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03-2023 > LM > Flashcards

LM Flashcards

1
Q

Leadership is considered the fulfillment of?

A

Directing

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2
Q

Operating costs
1. Supplies and Labor
2. Electricity, Water, Paper towel, Soap, Bleach, Comp. software
3. Same from month to month (ex. Internet)
4. Change with the amount of work performed

A
  1. Direct
  2. Indirect
  3. Fixed
  4. Variable
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3
Q

Poor type of leadership style

A

Laissez Faire aka delegating leadership

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4
Q

Gathering together the necessary resources and people and develop organizational structure to put the formal plan into action

A

Organizing

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5
Q

Who can supervise and head the hospital laboratory?

A

Pathologist

If no pathologist is present, a licensed physician can head with training in the laboratory for at least 3 months

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6
Q

Most visible management process; Human factor stage
Persuading employees to perform the tasks

A

Directing/ Leadership

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7
Q

MBO stands for
Introduced by:
Core of MBO

A

Management by Objectives
Peter Drucker
Communication

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8
Q

Decision-making technique that recommends the number of servers needed to handle an unpredictable workload

A

Queuing theory

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9
Q

Biohazard warning label color

A

Fluorescent Orange Red

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10
Q
  1. Donning of PPE
  2. Doffing of PPE
A
  1. Gown - Mask - Goggles - Gloves
  2. Gloves - Googles - Gown - Mask

Doffing - PPE is removed in the order of most contaminated first

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11
Q
  1. Alkali splashes on skin
  2. Alkali splashes on eye
A
  1. Water or 5% Acetic acid (or undiluted vinegar)
  2. Water or Saturated solution of boric acid
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12
Q
  1. Acid splashes on skin
  2. Acid splashes on eye
A
  1. Water or Cotton wool soaked in 5% aqueous sodium carbonate
  2. Water or 4 drops of 2% aqueous sodium carbonate
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13
Q

Radioactive TDS

A

Time, Distance, Shielding

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14
Q

Ergonomic hazard are physical factors withing the environment that harms the ____

A

Musculoskeletal system

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15
Q

It is a statistical modification of the original Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) method adopted by the The Joint Commission (TJC) as a guideline for health-care organizations. The primary goal is to reduce variables and decrease errors to a level of 3.4 defects per 1 million opportunities.
*

Chain of custody
Lean
Six sigma
Standard Precautions

A

Six sigma

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16
Q

It utilizes a tool called “6S,” which stands for: sort, straighten, scrub, safety, standardize, and sustain. The focus is on the elimination of waste to allow a facility to do more with less and at the same time increase customer and employee satisfaction.
*

Chain of custody
Lean
Six sigma
Standard Precautions

A

Lean

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17
Q

Eight (8) wastes of LEAN
DOWNTIME

A

Defects
Overproduction
Waiting
Non-utilized Talent
Transportation
Inventory
Motion
Extra-processing

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18
Q

Black belts dedicate _____ of their time to quality improvement projects, proactively addressing process and quality problems.
*

20%
50%
80%
100%

A

100%

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19
Q

Green belts contribute ____ of their time to improvement projects while delivering their normal job functions.
*

20%
50%
80%
100%

A

20%

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20
Q

Mid- to senior-level sponsors who review the project, remove organizational barriers, and encourage the team members.
*

White belts
Green belts
Black belts
Blue belts

A

Blue belts

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21
Q

Smaller scale improvement projects typically headed by ____ belts use the same Lean Six Sigma principles condensed over 1 week to improve more focused and limited processes.
*

White belts
Brown belts
Yellow belts
Purple belts

A

Purple belts

22
Q

McGregor’s X–Y theory advocates managing employees by stressing:

Equal pay for equal work
A pyramid of attainable goals for satisfaction at work
Respect for the worker and acknowledgment of his/her ability to perform a task
Collective bargaining

A

Respect for the worker and acknowledgment of his/her ability to perform a task

McGregor’s theory deals with participatory management in which the employee is considered a valuable asset.

23
Q

Maslow’s theory of management is based upon:

The premise that all workers are unmotivated
A pyramid of goals for the satisfaction of employee needs
Use of detractors and perks to keep employees happy
The professional development of the employee

A

A pyramid of goals for the satisfaction of employee needs

Maslow’s theory of managing people deals with six levels.

