei
M. streptocerca: Shepherd’s crook

73
Q

Unsheathed microfilaria, tail is free of nuclei:

Brugia malayi
Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus
Wuchereria bancrofti

A

Onchocerca volvulus

W. bancrofti: Sheathed, tail free of nuclei
B. malayi: Sheathed, tail with 2 separate nuclei
L. loa: Sheathed, nuclei up to the tip of the tail
O. volvulus: Unsheathed, tail is free of nuclei
M. perstans: Unsheathed, nuclei up to the tip of the tail
M. ozzardi: Unsheathed, tail is free of nuclei
M. streptocerca: Shepherd’s crook

74
Q

The tail of this microfilaria is often referred to as a “shepherd’s crook”:

Mansonella perstans
Mansonella ozzardi
Mansonella streptocerca
Wucheriria bancrofti

A

Mansonella streptocerca

75
Q

The endosymbiont Wolbachia sp. is required for parasite reproduction in all of the following except:

Onchocerca volvulus
Brugia timori
Loa loa
Wuchereria bancrofti

A

Loa loa

W. bancrofti, Brugia spp., and Onchocerca volvulus harbor an endosymbiotic alpha-proteobacterium, Wolbachia sp. Wolbachia is an obligate intracellular organism.

76
Q

The worm has a characteristic, thick cuticle and a large uterus that fills the body cavity and contains rhabditoid larvae:

Ascaris lumbricoides
Enterobius vermicularis
Ancylostoma duodenale
Dracunculus medinensis

A

Dracunculus medinensis

77
Q

Removal and gradual retraction of the adult gravid female worm is recommended in infections with:

Ancylostoma braziliense
Dracunculus medinensis
Trichinella spiralis
Toxocara cati

A

Dracunculus medinensis

78
Q

The following infection may RESEMBLE ACUTE APPENDICITIS:

Parastrongylus costaricensis
Gnathostoma sp.
Toxocara cati
Parastrongylus caninum

A

Parastrongylus costaricensis

79
Q

Infection with Clonorchis or Opisthorchis may result from eating raw or undercooked:

Aquatic vegetation
Crabs
Crayfish
Freshwater fish

A

Freshwater fish

80
Q

Which of the following can be acquired by ingestion of crab or crayfish bearing the metacercaria:

Fasciola hepatica
Fasciolopsis buski
Clonorchis sinensis
Paragonimus westermani

A

Paragonimus westermani

81
Q

Which of the following flukes has an OPERCULATED FLASK-SHAPED egg with PROMINENT SHOULDERS and a KNOB AT THE OPPOSITE END?

Opisthorchis
Paragonimus
Fasciola
Fasciolopsis

A

Opisthorchis

Feedback:
F. hepatica
Operculated, brownish-yellow, unembryonated

C. sinensis, O. viverrini
Operculated with shoulders, opposite end knob, yellow-brown, embryonated

P. westermani, P. mexicanus
Operculated with shoulders, thick shelled, brownish-yellow, unembryonated

F. buski
Operculated, yellow-brown, unembryonated

H.heterophyes, M. yokogawai
Operculated with slight (minimal) opercular shoulders, yellow-brown, embryonated

82
Q

The eggs are small, yellow-brown, EMBRYONATED, and operculated and may have MINIMAL OPERCULAR SHOULDERS:

Fasciola hepatica
Fasciolopsis buski
Heterophyes heterophyes
Paragonimus westermani

A

Heterophyes heterophyes

Feedback
EMBRYONATED (MATURE) EGGS
“CHOS/SHOC” OPERCULATED:
Clonorchis, Heterophyes, Opistorchis

MATURE, NONOPERCULATED: Schistosoma

UNEMBROYONATED (IMMATURE) EGGS, OPERCULATED
Fasciola, Fasciolopsis, Echinostoma

UNEMBRYONATED, WITH OPERCULUM AND ABORPERCULUM:
Paragonimus

83
Q

The infective life cycle stage of a fluke (except blood fluke) is the:

Miracidium
Cercariae
Metacercariae
Pleurocercariae

A

Metacercariae

84
Q

The fluke acquired by eating contaminated vegetation is:

Clonorchis sinensis
Fasciolopsis buski
Heterophyes heterophyes
Paragonimus westermani

