HP Flashcards
1
Q
- Epithelial tissue arises from
- Connective and muscular tissue arise from
- Nervous tissue arises from
A
- Any of the 3 germ layers (Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
- The mesoderm
- The ectoderm
2
Q
Epithelial cells seen in the digestive tract from stomach to anus
A
Simple columnar
3
Q
Epithelial cell seen in the trachea
A
Pseudostratified columnar
4
Q
Endocrine glads are often called as
A
Ductless glands
5
Q
Type IV collagen fibers
A
Basement membrane
6
Q
What is the staining technique used for the demonstration of the glomerular basement membrane?
A
Periodic Acid Shift (PAS) - a special stain for CHO
Azocarmine - collagenic stain
7
Q
Simplest method for collagen differential staining
Collagen color:
A
Van Gieson’s Stain
Collagen: Pink/Deep Red color
8
Q
Stains used for Elastic Fibers
A
Verhoeff’s
Weigert’s
Orcein (Taenzer Unna Orcein)
9
Q
Intercalated disks of the cardiac muscle may be demonstrated by
A
Helly’s fixative
10
Q
Staining technique for demonstration of nervous tissue
A
Bielschowsky’s technique
Silver staining technique for neurons, neurofibrils, axons, and dendrites
Black color on a grayish background
11
Q
Pathology: Study of
pathos =
logos =
A
pathos = suffering
logos = study
12
Q
Father of Modern Pathology
A
Sir Ludwig Carl Virchow
“cellular pathology”
Modern Pathology: Study of cellular abnormalities
13
Q
Characterized by the Five Cardinal Signs
A
Acute Inflammation
14
Q
Central necrosis surrounded by multiple Langhans giant cells (activated macrophages) , epithelioid cells (activated macrophages resembling epithelial cells), and lymphocytes
A
Tuberculous granuloma
15
Q
Connective tissue cells responsible for repair processes - produce collagen
A
Fibroblast
16
Q
Acquired decrease in size of a normally developed or mature tissue organ
A
Atrophy
17
Q
This is used as a criterion for malignancy (hallmark)
a. Metaplasia
b. Dysplasia
c. Anaplasia
d. Neoplasia
A
C. Anaplasia
18
Q
Benign epithelial neoplasms producing microscopically or macroscopically visible finger-like or warty projections from epithelial surfaces are referred to as
A
Papillomas
19
Q
- Injury to cells –> Accumulation of metabolites
- Accumulation of metabolites –> Injury
- Organ most commonly affected by FATTY DEGENERATION
A
- Degeneration
- Infiltration
- Liver
20
Q
Cell death due to ischemia is manifested by a characteristic histologic appearance called “COAGULATIVE NECROSIS”
A
Infarction
21
Q
What is the temperature of the wax bath in the automatic tissue processor?
A
3C above the melting point of the wax used
22
Q
Highest possible concentration of formaldehyde
A
40%
23
Q
Fixative for Smears (3)
A
Schaudinn’s
Ether alcohol
Methanol
24
Q
‘Tolerant fixative’
Fixative recommended for nervous tissue demonstration, restoration of natural colors of the tissue, and frozen section
A
10% Formalin
25
1. Preservative to Formalin
2. Buffer to Formalin
1. Methanol
2. 10% neutral PHOSPHATE buffered formalin
26
Removal of Formalin Pigments
1. Saturated alcoholic solution
2. Ethyl alcohol, Ammonia water
3. Acetone, Hydrogen peroxide, Ammonia water
1. Picric acid method
2. Kardasewitsch's method
3. Lillie's method
26
Best fixative for tissues containing iron pigments
10% Neutral buffered formalin/ Phosphate Buffered formalin (pH 7)
27
Fixative used for electron microscopy preparation
Paraformaldehyde
28
Tissues fixed with mixtures containing mercury chloride contain black precipitates of mercury except
Susa
29
Routine fixative of choice for preservation of CELL DETAIL IN TISSUE PHOTOGRAPHY;
Causes marked SHRINKAGE of cells
Mercuric Chloride Fixative
30
Recommended for fixing small pieces of liver, spleen, connective tissue fibers, and nuclei
Zenker's fluid
31
Excellent for bone marrow, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and intercalated discs of the cardiac muscle
Excellent for microanatomic fixative for pituitary gland, bone marrow, and blood-containing organs such as spleen and liver
Zenker-Formol (Helly's solution)
32
Recommended for demonstration of chromatin, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, mitotic figures, RBC, and colloid containing tissues
Chromate fixative: Regaud's (Muller's fluid)
33
Recommended for the study of early degenerative processes and tissue necrosis; Demonstration of RICKETTSIA and other bacteria
Chromate fixative: Orth's fluid
34
Recommended for Acid Mucopolysaccharides
Lead Fixative
35
Can be a fixative, decalcifying agent, and cytoplasmic stain
Excellent for glycogen demonstration
Yellow stain prevents small fragments to be overlooked - Fragmentary biopsies
Highly explosive when dry
Picric Acid
Excellent for glycogen demonstration: Picric acid and Alcohol Fixatives
Highly explosive when dry: Picric acid and Formaldehyde
36
Recommended for fixation of embryos and pituitary biopsies
Excellent in preserving soft and delicate structure (ENDOMETRIAL CURETTINGS) - fragmentary biopsies
Preserves glycogen
Composition:
Not suitable for:
Bouin's solution
Saturated solution of picric acid
40% Formaldehyde
Glacial acetic acid
Not suitable for fixing kidney structures, lipid, and mucus
36
Precipitating, Dehydrating, and Non-additive fixation
Concentrations ranging from 70-100% - less concentrated solution will produce cell lysis
Dissolves fats and lipids
Used to fix and preserve:
Alcohol Fixative
Used to fix and preserve GLYCOGEN, PIGMENTS, BLOOD TISSUE FILMS, AND SMEARS
37
1. Excellent in fixing dry and wet smears, blood smears, and bone marrow tissues
2. Used in fixing touch preparations
3. If lower concentrations are used, RBCs become hemolyzed and WBCs are inadequately preserved; Used for histochemistry, esp. for enzyme studies