As the basic needs of an employee are met, the next highest need is substituted.

The needs, in ascending order, are physiological, safety, security, social, esteem, and self-actualization. Unsatisfied needs are considered motivators.

24
Q

Herzberg’s theory relies on motivators that are part of the job design in order to instill job satisfaction. These same motivators can become dissatisfiers if they are lacking in a job. Herzberg’s motivators are:

Opportunity for achievement and advancement
Performance evaluations every 24 months
Continuing education sessions requiring supervisory approval
Punitive actions taken when improvement diminishes

A

Opportunity for achievement and advancement

According to Frederick Herzberg, achievement, opportunity for advancement, recognition, challenging work, responsibility, and a chance for advancement and personal growth are motivators and should be included as part of a job design.

25
Q

The four essential functions of a manager are:

Staffing, decision making, cost analysis, evaluating
Directing, leading, forecasting, implementing
Planning, organizing, directing, controlling
Innovating, designing, coordinating, problem-solving

A

Planning, organizing, directing, controlling

While managing may involve all of the functions listed, the four core processes for all managers are planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.

Planning includes formulating of goals and objectives, organizing the tasks, and establishing schedules.

Organizing includes establishing effective communication, relationships, job descriptions, and training.

Directing involves oversight of the various steps and stages of the plan, including coordination and leadership.

Controlling involves evaluating resource utilization and outcomes, managing costs, and modifying the process to improve quality.

26
Q

Direct laboratory costs for tests include which of the following?

Equipment maintenance
Insurance
Depreciation
Overtime pay

A

Overtime pay

All costs that are specifically linked to a test (e.g., personnel, overtime, chemicals, supplies) are direct costs.

27
Q

Which of the following accounts for the largest portion of the direct cost of a laboratory test?

Reagents
General supplies
Technologist labor
Instrument depreciation

A

Technologist labor

Labor accounts for 60%–70% of the direct cost per test in most laboratories.

28
Q

Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) is a team effort approach for clinical laboratories to:

Identify potential problems and correct them
Set lab financial benchmarks for the year
Make up new codes
Improve overall wages for lab employees

A

Identify potential problems and correct them

The CQI team identifies problems by collecting data, analyzing it, and developing methods of correcting problems. By identifying potential problems and correcting existing problems, a high competency is achieved and potential law suits are avoided.

29
Q

A new laboratory information system (LIS) will be evaluated by the laboratory staff. Which of the following points should be considered in the evaluation?
*

Cost of updating software
Interface ability with existing laboratory instruments
Tracking of uncrossmatched blood units in Blood Bank
All of these options

A

All of these options

LIS: LABORATORY INFORMATION SYSTEM
Each laboratory will have specific needs to determine the appropriate LIS. However, storage capacity, reliability, security, upgrade costs, instrument interface availability, inventory management, and quality control functions are common parameters that must be considered.

30
Q

Point-of-care testing (POCT) refers to:

All testing done to the patient to save time
All lab testing done in the central lab
Any clinical lab testing done at the patient’s bedside
Satellite lab testing

A

Any clinical lab testing done at the patient’s bedside

Point-of-care testing saves time and is invaluable for patient care. When a device is used at the bedside of a patient to produce a laboratory result, it is considered a point-of-care instrument.

31
Q

BLOOD SAMPLES for glucose testing and for other assays are used frequently in many health care facilities for bedside testing, or point-of-care testing (POCT)

Arterial blood
Venous blood
Capillary blood
None of these

A

Capillary blood

CAPILLARY BLOOD SAMPLES for glucose testing and for other assays are used frequently in many health care facilities for bedside testing, or point-of-care testing (POCT).

32
Q

Most laboratories have a definite structure that establishes the formal setup of the various departments and levels. Which of the following refers to this structure?

Administration table
Laboratory directory
Report of contact
Organizational chart

A

Organizational chart

The organizational chart shows the lines of supervision, relationships of various staff members, and interrelationships of the various departments.

33
Q

Which of the following is not associated with the goals of a laboratory continuing education program?