A

Fasciolopsis buski

85
Q

Fish carrying metacercariae may transmit:

Clonorchis sinensis
Fasciolopsis buski
Paragonimus westermani
Schistosoma haematobium

A

Clonorchis sinensis

86
Q

Paragonimus westermani infection is acquired by:

Drinking contaminated water
Eating infected crustacea
Eating infected fish
Eating infected water chestnuts

A

Eating infected crustacea

87
Q

The mode of transmission of schistosomal infection is by:

Ingestion of contaminated aquatic vegetation
Direct penetration of the skin by cercariae
Ingestion of raw fish
Mosquito bite

A

Direct penetration of the skin by cercariae

88
Q

The drug of choice for treatment of schistosome infections is:

Metrifonate
Praziquantel
Bilarcil
Niclosamide

A

Praziquantel

Infection with S. mansoni may require a larger dose than that for the other species.

89
Q

A diagnostic characteristic of the egg of Schistosoma mansoni is:

A large lateral spine
No spine
A pointed terminal spine
A small lateral spine

A

A large lateral spine

90
Q

To optimize recovery of S. haematobium in urine, the specimen should be collected:

Early morning
Between noon and 2 pm
Between 2 pm and 4 pm
Between 10 pm and 2 am

A

Between noon and 2 pm

91
Q

Infection with S. haematobium may present with which of the following?

Nausea
Basophilia
Hematuria
Jaundice

A

Hematuria

92
Q

A patient from the Great Lakes area presents with vague abdominal symptoms and a MACROCYTIC ANEMIA. Which cestode would be the probable cause?

Diphyllobothrium latum
Echinococcus granulosus
Taenia saginata
Hymenolepis nana

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

93
Q

In the Diphyllobothrium latum life cycle, the infective stage for humans is:

Cysticercus
Cysticercoid
Procercoid
Plerocercoid

A

Plerocercoid

94
Q

Only cestode to have an aquatic life cycle:

Diphyllobothrium latum
Dipylidium caninum
Hymenolepis diminuta
Hymenolepis nana

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

1st intermediate host: COPEPOD
2nd intermediate host, reservoir host: FISH
Definitive host: MAN

95
Q

Lifespan of D. latum, T. saginata and T. solium:

Usually less than 1 year
1 to 5 years
10 to 15 years
Up to 25 years

A

Up to 25 years

H. nana: Perhaps many years as a result of autoinfection
H. diminuta: Usually less than 1 year
D. caninum: Usually less than 1 year
D. latum, Taenia: Up to 25 years

96
Q

Thick-walled POLLEN GRAINS resemble the eggs of:

Ascaris lumbricoides
Dipylidium caninum
Hymenolepis nana
Taenia species

A

Taenia species

97
Q

Which of the following can bypass the need for an intermediate host?

Diphyllobothrium latum
Dipylidium caninum
Hymenolepis diminuta
Hymenolepis nana

A

Hymenolepis nana

98
Q

Which tapeworm infects CATTLE as an INTERMEDIATE HOST?

Taenia saginata
Dipylidium caninum
Hymenolepis diminuta
Hymenolepis nana

A

Taenia saginata

99
Q

Definitive host of Taenia saginata:

Cow
Pig
Insect
Human

A

Human

Human serves as the definitive host for beef (Taenia saginata) and pork (Taenia solium) tapeworms; cows/ camels and pigs serve as intermediate hosts, respectively. Humans also serve as the intermediate host for T. solium (cysticercosis).

100
Q

Which tapeworm cannot be identified to the species level based on its egg morphology; instead, proglottids must be examined?

Diphyllobothrium
Dipylidium
Hymenolepis
Taenia

A

Taenia

Uterine branches visualized by staining the proglottids with INDIA INK
T. SAGINATA: 15 to 20 branches, dichotomous or tree-like
T. SOLIUM: 7 to 13 lateral branches, dendritic or fingerlike

101
Q

Gravid proglottids resemble rice grains(dry) or cucumber seeds (moist):

Diphyllobothrium latum
Dipylidium caninum
Taenia spp.
Hymenolepis nana

A

Dipylidium caninum

102
Q

Eggs HAVE POLAR FILAMENTS present in the space between the oncospheres and the eggshell:

Hymenolepis diminuta
Hymenolepis nana

A

Hymenolepis nana

103
Q

The eggs contain a six-hooked oncosphere with the ABSENCE OF POLAR FILAMENTS in the space between the oncosphere and the eggshell:

Hymenolepis diminuta
Hymenolepis nana

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

104
Q

Protozoan with large karyosome, may be surrounded by refractile granules that are difficult to see (“BASKET NUCLEUS”):

Endolimax nana
Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba histolytica
Iodamoeba butschlii

A

Iodamoeba butschlii

105
Q

Which operculated ovum contain a miracidium and can appear in sputum, often accompanied by blood and Charcot-Leyden crystals?

Fasciola hepatica
Paragonimus westermani
Schistosoma mansoni
Dipylidium caninum

A

Paragonimus westermani

106
Q

Which of the following is the first intermediate host of the flukes?

Snail
Water plant
Fish
Crab

A

Snail

107
Q

What is a schistosomule?

Cercaria
Cercaria minus tail
Free-swimming cercaria
Metacercaria

A

Cercaria minus tail

108
Q

Which tapeworm proglottid makes its way across the fecal specimen by doubling movements, and is seen under the microscope to have numerous regular uterine branches (more than 15) resembling those of a tree?

Taenia saginata
Taenia solium
Diphyllobothrium lactum
Dipylidium caninum

A

Taenia saginata

109
Q

Which species of Taenia has 7 to 12 uterine branches?

Taenia solium
Taenia saginata
Echinococcus granulosus
None of the above

A

Taenia solium

110
Q

The eggs of Echinococcus granulosus are found in the feces of:

Cats
Fish
Dog
Cattle

A

Dog

111
Q

Which of the following is found in the intermediate host of Echinococcus granulosus?

Adult worm
Egg
Hydatid cyst
Pseudocyst

A

Hydatid cyst

112
Q

The first intermediate host of Diphyllobothrium latum:

Copepod
Snail
Fish
Crab

A

Copepod

113
Q

The second intermediate host of Diphyllobothrium latum

Cattle
Waterplants
Crayfish
Freshwater fish

A

Freshwater fish

114
Q

What is the infective stage of the broad fish tapeworms to human?

Plerocercoid
Coracidium
Hydatid cyst
Cysticerus

A

Plerocercoid

115
Q

In some individuals, particularly those of Scandinavian extraction, this worm can case a megaloblastic anemia:

Diphyllobothrium latum
Dipylidium caninum
Taenia solium
Necator americanus

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

116
Q

Which of the following worms have separate sexes?

Intestinal flukes
Liver flukes
Tapeworms
Blood flukes

A

Blood flukes

117
Q

The male roundworm is differentiated from the female roundworm by its:

Dorsally curved posterior
Pointed posterior
Square posterior
Rounded posterior

A

Dorsally curved posterior

118
Q

Which stage of Trichuris trichiura is infective to humans?

Rhabditiform larva
Filariform larva
Cyst
Embryonated egg

A

Embryonated egg

119
Q

Trichuris trichiura, hookworm, and _______ ”unholy three” of roundworm.

Enterobius vermicularis
Ascaris lumbricoides
Taenia saginata
Hymenolepsis nana

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

120
Q

The helminth that induces a hypochromic microcytic anemia in its host is the:

Hookworm
Whipworm
Pinworm
Threadworm

A

Hookworm

121
Q

The rhabditiform larva of the hookworm has a:

Long buccal cavity equal to the width of the body
Short buccal cavity equal to ½ the width of the body
Medium length buccal cavity
Has no buccal cavity

A

Long buccal cavity equal to the width of the body

122
Q

Which of the following larval worms enters the host by penetration of the skin?