1. 100% Methyl Alcohol
2. 95% Isopropyl Alcohol
3. 70-80% Ethyl alcohol
38
1. Most rapid fixative
2. Act as both nuclear and histochemical fixative
3. Alcoholic version of Bouin's; fixes sputum, preserves glycogen
1. Carnoy's fixative
2. Newcomer's fixative
3. Gendre's fluid
39
1. Most common Chrom-Osmium Acetic Acid Fixative
2. Recommended for cytoplasmic structures particularly the mitochondria
3. Recommended for water-diffusable enzymes; diagnosis of rabies; ice cold
1. Flemming's solution (with GAA)
2. Flemming's solution (without GAA)
3. Acetone
40
1. What is the CHIEF ADVANTAGE of microwave fixation?
2. Disadvantage of Fixation
1. Tissue is heated right through the block in a very short time
2. Microwaves generated by commercial ovens only penetrate tissue to a thickness of 10-15mm
41
1. Most common and fastest acid decalcifying agent
2. Decalcifying agent and tissue softener at the same time
3. Most rapid nitric acid decalcifying agent
1. 5-10% Nitric Acid
2. Perenyi's fluid
3. Phloroglucin-Nitric Acid
42
1. Recommended for surface decalcification of tissue block
2. Which decalcifying agent has Hydrochloric acid in its composition?
1. Hydrochloric acid
2. Von Ebner's (NaCl, HCl, distilled H2O)
43
The amount of dehydrating agent should not be _____ the volume of the tissue
The amount of dehydrating agent should not be LESS THAN 10 TIMES the volume of the tissue
44
1. Most common and Best dehydrating agent
2. Toxic dehydrating agent
3. For plant and animal microtechnique
4. Microwave processing schedules
1. Ethyl alcohol
2. Methyl alcohol
3. Butyl alcohol
4. Isopropyl alcohol (IPA)
45
1. Excellent dehydrating and clearing agent
2. Dehydrates and Clears tissue at the same time
1. Dioxane
2. THF
Both Dioxane and Tetrahydrofuran (THF) Dehydrate and Clears tissue
46
Clearing
1. Most commonly used and rapid clearing agent
2. Clearing agent for tough tissues, (skin, fibrinoid, decalcified tissues), nervous tissues, lymph nodes, and embryos
3. Clearing agent: toxic, carcinogenic, aplastic anemia
1. Xylene
2. Chloroform
3. Benzene
47
Clearing
1. Substitute for xylene or benzene
2. Clear both paraffin and celloidin; Recommended for CNS tissues and cytological studies, particularly of smooth muscles and skin
3. Recommended for clearing embryos, insects, and very delicate specimens
1. Toluene
2. Cedarwood oil
3. Aniline ooil
48
1. Most important step in embedding
2. Simplest, Most Common, and Best Embedding Medium
1. Orientation
2. Paraffin Wax
49
Substitutes for Paraffin Wax
1. MP 56-57
2. MP 56-58
3. For embedding Eyes
4. Contains Rubber
1. Paraplast
2. Embeddol
3. Bioloid
4. Tissue Mat
50
Substitutes for Paraffin Wax
1. MP 46-48
2. Most commonly used water-soluble wax
1. Ester wax
2. Carbowax
51
Celloidin
1. Preferred for processing whole eye section
2. Added to #1 (Chloroform + Cedarwood)
3. For bones, teeth, large brain sections, whole organs
1. Dry
2. Gilson's mixture
3. Wet
52
Double Embedding Method
"ICEP"
Tissue is first infiltrated with celloidin and subsequently embeded in paraffin
53
Section thickness
1. Paraffin section
2. Celloidin section
1. 4-6 mcira
2. 10-15 micra
54
1. Temp. of Flotation water bath
2. Most commonly used adhesive
3. Preservative; prevent the growth of molds
1. 45-50C
2. Mayer's egg albumin
3. Thymol Crystal
55
1. Adhesive widely used as a section adhesive for Immunohistochemistry
2. Utilized for cytology, particularly for cytospin preparations of proteinaceous or bloody material
1. Poly-L-Lysine
2. APES (3-aminopropylthriethoxysilane)
56
1. Serves as a link or bridge between tissue and the dye to make staining reaction possible
2. Accelerates or hastens the speed of the staining reaction
1. Mordant
2. Accentuator
56
Mordants for Hematoxylin
1. Mayer's, ehrlichs, delafields, coles, gills, harris
2. Loyez, verhoeffs, heidenhains, weigerts
3. Tungsten hematoxylin
4. Solcia
5. Weigert-Pal
6. Thomas
1. Aluminum
2. Iron
3. Phosphotungstic acid
4. Lead
5. Copper
6. Molybdenum
57
Method of Staining
1. No decolorization step (ex. frozen h&e)
2. Excess stain is removed or decolorized
3. Selective removal of excess stain
4. Most common decolorizing agent
1. Direct staining
2. Indirect staining
3. Differentiation/ Decolorization
4. Acid Alcohol (HCl + 80% ETOH)
58
1. Intravital stains
2. Supravital staining: best vital dye
3. Supravital staining: recommended for mitochondria
1. Lithium, India ink, Carmine
2. Neutral red
3. Janus green
59
Cytoplasmic Stains
1. Red
2. Yellow
3. Green
1. Phloxine B, Eosin B, Eosin Y
2. Picric acid, Orange G, Rose bengal
3. Light green SF, Lissamine green
60
Nuclear stains
1. Red
2. Blue
1. Neutral red, Safranin O, Carmine, Hematoxylin
2. Methylene blue, Toluidine blue, Celestine blue
61
Active coloring agent formed from hematoxylin oxidation aka ripening
Hematein
62
Natural Dyes
1. Mexican tree (Haematoxylon campechianum)
2. Female cochineal bug (Dactylopius coccus/ Coccus cacti)
3. Vegetable dye (Lichens/ Moss)
4. Dried stigma (Crocus sativus)
1. Hematoxylin
2. Cochineal dye
3. Orcein
4. Saffron
63
1. Stain utilized for the study of spermatogenesis
2. Collagen color after staining with acid fuschin-picric acid
3. Color of DNA and RNA for acridine orange
1. Copper Hematoxylin
2. Collagen: pink or deep red
3. DNA: Yellow-green;
RNA: Brick to Orange red
64
1. Stain for demonstration of amyloid
2. Oldest of all stains
3. Elastic Fiber stain
4. Stain for mitochondria
1. Congo Red
2. Iodine
3. Orcein (Tanzer Unna Orcein)
4. Janus Green B
65
Carbohydrate Stains
1. PAS-positive stain color
2. Best Carmine stain for glycogen
3. Langhan's iodine method for glycogen (Carleton's method)
1. Red or magenta red
2. Bright red granules
3. Mahogany brown
66
Fats/Lipids stain
1. Sudan IV - lipid color
2. Oil red O in dextrin - fat color
3. Osmic acid - fat
1. Mainly TAG = Red
2. Fat = Brillant red
3. Fat = Black
67
1. Protein Stain - Alkaline fast color for Histones and proteins
2. Nucleic Acid stain
a. Feulgen technique for nuclear DNA (Nuclear reaction)
b. Methyl green - pyronin method for DNA and RNA
c. Acridine orange for DNA and RNA
1. Histones and proteins: Green
2a. DNA: Red-purple
2b. DNA (chromatin): green/ blue-green; RNA (nucleoli): rose-red
2c. DNA: yellow-green fluorescence; RNA: brick to orange-red
68
Connective Tissue stain
1. For reticulin
2. For collagen
3. For elastic tissue
4. For elastic fibers
1. Gomori's silver impregnation - black
2. Van Gieson - pink or deep red
3. Weigert's - dark blue
4. Orcein - dark brown
69
1. Stain for CNS
2. Tissue pigment and deposit
a. For hemosiderin
b. Dark blue Argentaffin cells
c. Melanin and black argentaffin cells
1. Bielschowsky's technique: black on gray bg
2a. Perl's prussian blue
2b. Schmorl's ferric-ferricyanide
2c. Masson-Fontana
70
Tissue pigment and deposit stain
1. For calcium - black
2. For copper-associated protein - red to orange-red
1. Von Kossa's silver nitrate
2. Linquist's mod. rhodamine technique
71
Microorganisms stains
1. For Helicobacter
2. For Leprosy bacilli and Nocardia
3. For spirochetes
4. For fungi
1. Toluidine blue - Dark blue
2. Wade-Fite - Red
3. Levatidis, Warthin-Starry, Mod. Steiner and Steiner - Black
4. Grocott methenamine silver stain - Black
72
This type of epithelium lines most of the respiratory tract:
Simple squamous epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
73
Thyroid follicles are lined by this type of epithelium:
Simple squamous epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Transitional epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium
74
Thyroid follicles are lined by this type of epithelium:
Simple squamous epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Transitional epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium
75
It forms the linings of the urinary bladder, the ureters and part of the urethra (organs which are subject to considerable stretching):
*
Stratified squamous epithelium
Transitional epithelium
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Stratified columnar epithelium
Transitional epithelium
76
Long, cylindrical and multinucleate, they have obvious striations, and can be controlled voluntarily:
Skeletal muscle
Visceral muscle
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
77
Uninucleate branching cells that fight tightly together at junctions called intercalated disks:
Skeletal muscle
Visceral muscle
Cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle
78
With single nucleus and are spindle-shaped, no striations are visible:
Skeletal muscle
Visceral muscle
Cardiac muscle
Visceral muscle
79
What is the stem cell precursor of most connective tissues?