Staff development
Improvement of laboratory functioning
Compliance with accreditation requirements
Prevention of boredom

A

Prevention of boredom

Staff development that generally improves the capabilities of the laboratory worker, improvement of laboratory functioning through in-service programs, and the meeting of accreditation requirements are important goals of a continuing education program.

These goals may be accomplished by means of seminars, journal clubs, lectures, workshops, and so forth.

34
Q

Which of the following refers to a program where the overall activities conducted by the institution are directed toward assuring the quality of the products and services provided?

Quality control
Quality assurance
Total quality management
Continuous quality improvement

A

Continuous quality improvement

Quality assurance (QA) developed out of the limitations of the QC approach and defined quality in healthcare institutions by the success of the total organization, not just individual components of the system, in achieving the goals of patient care

35
Q

Chain-of-custody procedures must be followed for:

Blood specimens for alcohol level determination
Routine urinalysis for glucose and ketones
Therapeutic drug threshold determinations
Throat swabs of group A beta streptococcus screening

A

Blood specimens for alcohol level determination

Chain of custody:
When results of laboratory testing are to be used in a court of law, a specific chain of documentation is required, whereby all steps of the testing are recorded, from specimen collection to the issuing of the results report.

36
Q

Preanalytical variables in laboratory testing include:

Result accuracy
Report delivery to the ordering physician
Test turnaround time
Specimen acceptability

A

Specimen acceptability

Preanalytical (i.e. pre-examination) variables include all steps in the process prior to the analytic phase of testing, starting with the physician’s order. Examples include accuracy of transmission of physician’s orders, specimen transport and preparation, requisition accuracy, quality of phlebotomy services, specimen acceptability rates, etc.

37
Q

Using a common labeling system for hazardous material identification such as NFPA, the top red quadrant represent which hazard?

Health hazard
Fire hazard
Specific hazard
Reactivity

A

Fire hazard

HAZARDUS MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
BLUE: Health hazard
RED: Fire hazard
WHITE: Specific hazard
YELLOW: Reactivity

38
Q

The best way to motivate an ineffective employee would be to:

Confirm low performance with subjective data
Set short-term goals for the employee
Transfer the employee to another department
Ignore failure to meet goals

A

Set short-term goals for the employee

39
Q

The most important aspect of supervision is:

Balancing the budget
Performing technical procedures
Writing accurate job descriptions
Dealing with people

A

Dealing with people

40
Q

On repeated occasions, the day shift supervisor has observed a technologist on the night shift sleeping. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial course of action for the day supervisor?

Ignore the repeated incidents
Discuss the incidents with the technologist’s immediate supervisor
Notify the personnel department
Advise the laboratory director

A

Discuss the incidents with the technologist’s immediate supervisor

The first step in progressive counseling is verbal counseling.

41
Q

Which of the following ISO standard applies to the clinical laboratory?

ISO 9000
ISO 7000
ISO 15436
ISO 15189

A

THERE ARE TWO (2) ISO STANDARD THAT APPLY TO THE CLINICAL LABORATORY:
1. ISO 15189
MEDICAL LABORATORIES – PARTICULAR REQUIREMENT FOR QUALITY AND COMPETENCE, 2007
2. ISO/IEC 17025 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY AND COMPETENCE OF TESTING AND CALIBRATION LABORATORIES, 2005

42
Q

Which of the following published standards for GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE (GLP)?

Department of Health - Philippines
World Health Organization
National Reference Laboratories
Philippine Association of Medical Technologists

A

World Health Organization

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
PUBLISHED STANDARDS FOR
1. GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE (GMP) 1999
2. GOOD CLINICAL PRACTICE (GCP) 1995
3. GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE (GLP) 2001

43
Q

In what phase of the management process does the manager gather together the necessary resources and people and develop an organizational structure to put the formal plan into action?

Directing
Planning
Organizing
Controlling

A

Organizing

MANAGEMENT PROCESS
1. PLANNING: identifying goals, evaluate current situation, establish time frame, set objectives, forecast resource needs, implement plan, obtain feedback.
2. ORGANIZING: formal hierarchy, informal relationship.
3. DIRECTING: leadership, time allocation.
4. CONTROLLING: instructions, follow-up, modifications

44
Q

Which management function is leadership considered the fulfillment of:

Planning
Organizing
Directing
Controlling

A

Directing

MANAGEMENT PROCESS
1. PLANNING: identifying goals, evaluate current situation, establish time frame, set objectives, forecast resource needs, implement plan, obtain feedback.
2. ORGANIZING: formal hierarchy, informal relationship.
3. DIRECTING: leadership, time allocation.
4. CONTROLLING: instructions, follow-up, modifications

45
Q

Which management function does staffing of the laboratory fulfill?