Strongloides stercoralis
Ancylostoma duodenale
Both of these
None of these

A

Both of these

123
Q

A roundworm that inhabits the small intestine and usually is demonstrated as rhabditiform larvae in the fecal specimen is the:

Hookworm
Large roundworm
Whipworm
Threadworm

A

Threadworm

124
Q

Adults of filarial worms live in:

Blood and feces
Urine and lymphatics
Subcutaneous tissues
Lymphatics and subcutaneous tissues

A

Lymphatics and subcutaneous tissues

125
Q

Dirofilaria immitis:

Dog heartworm
Dog hookworm
Rat lungworm
Cercarial dermatitis

A

Dog heartworm

126
Q

Cutaneous larva migrans or creeping eruptions is caused by:

Larvae of pinworm
Microfilariae
Filariform larvae of the dog hookworm
Metacercariae

A

Filariform larvae of the dog hookworm

127
Q

Specific gravity of zinc sulfate solution for the flotation method:

1.01
1.04
1.18
1.48

A

1.18

128
Q

The ideal temperature at which to hold a fecal specimen for more than 1 hour is:

Freezer temperature
Refrigerator temperature
Room temperature
Incubator temperature

A

Refrigerator temperature

129
Q

Most tapeworms are intestinal parasites of humans. Humans can be both the intermediate and the definitive host of:

Taenia saginata
Taenia solium
Echinococcus granulosus
Diphyllobothrium latum

A

Taenia solium

130
Q

Charcot-Leyden crystals in stool may be associated with an immune response and are thought to be the breakdown products of:

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

A

Eosinophils

131
Q

Characteristics of the rhabditiform (noninfective) larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis include a:

Short buccal capsule and large genital primordium
Long buccal capsule and pointed tail
Short buccal capsule and small genital primordium
Small genital primordium and notch in tail

A

Short buccal capsule and large genital primordium

132
Q

A mother brings two male children; ages 3 and 4, to the clinic because they are restless, haven’t been sleeping well, and frequently are scratching their bottoms. Examination is consistent with perianal pruritus. What is the most likely etiologic agent involved in this infection?

Enterobius vermicularis
Stronyloides stercoralis
Acanthamoeba duodenale
Necator americanus

A

Enterobius vermicularis

133
Q

A 33-year-old dog owner presents with abdominal pain and signs of internal hemorrhaging. Blood tests show eosinophilia, but parasite eggs are NOT found in fecal smears. An ELISA test confirms a diagnosis of visceral larva migrans. What is the most likely etiologic agent involved in this infection?

Schistosoma mansoni
Taenia saginata
Toxocara canis
Dipylidium caninum

A

Toxocara canis

134
Q

All of the following larva migrate through the lungs except one:

Ascaris
Hookworm
Pinworm
Stronyloides

A

Pinworm

135
Q

Habitat of the adult Trichinella spiralis:

Small intestines
Skeletal muscles
Blood
CSF

A

Small intestines

T. SPIRALIS ADULT - SMALL INTESTINES
T. SPIRALIS LARVA - MUSCLES

136
Q

Malabsorption syndrome is associated with this parasite:

Enterobius vermicularis
Necator americanus
Trichuris trichiura
Capillaria philippinensis

A

Capillaria philippinensis

137
Q

The mouth of Necator americanus is characterized by the presence of:

Teeth
Cutting plates
Both of these
None of these

A

Cutting plates

138
Q

Which of the following microfilariae is unsheathed?

Wuchereria bancrofti
Onchocerca volvulus
Loa loa
Brugia malayi

A

Onchocerca volvulus

139
Q

Eye worm producing fugitive swelling or Calabar swelling:

Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus
Dipetalonema perstans
Mansonella ozzardi

A

Loa loa

140
Q

Infective stage of the Schistosomes to their final host:

Miracidium
Sporocyst
Cercaria
Metacercaria

A

Cercaria

141
Q

Eggs of this fluke are small and shaped like an old-fashioned electric light bulb:

Clonorchis sinensis
Fasciola lanceolata
Fasciolopsis buski
Echinostoma ilocanum

A

Clonorchis sinensis

142
Q

Infection with this fluke is acquired by eating the tissues of fresh water crabs:

Heterophyes heterophyes
Paragonimus westermani
Clonorchis sinensis
Fasciolopsis buski

A

Paragonimus westermani

143
Q

Schistosoma cercaria enter the human body:

By eating raw snail
By eating contaminated vegetables and fish
By blood transfusion
By skin penetration

A

By skin penetration

144
Q

Human tapeworm that does not require an intermediate host to complete its natural life cycle:

Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis diminuta
Taenia saginata
Dipylidium caninum