Macrophage
Mesenchymal
Adipocytes
Plasma cells
Mesenchymal
80
Elastic cartilage EXCEPT:
*
Intervertebral discs
External ear
Walls of the Eustachian tubes
Epiglottis
Intervertebral discs: FIBROCARTILAGE
81
Which one of the listed statements is the best histologic definition of an abscess?
*
A circumscribed collection of neutrophils with necrotic cellular debris
A localized defect that results from the sloughing of necrotic inflammatory tissue from the surface of an organ
A localized proliferation of fibroblasts and small blood vessels
An aggregate of two or more activated macrophages
The excessive secretion of mucus from a mucosal surface
An abscess is a localized collection of neutrophils and necrotic debris. It is basically a localized form of suppurative (purulent) inflammation, which is associated with pyogenic bacteria and is characterized by edema fluid admixed with neutrophils and necrotic cells (liquefactive necrosis or pus).
82
Cells provide a structural framework for the skin and play a critical role in WOUND HEALING:
*
Basophils
Fibroblasts
Lymphocytes
Monocytes and macrophages
Fibroblasts
83
The cardinal sign of inflammation called rubor is mainly the result of:
*
Decreased interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Decreased vascular permeability of capillaries
Increased vascular permeability of venules
Vasoconstriction of muscular arteries
Vasodilation of arterioles
Vasodilation of arterioles
Inflammation can be defined as the reaction of vascularized living tissue to local injury. Celsus originally described four cardinal signs of inflammation: rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), and dolor (pain). Virchow later added a fifth sign, loss of function (functio laesa).
Redness (rubor) and heat (calor) are primarily the result of increased blood flow secondary to vasodilation of arterioles.
84
During acute inflammation, histamine-induced increased vascular permeability causes the formation of exudates (inflammatory edema).Which one of the listed cell types is the most likely source of the histamine that causes the increased vascular permeability?
*
Endothelial cells
Fibroblast
Lymphocytes
Mast cells
Neutrophils
Mast cells
85
Inflammation characterized by the presence of large amount of pus:
*
Serous
Fibrinous
Hemorrhagic
Suppurative or purulent
Suppurative or purulent
86
Inflammation characterized by extensive outpouring of a watery, low-protein fluid from blood:
*
Serous
Fibrinous
Hemorrhagic
Suppurative or purulent
Serous
87
It is usually observed in skeletal muscles, heart, kidneys, endocrine organs and smooth muscles of hollow viscera due to increased workload and endocrine stimulation (e.g. during exercise and pregnancy)
*
True hypertrophy
False hypertrophy
Compensatory hypertrophy
None of these
True hypertrophy
88
It is due to edema fluid and connective tissue proliferation (e.g. in cirrhosis and chronic hypertrophic salphingitis or appendicitis):
*
True hypertrophy
False hypertrophy
Compensatory hypertrophy
None of these
False hypertrophy
89
An increase in size of tissues or organs due to increase in size of the individual cells:
*
Anaplasia
Hypoplasia
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy
90
Incomplete or defective development of tissue or organ represented only by a mass of fatty or fibrous tissue, bearing no resemblance to the adult structure.
*
Aplasia
Agenesia
Hypoplasia
Atresia
Aplasia
91
It refers to the failure of an organ to reach or achieve its full mature or adult size due to incomplete development.
*
Aplasia
Agenesia
Hypoplasia
Atresia
Hypoplasia
92
It refers to the complete non-appearance of an organ.
*
Aplasia
Agenesia
Hypoplasia
Atresia
Agenesia
93
It is the failure of an organ to form an opening.
Aplasia
Agenesia
Hypoplasia
Atresia
Atresia
94
A reversible change involving the transformation of one type of cell to another:
*
Anaplasia
Dysplasia
Metaplasia
Neoplasia
Metaplasia
95
Microscopically, the hallmark of this type necrosis is the conversion of normal cells into 'TOMBSTONES' :
Caseous necrosis
Coagulation necrosis
Fat necrosis
Liquefaction necrosis
Coagulation necrosis
Outlines of the cells are retained so that the cell type can still be recognized but their cytoplasmic and nuclear details are lost.
96
A 49-year-old man develops an acute myocardial infarction because of the sudden occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The areas of myocardial necrosis within the ventricle can best be described as:
*
Coagulative necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Fat necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Fibrinoid necrosis
Coagulative necrosis
97
A special form of cell death produced by the tubercle bacillus:
*
Liquefaction necrosis
Coagulation necrosis
Fat necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Caseous necrosis
98
Organ most commonly affected by FATTY DEGENERATION:
*
Heart
Liver
Lungs
Kidney
Liver
99
Cytological picture suggestive but not conclusive of malignancy:
*
Class II
Class III
Class IV
Class V
Class III
100
Cytological picture strongly suggestive of malignancy:
*
Class II
Class III
Class IV
Class V
Class IV
101
Malignant tumors of epithelial tissue origin, which have less tendency to produce supporting tissue or stroma.
*
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Polyps or papillomas
Adenoma
Carcinoma
102
Malignant tumors of connective tissue origin, characterized by abundant intercellular tissue framework.
*
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Polyps or papillomas
Adenoma
Sarcoma
103
A 57-year-old male presents with signs of fatigue that are the result of anemia. Workup reveals that his anemia is the result of bleeding from a colon cancer located in the sigmoid colon. The lesion is resected and at the time of surgery no metastatic disease is found. Which of the listed markers would be most useful for future follow-up of this patient for the evaluation of possible metastatic disease from his colon cancer?