Planning
Organizing
Directing
Controlling

A

Planning

MANAGEMENT PROCESS
1. PLANNING: identifying goals, evaluate current situation, establish time frame, set objectives, forecast resource needs, implement plan, obtain feedback.
2. ORGANIZING: formal hierarchy, informal relationship.
3. DIRECTING: leadership, time allocation.
4. CONTROLLING: instructions, follow-up, modifications

46
Q

Which management function is responsible for monitoring the standards and feedback mechanisms set in place when objectives were established during the planning stage?

Directing
Planning
Organizing
Controlling

A

Controlling

MANAGEMENT PROCESS
1. PLANNING: identifying goals, evaluate current situation, establish time frame, set objectives, forecast resource needs, implement plan, obtain feedback.
2. ORGANIZING: formal hierarchy, informal relationship.
3. DIRECTING: leadership, time allocation.
4. CONTROLLING: instructions, follow-up, modifications

47
Q

If the laboratory manager wishes to determine the number of phlebotomists needed to provide emergency room coverage on Sunday nights during the 11:00 to 7:00 shift, which one of the decision-making procedures may prove the most useful?

Probability analysis
Queuing theory
Simulation
Linear programming

A

Queuing theory

QUANTITATIVE TOOLS
1. Probability analysis
Measures risk by assigning a value, expressed in percentage to the likelihood of a specific event occurring

  1. Queuing theory
    Provides recommendations for the number of staff (phlebotomists, clerks, technical personnel, and so on) needed to handle an unpredictable workload
  2. Linear programming
    A tool for allocating limited resources among competing needs
  3. Simulation
    Designs models to imitate real-life conditions so the different intervention scenarios can be compared
48
Q

During the morning rush, your laboratory manager comes into the laboratory and starts explaining a new policy regarding vacation requests. Word spreads of the change throughout the day, and the message has changed somewhat. Several in the laboratory are upset and complain to the laboratory manager. Which of the following actions is the most appropriate way to handle such a situation?

Nothing should be changed, it was handled appropriately
The manager should have posted the change on the bulletin board in the break room
The manager should have announced the policy on each shift
The manager should have discussed and distributed the policy at a laboratory meeting, or several laboratory meetings, so that all employees heard the policy from the manager

A

The manager should have discussed and distributed the policy at a laboratory meeting, or several laboratory meetings, so that all employees heard the policy from the manager

Effective communication of change requires direct and active speaking and listening with all individuals involved in the change. Response a limits the employee number and limits the effective listening of those employees. Responses b and c are one-directional communication. Response d has the key component of “discussion” with all employees and is therefore the best answer.

49
Q

What is the most important role of the manager in charge?

Independent decision-making
Communication
Informal discussions
None of the above

A

Communication

Communication is the most appropriate answer for a manager, because this individual must coordinate multiple activities and people to accomplish the responsibilities of the profession. Informal discussions and decision making follow the foundation of communication.

50
Q

You are the lead chemistry MLS. Your laboratory manager has asked you to evaluate two new methods for cholesterol analysis. In your evaluation, you found that method A was very accurate and precise and that method B was not very accurate and precise. However, the laboratory will make more money by investing in method B. Which of the following decisions would exhibit professionalism?

Recommend method A to your laboratory manager. It is important that the laboratory produce the most accurate and precise results
Recommend method B to your laboratory manager. It is important that the laboratory make as much money as possible
State that you are unable to make a recommendation, because no difference in the methods was noted
Recommend that you need more time to evaluate both methods

A

Recommend method A to your laboratory manager. It is important that the laboratory produce the most accurate and precise results

The Code of Ethics as defined: “They contribute to the advancement of the profession by improving the body of knowledge, adopting scientific advances that benefit the patient, maintaining high standards of practice and education, and seeking fair socioeconomic working conditions for members of the profession.”

03-2023 (14 decks)

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