A

Hymenolepis nana

145
Q

Microfilaria is sheathed, the body nuclei extend almost to the tip of the tail

Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus

A

Loa loa

146
Q

The term “internal autoinfection” is generally used in referring to infections with:

Ascaris lumbricoides
Necator americanus
Trichuris trichiura
Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

147
Q

A fibrous skin nodule is removed from the back of a patient from Central America. A microfilaria seen upon microscopic exam of the nodule is:

Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Onchocerca volvulus
Loa loa

A

Onchocerca volvulus

148
Q

Cysticercosis is caused by the disseminated larva of:

Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis diminuta
Taenia saginata
Taenia solium

A

Taenia solium

149
Q

A tapeworm with almond-shaped or spoon-shaped scolex is:

Taenia saginata
Taenia solium
Dipylidium caninum
Diphyllobothrium latum

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

150
Q

An operculated CESTODE egg that can be recovered in human feces is:

Clonorchis sinensis
Paragonimus westermani
Dipylidium caninum
Diphyllobothrium latum

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

Clonorchis and Paragonimus - TREMATODES, operculated egg
D. caninum - CESTODE, CYLOPHYLLIDEAN, non-operculated egg
D. latum - CESTODE, PSEUDOPHYLLIDEAN, operculated egg

151
Q

Migrating larva of this parasite can be found in sputum:
Ascaris lumbricoides
Paragonimus westermani
Both of these
None of these

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

LARVA IN SPUTUM - ASCARIS, STRONGYLOIDES, HOOKWORM
EGG (OVUM) IN SPUTUM - PARAGONIMUS

152
Q

Egg of this parasite can be found in sputum:

Ascaris lumbricoides
Paragonimus westermani
Both of these
None of these

A

Paragonimus westermani

LARVA IN SPUTUM - ASCARIS, STRONGYLOIDES, HOOKWORM
EGG (OVUM) IN SPUTUM - PARAGONIMUS

153
Q

Serve as DEFINITIVE HOST for the beef tapeworm:

Cows, camels
Pigs
Humans
Dogs, cats

A

Humans

TAENIA SAGINATA
Humans serve as the definitive host for the beef tapeworm, whereas cows/camels serve as intermediate hosts.

154
Q

INTERMEDIATE HOSTS of Taenia saginata:

Cows, camels
Pigs
Humans
Dogs, cats

A

Cows, camels

TAENIA SAGINATA
Humans serve as the definitive host for the beef tapeworm, whereas cows/camels serve as intermediate hosts.

155
Q

Eggs can be confused with POLLEN GRAINS:

Enterobius
Trichuris
Taenia
Dipylidium

A

Taenia

BAILEY & SCOTT’S: TAENIA EGGS
Eggs can be confused with pollen grains (handle all proglottids with extreme care)

156
Q

Gravid proglottids resemble rice grains (dry) or cucumber seeds (moist):

Diphyllobothrium latum
Dipylidium caninum
Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis diminuta

A

Dipylidium caninum

BAILEY & SCOTT’S: DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM
Gravid proglottids resemble rice grains (dry) or cucumber seeds (moist).

157
Q

Parasite recovery from stool may be enhanced by the Baermann funnel technique:

Ascaris lumbricoides
Enterobius vermicularis
Strongyloides stercoralis
Trichinella spiralis

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

158
Q

Consumption of the infective larval stage encysted on aquatic plants that have not been cooked results in infection with:

Clonorchis sinensis
Fasciola hepatica
Heterophyes heterophyes
Paragonimus westermani

A

Fasciola hepatica

159
Q

A schistosoma egg with a terminal spine would be most likely found in which of the following?

Feces
Bile
Sputum
Urine

A

Urine

S. HAEMATOBIUM - URINE

160
Q

Serves as the definitive host for the beef tapeworm:

camel
cow
human
pig

A

Human

T. saginata
IH: Camel/ Cow

161
Q

In infections with T. solium, humans can serve as the:

definitive host
intermediate host
either the definitive or the intermediate host
none of these options

A

either the definitive or the intermediate host

162
Q

The major complication with T. solium is CYSTICERCOSIS in which the human host becomes the ___ host and harbors the __ in tissues

definitive host, adult worms
definitive host, larvae
intermediate host, adult worms
intermediate host, larvae

A

intermediate host, larvae

03-2023 (14 decks)

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