*
α fetoprotein (AFP)
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Chloroacetate esterase (CAE)
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein associated with many cancers including adenocarcinomas of the colon, pancreas, lung, stomach, and breast.
It is used clinically to follow up patients with certain malignancies, such as colon cancer, and to evaluate them for recurrence or metastases.
104
A 23-year-old female presents with the recent onset of vaginal discharge. Physical examination reveals multiple clear vesicles on her vulva and vagina. A smear of material obtained from one of these vesicles reveals several multinucleated giant cells with intranuclear inclusions and ground-glass nuclei. These vesicles are most likely the result of an infection with
*
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Candida albicans
Trichomonas vaginalis
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
Infection by herpes simplex virus (HSV) or varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is recognized by nuclear homogenization (ground-glass nuclei), intranuclear inclusions (Cowdry type A bodies), and the formation of multinucleated cells.
105
Programmed cell death is called:
*
Necrosis
Apoptosis
Cellular senescence
Terminal differentiation
Apoptosis
106
Physiologic death of cells, indicating the death of a group of cells with immediate regeneration of cells of the same type.
*
Hyaline degeneration
Fatty metamorphosis
Necrosis
Necrobiosis
Necrobiosis
107
A postmortem clot is most likely to:
*
Grossly display features of recanalization
Grossly have lines of Zahn
Grossly have the appearance of “chicken fat” overlying “currant jelly”
Microscopically appear attached to the wall of the blood vessel
Microscopically have alternating layers of cells and platelets
Grossly have the appearance of “chicken fat” overlying “currant jelly”
The postmortem clot is usually rubbery, gelatinous, and lacks fibrin strands and attachments to the vessel wall.
Large postmortem clots may have a “chicken fat” appearance overlying a dark “currant jelly” base.
108
This autopsy technique is characterized by in situ dissection:
*
Virchow
Rokitansky
Ghon
Letulle
Rokitansky
109
A person died of unknown disease, the physician would like to know the final diagnosis. Who is authorized to give consent for autopsy?
*
The deceased himself
Next of kin or the nearest relative of the deceased
The attending physician
NBI must perform autopsy
Next of kin or the nearest relative of the deceased
110
Father of Pathology:
*
George Nicholas Papanicolaou
Rudolf Carl Virchow
Hippocrates
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Rudolf Carl Virchow
111
Father of Cytopathology:
*
George Nicholas Papanicolaou
Rudolf Carl Virchow
Hippocrates
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
George Nicholas Papanicolaou
112
It is generally used in histochemistry and during operative procedures, and is the most rapid of the commonly available freezing agents:
*
Liquid nitrogen
Isopentane
Carbon dioxide gas
Aerosol spray
Liquid nitrogen
113
Freeze-drying is a special way of preserving tissues by rapid freezing (quenching) of fresh tissue and subsequently removing ice water molecules (desiccation) by a physical process of transferring the still frozen tissue block in a vacuum at a higher temperature (sublimation). Which of the following is the correct procedure?
*
Quenching at –40C, sublimation at –160C
Quenching at –160C, sublimation at –160C
Quenching at –40C, sublimation at –40C
Quenching at –160C, sublimation at –40C
Quenching at –160C, sublimation at –40C
114
The first and most critical step in histotechnology?
*
Fixation
Clearing
Infiltration
Embedding
Fixation
115
Which of the following organ should be fixed before “grossing” or sectioning?
*
Liver
Lungs
Heart
Brain
Brain
116
The primary aim of fixation:
*
Preserve the morphologic and chemical integrity of the cell
Harden and protect the tissue from trauma of further handling
Act as mordant or accentuators
Inhibit bacterial decomposition
Preserve the morphologic and chemical integrity of the cell
117
The secondary goal of fixation:
*
Preserve the morphologic and chemical integrity of the cell
Harden and protect the tissue from trauma of further handling
Act as mordant or accentuators
Inhibit bacterial decomposition
Harden and protect the tissue from trauma of further handling
118
Traditionally, the amount of fixative used has been 10 to 25 times the volume of tissue to be fixed. Recently the maximum effectiveness of fixation is noted to be ____ times the tissue volume.
*
10
12
15
20
20
119
Immersing the specimen in the fixative (immersion fixation) or, in the case of small animals or some whole organs such as a lung, by perfusing the vascular system with fixative (perfusion fixation):
*
Heat fixation
Microwave fixation
Cryopreservation (freeze drying)
Physical fixation
Chemical fixation
Chemical fixation
Fixation of tissues can be achieved by chemical or physical means.
Physical methods include heating, micro-waving and cryo-preservation (freeze drying).
Chemical fixation is usually achieved by immersing the specimen in the fixative (immersion fixation) or, in the case of small animals or some whole organs such as a lung, by perfusing the vascular system with fixative (perfusion fixation).
120
Cytoplasmic fixatives, EXCEPT:
*
Zenker's fluid
Helly's fluid
Orth's fluid
Regaud's fluid
Zenker's fluid
121
Simplest aldehyde:
*
Formaldehyde (methanal)
Acetaldehyde (ethanal)
Propionaldehyde (propanal)
Butyraldehyde (butanal)
Formaldehyde (methanal)
122
Commercial formalin is buffered with _______ at a pH of 7.
*
Citrate
EDTA
Phosphate
Any of these
Phosphate
Commercial formalin is buffered with phosphate at a pH of 7.
123
Which of the following fixatives contains picric acid, formalin, and acetic acid?
*
Zenker
Helly
Bouin
Zamboni
Bouin
124
Which of the following fixatives contains formalin, potassium dichromate, and mercuric chloride?
*
Zenker
Helly
Carnoy
Orth
Helly
125
Commercial stock formaldehyde solutions contain:
*
4% formaldehyde
10% formaldehyde
37% to 40% formaldehyde
98% to 100% formaldehyde
37% to 40% formaldehyde
126
Formalin pigment may be removed from tissue by:
*
Running water
Alcoholic iodine
Alcoholic picric acid
Potassium permanganate
Alcoholic picric acid
127
Generally, an increase in the temperature of the fixative solution:
*
Decreases the tissue autolysis
Decreases the fixative penetration
Increases the speed of fixation
Increases the volume of fixative needed
Increases the speed of fixation
128
To prevent polymerization of formaldehyde, which of the following is added to the commercial stock solutions?
*
Methyl alcohol
Formic acid
Paraformaldehyde
Sodium phosphate
Methyl alcohol
129
All mercurial fixing solutions lead to the formation in tissues of diffuse BLACK granules and these mercury deposits must be removed BEFORE STAINING. Removal of mercuric chloride deposit is accomplished by:
*
Saturated solution of iodine
Sodium thiosulfate
Distilled water
Saturated solution of picric acid
Saturated solution of iodine
130
All fixative contains picric acid, EXCEPT:
*
Bouin's
Brasil's
Carnoy's
Gendre's
Carnoy's
131
An unknown pigment in tissue section that can be bleached with a saturated alcoholic solution of picric acid is most likely:
*
Melanin
Hemosiderin
Formalin pigment
Mercurial pigment
Formalin pigment
132
All of the following statements are true for Carnoy’s fluid, EXCEPT:
*
It is considered to be the most rapid fixative
It contains chromic acid and osmium tetroxide
Recommended for chromosome, lymph glands and urgent biopsies
It fixes and dehydrates at the same time
It contains chromic acid and osmium tetroxide
133
It is considered to be the most rapid fixative:
*
Carnoy's fluid
Helly's solution
Orth's fluid
Regaud's fluid
Carnoy's fluid
134
Fixative recommended mainly for tumor biopsies especially the skin:
*
Moller's fluid
Newcomer's fluid
Orth's fluid
Heidenhain's Susa solution
Heidenhain's Susa solution
135
Fixative recommended for the study of early degenerative processes and tissue necrosis/ demonstrate Rickettsiae and other bacteria:
*
Acetone
Orth's fluid
Ethyl alcohol
Bouin's solution
Orth's fluid
136
Fixative used in preserving brain tissues for diagnosis of rabies:
*
Methyl alcohol
Acetone
Osmic acid
Flemming's solution without acetic acid
Acetone
137
HEATING, MICROWAVING and CRYOPRESERVATION:
*
Physical method of fixation
Chemical method of fixation
Physical method of fixation
138
IMMERSION fixation and PERFUSION fixation:
*
Physical method of fixation
Chemical method of fixation
Chemical method of fixation
139
Test to differentiate mesothelioma from adenocarcinoma
CEA
(+) adenocarcinoma
(-) mesothelioma
140
1. Fine needle aspiration gauge number
2. Gauge needle for connective tissue specimen (mesenchymal cell)
1. Gauge 25
2. Gauge 22-23
141
Father of Exfoliative Cytology
George N. Papanicolau
142
Cytologic Smear Fixative
1. Best fixative
2. Most commonly used
3. Used for bloody specimen
1. Ether alcohol
2. 95% Ethyl alcohol
3. Carnoy's fixative
143
1. Screen for cervical cancer
2. Staining method of choice for exfoliative cytology
3. Second best choice for routine cytologic examination
1. Pap's smear
2. Pap's smear (Gold standard)
3. Phase-contrast microscopy
144
Components of Pap's stain
1. Harris hematoxylin
2. OG 6 (6 is for conc. of phosphotungstic acid)
3. EA 50 (50 is for light green solution conc.)
1. Nucleus
2. Cytoplasm of mature cells
3. Cytoplasm of immature cells
145
Equipment Used for Endometrial and Endocervical Aspiration
1. For vaginal aspiration
2. For swab smear
3. For endocervical or endometrial aspiration
1. Glass pipette and rubber bulb
2. Ayre's Spatula
3. Laryngeal Cannula attached to a 10cc syringe
146
1. The cytological collection used for hormonal evaluation
2. Estrogen effect increase
3. Progesterone effect increase
1. Lateral Vaginal Scrape
2. Superficial cells
3. Intermediate cells
147
1. Where do you collect specimens for vaginal hormonal cytology
2. Basis for diagnosis of early pregnancy
1. UPPER Lateral third of the vaginal wall
2. Ferning (Arborization)
148
CLASS System
1. Suggestive but not conclusive
2. Strongly suggestive
3. Absence atypical or abnormal cells
4. No evidence of malignancy
5. Conclusive of malignancy
1. Class III
2. Class IV
3. Class I
4. Class II
5. Class V
149
Neutral formalin may be prepared from 40% formaldehyde by adding:
*
10 mL 40% formaldehyde to 100 mL water
10 mL 40% formaldehyde to 30 mL water
1 part 40% formaldehyde to 39 parts water
1 part 40% formaldehyde to 9 parts water
1 part 40% formaldehyde to 9 parts water
150
Tissue is soft when block is trimmed:
*
Incomplete fixation
Incomplete dehydration
Incomplete clearing
Incomplete impregnation
Incomplete fixation
151
Xylene turns milky as soon as tissue is placed in it:
*
Incomplete fixation
Incomplete dehydration
Incomplete clearing
Incomplete impregnation
Incomplete dehydration
152
Tissue is opaque, section cutting is difficult due to the presence of alcohol.
*
Incomplete fixation
Incomplete dehydration
Insufficient clearing
Incomplete impregnation
Insufficient clearing
153
Air holes found during trimming:
*
Incomplete fixation
Incomplete dehydration
Insufficient clearing
Incomplete impregnation
Incomplete impregnation
154
An 87-year-old male develops worsening heart failure. Workup reveals decreased left ventricular filling due to decreased compliance of the left ventricle. Two months later the patient dies, and postmortem sections reveal deposits of eosinophilic, CONGO RED-POSITIVE material in the interstitium of his heart. When viewed under polarized light, this material displays an apple-green birefringence. What is the correct diagnosis?
*
Amyloidosis
Glycogenosis
Hemochromatosis
Sarcoidosis
Senile atrophy
Amyloidosis
The histologic diagnosis of amyloid is based solely on its special staining characteristics. It stains pink with the routine hematoxylin and eosin stain, but, with Congo red stain, amyloid stains dark red and has an apple-green birefringence when viewed under polarized light.
155
The most common and fastest decalcifying agent used as simple solution or combines with other reagents.
*
Hydrochloric acid
Nitric acid
Formic acid
Sulfurous acid
Nitric acid
156
Composition of von Ebner’s fluid:
*
Nitric acid, chromic acid, absolute ethyl alcohol
Sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid, water
Trichloroacetic acid, formol saline
Chromic acid, osmium tetroxide, acetic acid
Sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid, water
157
Most ideal and most reliable method of determining extent of decalcification:
*
Physical test
Chemical test
X-ray or radiological test
All of these
X-ray or radiological test
158
Which of the following is a dehydrating agent?
*
Formalin
Xylene
Benzene
Alcohol
Alcohol
159
Dioxane is a reagent that can be used:
*
For both fixing and dehydrating tissues
For both dehydrating and clearing tissues
In very small volume ratios
For long periods without changing
For both dehydrating and clearing tissues
160
All of the following are CLEARING AGENTS, EXCEPT:
*
Chloroform
Dioxane
Ethanol
Xylene
Ethanol
161
It is the most rapid clearing agent, suitable for urgent biopsies and clears within 15 to 30 minutes.
*
Xylene
Toluene
Benzene
Chloroform
Xylene
162
Excessive exposure to this clearing agent may be extremely toxic to man and may become carcinogenic or it may damage the bone marrow resulting to APLASTIC ANEMIA:
*
Xylene
Toluene
Benzene
Chloroform
Benzene
163
It is especially recommended for cutting extremely hard and rough tissue blocks.
*
Rocking microtome
Rotary microtome
Sliding microtome
Freezing microtome
Sliding microtome
164
Celloidin embedded tissues are usually cut by means of:
*
Rocking microtome
Rotary microtome
Sliding microtome
Freezing microtome
Sliding microtome
165
This type of hone usually gives the best result. It is used for manual sharpening when cutting edge has been rendered blunt or nicked.
*
Fine carborundum
Arkansas
Belgium yellow
Belgium yellow
166
The knife is first fitted with the appropriate knife back, then laid obliquely on the strop and with the cutting edge behind (edge last) is pushed backward and drawn forward in a toe to heel direction.
*
Honing
Stropping
Stropping
167
During microtomy, it is noted that most of the tissue is very hard and shrunken. One of the first things to check to prevent its happening in the future is the:
*
Presence of water in the clearing agent
pH of the fixative
Temperature of the infiltrating paraffin
Freshness of the reagents on the processor
Temperature of the infiltrating paraffin
168
When the magnification can be changed without the need to refocus, the microscope objectives are said to be:
*
Parfocal
Binocular
Achromatic
Apochromatic
Parfocal
169
A semi-synthetic wax used for embedding the eyes:
*
Embeddol
Bioloid
Tissue mat
Ester wax
Bioloid
170
It has a lower melting point of 46 to 48C, but it is harder than paraffin.
*
Embeddol
Bioloid
Tissue mat
Ester wax
Ester wax
171
It is a product of paraffin, containing rubber, with the same property as paraplast.
*
Embeddol
Bioloid
Tissue mat
Ester wax
Tissue mat
172
The DRY celloidin embedding method is employed chiefly for the:
*
Bones and teeth
Large brain blocks
Whole organs
Eyes
Eyes
173
"Dip and dunk” machines where specimens are transferred from container to container to be processed:
*
Tissue transfer
Fluid transfer
Heat transfer
Linear transport
Tissue transfer
TWO MAIN TYPES OF PROCESSORS
1. TISSUE-TRANSFER (or “dip and dunk”) machines where specimens are transferred from container to container to be processed
2. FLUID-TRANSFER (or “enclosed”) types where specimens are held in a single process chamber or retort and fluids are pumped in and out as required
174
Tissues are subjected to a series of different reagents in an ENCLOSED PROCESSOR by:
*
Tissue transfer
Fluid transfer
Heat transfer
Linear transport
Fluid transfer
TWO MAIN TYPES OF PROCESSORS
1. TISSUE-TRANSFER (or “dip and dunk”) machines where specimens are transferred from container to container to be processed
2. FLUID-TRANSFER (or “enclosed”) types where specimens are held in a single process chamber or retort and fluids are pumped in and out as required
175
“Tissue processing” describes the steps required to take animal or human tissue from fixation to the state where it is completely infiltrated with a suitable ______ paraffin wax and can be embedded ready for section cutting on the microtome.
*
Commercial wax
Analytical wax
Technical wax
Histological wax
Histological wax
“Tissue processing” describes the steps required to take animal or human tissue from fixation to the state where it is completely infiltrated with a suitable histological wax and can be embedded ready for section cutting on the microtome.
176
Tissue is soft when block is trimmed:
*
Incomplete fixation
Incomplete dehydration
Incomplete clearing
Incomplete impregnation
Incomplete fixation
177
Xylene turns milky as soon as tissue is placed in it:
*
Incomplete fixation
Incomplete dehydration
Incomplete clearing
Incomplete impregnation
Incomplete dehydration
178
Airholes found on tissue during trimming:
*
Incomplete fixation
Incomplete dehydration
Insufficient clearing
Incomplete impregnation
Incomplete impregnation
179
Harris hematoxylin is used on tissue sections to stain:
*
Fat
Glycogen
Nuclei
Cytoplasm
Nuclei
180
Using the regressive staining method, one deliberately overstains the nucleus with:
*
Acidified hematoxylin
Non-acidified hematoxylin
Acidified eosin
Non-acidified eosin
Non-acidified hematoxylin
Using the regressive staining method, one deliberately overstains the NUCLEUS with a NON-ACIDIFIED HEMATOXYLIN such as Harris's.
181
The action of the dye is intensified by adding another agent or mordant:
*
Direct staining
Indirect staining
Progressive staining
Regressive staining
Indirect staining
182
Mordants are used to:
*
Change the refractive index of the tissue
Link tissue constituents more closely to the dye
Help differentiate stains
Oxidize staining solutions
Link tissue constituents more closely to the dye
183
It involves a differentiation or decolorization step:
*
Direct staining
Indirect staining
Progressive staining
Regressive staining
Regressive staining
184
Acetic acid is added to Harris hematoxylin to:
*
Keep heterochromatin from staining
Make nuclear staining more specific
Ripen the hematoxylin
Form a dye lake
Make nuclear staining more specific
185
Possible correction when hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained tissue section shows UNEVEN NUCLEAR STAINING and "BLUE BLOBS" lacking distinct chromatin patterns:
*
Restain with H & E stain
Change paraffin and reprocess tissue
Change reagents and reprocess tissue
No correction
Change reagents and reprocess tissue
Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained tissue section shows uneven nuclear staining and "blue blobs" lacking distinct chromatin patterns
POSSIBLE CAUSE: If tissue was fixed properly, then sample was improperly dehydrated and infiltrated with paraffin
CORRECTION: Change reagents and reprocess tissue on proper processing protocol
186
Vital dye especially recommended for mitochondria:
*
Nile blue
Neutral red
Janus green
Toluidine blue
Janus green
187
Oldest stain:
*
Hematoxylin
Orcein
Carmine
Iodine
Iodine
188
It is the most common method used for the demonstration of basement membrane, particularly the glomerular basement membrane of the kidney, due to their CHO content.
*
Gomori’s stain
Mallory’s PTAH
Periodic acid Schiff
Congo red
Periodic acid Schiff
189
A commonly used connective tissue procedure that stains collagen blue:
*
Masson trichrome
van Gieson
Best carmine
Aldehyde fuchsin
Masson trichrome
190
The phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin (PTAH) is useful for demonstrating:
*
Edema fluid
Muscle striations
Ground substance
Reticulin network
Muscle striations
191
DNA can be demonstrated with:
*
Eosin
Pyronin
Feulgen reaction
Fast green
Feulgen reaction
192
Toluidine blue is used to demonstrate which of the following cells?
*
Plasma cells
Mast cells
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Mast cells
193
Most sensitive lipid stain known:
*
Sudan Black B
Sudan III
Sudan IV
Oil red O
Sudan Black B
194
A copper phthalocyanine dye that is used for MYELIN STAINING of paraffin processed tissue:
*
Perl’s Prussian blue
Luxol fast blue
Gmelin technique
Sodium alizarin red S
Luxol fast blue
195
Astrocytes are demonstrated by which of the following procedures?
*
Luxol fast blue
Cresyl violet
Weil's
Cajal's
Cajal's
Cajal’s gold sublimate method for astrocytes
Mod. Holzer’s method for astrocytic process
196
A stain that may be used to demonstrate calcium is the:
*
Fontana silver nitrate
Congo red
von Kossa silver nitrate
Schmorl method
von Kossa silver nitrate
197
Rhodanine is used to demonstrate:
*
Ferric iron
Copper
Calcium
Urate crystals
Copper
Rhodanine stain is used in histology to identify copper deposits.
198
In the Masson-Fontana ammoniacal silver reaction, melanin and argentaffin cell granules are stained:
Brown
Red
Black
Blue
Black
199
The recommended stain for all parasitic blood work:
*
Giemsa
Wright
Jenner
May-Grunwald
Giemsa
200
Malarial parasites appear bright green and yellow under a fluorescent microscope in the Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC) method. This method uses capillary tube coated with:
*
Auramine-rhodamine
Methyl green- pyronine
Acridine orange
Fluoresceine isothiocyanate
Acridine orange
201
Microscope used for the Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC) method for demonstration of malarial parasite:
*
Brightfield microscope
Fluorescent microscope
Polarizing microscope
Phase-contrast microscope
Fluorescent microscope
202
The routine stain for surgical tissue section is:
*
Gram's stain
Wright's stain
H and E stain
Pap's stain
H and E stain
203
Stain of choice for staining in exfoliative cytology:
Gram's stain
Wright's stain
H and E stain
Pap's stain
Pap's stain
204
Organisms found in the normal vaginal flora that stain BLUE to lavander with Pap’s method:
Trichomonas vaginalis
Streptococci
Doderlein bacilli
Acid-fast bacilli
Doderlein bacilli
205
Clue cells are diagnostic of what infection:
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gardnerella vaginalis
HSV-2
Candida albicans
Gardnerella vaginalis
206
When an antibody labeled with a chromogen is reacted with tissue from a patient, the immunohistochemical technique is called:
Direct
Indirect
Avidin-biotin-complex
Soluble enzyme immune complex
Direct
207
This system is designed to: (1) Provide routine and consistent checks to ensure data integrity, correctness, and completeness; (2) Identify and address errors and omissions; (3) Document and archive inventory material and record all these activities.
*
Quality assurance
Quality control
Continuous quality improvement
Total quality management
Quality control
Quality Control (QC) is a system of routine technical activities to assess and maintain the quality of the inventory as it is being compiled. It is performed by personnel compiling the inventory.
The QC system is designed to:
1. Provide routine and consistent checks to ensure data integrity, correctness, and completeness;
2. Identify and address errors and omissions;
3. Document and archive inventory material and record all QC activities.
QC activities include general methods such as accuracy checks on data acquisition and calculations, and the use of approved standardized procedures for emission and removal calculations, measurements, estimating uncertainties, archiving information and reporting. QC activities also include technical reviews of categories, activity data, emission factors, other estimation parameters, and methods.
Quality Assurance (QA) is a planned system of review procedures conducted by personnel not directly involved in the inventory compilation/development process. Reviews, preferably by independent third parties, are performed upon a completed inventory following the implementation of QC procedures.
208
The traditional model for infectious disease. It consists of an external AGENT, a susceptible HOST, and an ENVIRONMENT that brings the host and agent together.
Chain of infection
Chain of custody
Epidemiological triad
Universal health
Epidemiological triad
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD
REMEMBER "AHE" - Agent, Host and Environment
A number of models of disease causation have been proposed. Among the simplest of these is the EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD OR TRIANGLE, the traditional model for infectious disease.
The triad consists of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together. In this model, disease results from the interaction between the agent and the susceptible host in an environment that supports the transmission of the agent from a source to that host.
209
Turnaround time is of value in
a. Routine Paraffin Method
b. Exfoliative Cytology
c. Frozen Section
C. Frozen Section
210
1. Commercially available solution of formaldehyde:
2. Fixing solution
3. Dilution
1. 35-40% Formaldehyde
2. 10% Formalin
3. 1:10
1 part 40% formaldehyde
9 parts water
TV:10
211
Fixative and Stain at the same time
Picric Acid = Yellow
212
All fixatives can be used for H&E staining except?
Those with osmic acid (flemming's fluid)
213
Air-filled lungs float in fixative should be
1. Healthy lungs
2. Diseased lungs
3. Blebs
Covered with layers of gauze
1. Float
2. Sink
3. Emphysema
214
Not part of routine autopsy unless specified by the physician
a. Eyes
b. Heart
c. Reproductive organs
a. Eyes
215
Picric acid removed brown or black crystallin from
Formalin deposit
216
Bone that houses the pituitary gland
a. Temporal bone
b. Occipital bone
c. Sphenoid bone
C. Sphenoid bone
217
1. Most rapid fixative - fixes and dehydrates
2. Nuclear and histochemical fixative
1. Carnoy's fluid
2. Newcomer's fluid
218
Faults
1. Tissue is soft
2. Milky xylol
3. Tissue is opaque
4. Presence of holes and spaces
1. Incomplete fixation
2. Incomplete dehydration
3. Incomplete clearing
4. Incomplete impregnation
219
1. Toxic associated with aplastic anemia
2. Antibiotic associated with aplastic anemia
1. Benzene
2. Chloramphenicol - antibiotic of last resort (contains nitrobenzene)
220
Autotechnicon
Station 1-2
Station 11-12
1-2: 10% Hot Formalin
11-12: 2 changes of liquid paraffin
221
1. Enclosed tissue processor
2. Dip and Dunk tissue processor
1. Fluid transfer
2. Tissue transfer
222
Where are carbowax specimens floated
Floated with Pearse solution and blank McCarthy solution
223
Part of Rotary microtome that can be automated
Handwheel
224
Section Cutting
1. Paraffin section, 4-6 micra
2. Celloidin section, 10-15 micra
3. Frozen section
1. Rocking and rotary microtome
2. Sliding microtome
3. Freezing (CO2) microtome and cryostat
225
Relationship between clearance angle and section thickness
Inverse
226
Range and Average temp. of cryostat rotary microtome
Range: -5 to -30C
Average: -20C
227
1. Paraffin wax oven temp.
2. Flotation water bath temp.
1. 55-60C or 2-5C above MP wax
2. 45-50C or 6-10C below MP wax
228
Differentiation of Manual H&E
Regressive using acid alcohol
229
Harris Hematoxylin
1. Mordant:
2. Ripening agent:
Ehrlich's Hematoxylin
1. Mordant:
2. Ripening agent:
Harris Hematoxylin
1. Mordant: Alum
2. Ripening agent: Mercuric oxide (toxic) or Sodium or potassium iodate
Ehrlich's Hematoxylin
1. Mordant: Alum
2. Ripening agent: Sodium iodate
230
1. Basic solution of hematoxylin
2. Acidic solution of hematoxylin
1. More rapid
2. Slower oxidizing process
231
Oldest stain
Color of glycogen on langhan's iodine
Iodine
Mahogany brown
232
3Fs
Fats, Formalin, Frozen section
233
Most sensitive stain for lipids
Sudan Black B
234
Red cell inclusion that is Feulgen positive
Howell-Jolly bodies
235
Stain for reticulin fibers
Gomori's silver impregnation stain
236
1. Staining method of choice for exfoliative cytology
2. Staining method of choice for paraffin, surgical tissue
3. Ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic stain
1. Original Paps
2. H&E
3. 1:2
237
Mordants of Pap stain
1. Hematoxylin
2. OG6
3. Eosin Azure
1. Alum
2. Phosphotungstic acid
3. Phosphotungstic acid
238
1. Staining method of choice for exfoliative cytology
2. Staining method of choice for paraffin, surgical tissue
3. Ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic stain
1. Original Paps
2. H&E
3. 1:2
239
Not included in Pap's staining
a. Fixation
b. Staining with hematoxylin
c. Staining with eosin
d. Alcohol
A. Fixation
240
______ are raised against specific cellular _____ and then conjugated with a _________
Antibodies, Antigen, Visual marker
'alphabetical'
241
Which of the following produces hormones?
a. Thyroid
b. Anterior pituitary gland
c. Posterior pituitary gland
A, B
242
What type of muscle is seen in the uterus?
Smooth muscle
243
Progressive change of uterus during pregnancy
Physiologic hyperplasia
244
Death of fetus prior to complete expulsion of products of conception, irrespective of the period of pregnancy- meaning all intrauterine deaths regardless of the age of the fetus
The fetus must reach ____ weeks
Scenario:
7 months, died stillborn
5 months, died stillborn
Fill up ____
________ - if fetus did not reach 20 weeks, no certificate
________ - fetus is born, gasping admitted in NICU, died, infant death, this is filled up
Fetal Death
The fetus must reach 20 weeks
Fill up Fetal Death Certificate
Miscarriage - if the fetus did not reach 20 weeks, no certificate
Usual death certificate - the fetus is born, gasping admitted to NICU, died, infant death, this is filled up
245
The person who makes dissections for anatomic demonstrations
Prosector (Pathologist)
246
1. Aim to determine, clarify, or confirm a medical diagnosis that remained unknown or unclear prior to the patient's death
2. Generally performed, as prescribed by applicable law, in cases of violent, suspicious or sudden deaths, deaths without medical assistance, or during surgical procedures
3. Performed by students of anatomy for study purposes only
4. Performed utilizing imaging technology only, primarily magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT)
1. Clinical autopsies
2. Medico-legal or Forensic autopsies
3. Academic autopsies
4. Virtual or medical imaging autopsies
247
What is autopsy?
Special surgical procedure
248
What type of autopsy is done on fatalities caused by dengvaxia?
Medico-legal or Forensic autopsies
249
Not to be examined by a pathologist
a. Gangrenous finger
b. Necrotic bowel
c. Pacemaker and lead
d. Ruptured spleen
C. Pacemaker and lead
250
Not submitted in the histopathology section after surgery:
a. Breast implant
b. Fingernails
c. Eyes
d. Orthopedic metals
D. Orthopedic metals - recycled and not submitted to histopathology
251
The ____ is the professional licensure examination for lawyers in the Philippines
The exam is exclusively administered by the ___
Philippine Bar Examination, Supreme Court of the Philippines
252
In the hierarchy of control, what is the most effective at reducing hazards?
ELIMINATION > Substitution > Engineering controls > Administrative controls > PPE
('ESEAP')
253
Gendre's composition aka Alcoholic Bouin's
95% ethanol saturated with picric acid
Strong formaldehyde solution
Glacial acetic acid
254
Technique to highlight various individual tissue component:
a. Giemsa staining
b. H and E staining
c. Immunohistochemistry
d. Special staining
D. Special Staining
255
Microscope for Immunohistochemistry
1. Light microscope
2. Fluorescent microscope
3. Electron microscope
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 1 and 2
d. 1, 2, and 3
D. 1, 2, and 3 - depending on the label
1. Light = enzyme label
2. Fluorescent = fluorophore label
3. Electron = electron-dense label
4. Light, Fluorescent, Electron = biotin label
256
Enzyme histochemistry by chromogenic reaction can be visualized using:
a. Light microscope
b. Fluorescent microscope
c. Electron microscope
d. Any of these
A. Light microscope
257
If the cell or tissue antigen of interest is detected by direct binding a labeled primary antibody specific for that antigen:
Reagent: Primary labeled Ab
a. Direct immunohistochemistry
b. Indirect immunohistochemistry
c. Both of these
d. None of these
A. Direct immunohistochemistry
258
Uses an unlabeled primary antibody that is detected bound to its antigen with labeled secondary antibodies:
(AHG reagent binds to Fc portion of Ab)
Reagent: Secondary labeled Ab
a. Direct immunohistochemistry
b. indirect immunohistochemistry
c. Both of these
d. None of these
B. Indirect immunohistochemistry
259
Labeling in histopathology
a. Water-proof
b. Solvent-proof
c. Chemical-proof
d. Fool-proof
D. Fool-proof = Free of Error
260
Standard precaution state:
a. handle only known HBV-positive or HIV-positive specimens as infectious
b. Personal protective equipment is required for only direct patient contact
c. Blood and body fluid precautions must be observed for all patient's blood and body fluid specimens
d. Infectious specimens must be labeled with the biohazard symbol
C. Blood and body fluid precautions must be observed for all patient's blood and body fluid specimens
261
All post-mortem procedures require adherence to:
a. Isolation techniques
b. Isolation precautions
c. Standard precautions
d. None of these
C. Standard precautions
262
All electrical equipment must be grounded with
Three-pronged plugs
263
The first step to take when attempting to repair electronic equipment is to:
a. Check all electronic connections
b. Turn instrument off and unplug it
c. Reset all the printed circuit boards
d. Review instrument manual
B. Turn instrument off and unplug it
264
When a person is receiving an electrical shock, all of the following should be done EXCEPT:
a. Pull the person away from the electrical source
b. Turn off the circuit breaker
c. Move the electrical source using a glass object
d. Move the electrical source using a wooden object
A. Pull the person away from the electrical source
265
Waste container for sharp materials like needles, syringe, and scalpel blades:
a. Yellow
b. Yellow with black band
c. Red
d. Orange
Pharmaceutical and chemical wastes:
a. Yellow
b. Yellow with black band
c. Red
d. Orange
Infectious and pathological wastes such as used test strips, used swabs, gloves, masks
a. Yellow
b. Yellow with black band
c. Red
d. Orange
C. Red - for sharps and pressurized container
Symbol for sharps: syringe with a stop sign
B. Yellow with black band
A. Yellow
266
Biodegradable wastes like leftover food, used cooking oil, fish entrails, scale, fins, fruits, vegetable peelings, rotten fruits, and vegetables:
a. Orange
b. Red
c. Green
d. Black
Nonbiodegradable wastes like paper or paper products, bottles, and packaging materials
a. Orange
b. Red
c. Green
d. Black
Radioactive wastes or medical equipment contaminated or exposed in radioactivity
a. Orange
b. Red
c. Green
d. Black
C. Green
D. Black
A. Orange
