LM

Question 1

Leadership is considered the fulfillment of?

Answer 1

Directing

Question 2

Operating costs
1. Supplies and Labor
2. Electricity, Water, Paper towel, Soap, Bleach, Comp. software
3. Same from month to month (ex. Internet)
4. Change with the amount of work performed

Answer 2

1. Direct
2. Indirect
3. Fixed
4. Variable

Question 3

Poor type of leadership style

Answer 3

Laissez Faire aka delegating leadership

Question 4

Gathering together the necessary resources and people and develop organizational structure to put the formal plan into action

Answer 4

Organizing

Question 5

Who can supervise and head the hospital laboratory?

Answer 5

Pathologist

If no pathologist is present, a licensed physician can head with training in the laboratory for at least 3 months

Question 6

Most visible management process; Human factor stage
Persuading employees to perform the tasks

Answer 6

Directing/ Leadership

Question 7

MBO stands for
Introduced by:
Core of MBO

Answer 7

Management by Objectives
Peter Drucker
Communication

Question 8

Decision-making technique that recommends the number of servers needed to handle an unpredictable workload

Answer 8

Queuing theory

Question 9

Biohazard warning label color

Answer 9

Fluorescent Orange Red

Question 10

1. Donning of PPE
2. Doffing of PPE

Answer 10

1. Gown - Mask - Goggles - Gloves
2. Gloves - Googles - Gown - Mask

Doffing - PPE is removed in the order of most contaminated first

Question 11

1. Alkali splashes on skin
2. Alkali splashes on eye

Answer 11

1. Water or 5% Acetic acid (or undiluted vinegar)
2. Water or Saturated solution of boric acid

Question 12

1. Acid splashes on skin
2. Acid splashes on eye

Answer 12

1. Water or Cotton wool soaked in 5% aqueous sodium carbonate
2. Water or 4 drops of 2% aqueous sodium carbonate

Question 13

Radioactive TDS

Answer 13

Time, Distance, Shielding

Question 14

Ergonomic hazard are physical factors withing the environment that harms the ____

Answer 14

Musculoskeletal system

Question 15

It is a statistical modification of the original Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) method adopted by the The Joint Commission (TJC) as a guideline for health-care organizations. The primary goal is to reduce variables and decrease errors to a level of 3.4 defects per 1 million opportunities.
*

Chain of custody
Lean
Six sigma
Standard Precautions

Answer 15

Six sigma

Question 16

It utilizes a tool called “6S,” which stands for: sort, straighten, scrub, safety, standardize, and sustain. The focus is on the elimination of waste to allow a facility to do more with less and at the same time increase customer and employee satisfaction.
*

Chain of custody
Lean
Six sigma
Standard Precautions

Answer 16

Lean

Question 17

Eight (8) wastes of LEAN
DOWNTIME

Answer 17

Defects
Overproduction
Waiting
Non-utilized Talent
Transportation
Inventory
Motion
Extra-processing

Question 18

Black belts dedicate _____ of their time to quality improvement projects, proactively addressing process and quality problems.
*

20%
50%
80%
100%

Answer 18

100%

Question 19

Green belts contribute ____ of their time to improvement projects while delivering their normal job functions.
*

20%
50%
80%
100%

Answer 19

20%

Question 20

Mid- to senior-level sponsors who review the project, remove organizational barriers, and encourage the team members.
*

White belts
Green belts
Black belts
Blue belts

Answer 20

Blue belts

Question 21

Smaller scale improvement projects typically headed by ____ belts use the same Lean Six Sigma principles condensed over 1 week to improve more focused and limited processes.
*

White belts
Brown belts
Yellow belts
Purple belts

Answer 21

Purple belts

Question 22

McGregor’s X–Y theory advocates managing employees by stressing:

Equal pay for equal work
A pyramid of attainable goals for satisfaction at work
Respect for the worker and acknowledgment of his/her ability to perform a task
Collective bargaining

Answer 22

Respect for the worker and acknowledgment of his/her ability to perform a task

McGregor’s theory deals with participatory management in which the employee is considered a valuable asset.

Question 23

Maslow’s theory of management is based upon:

The premise that all workers are unmotivated
A pyramid of goals for the satisfaction of employee needs
Use of detractors and perks to keep employees happy
The professional development of the employee

Answer 23

A pyramid of goals for the satisfaction of employee needs

Maslow’s theory of managing people deals with six levels.

As the basic needs of an employee are met, the next highest need is substituted.

The needs, in ascending order, are physiological, safety, security, social, esteem, and self-actualization. Unsatisfied needs are considered motivators.

Question 24

Herzberg’s theory relies on motivators that are part of the job design in order to instill job satisfaction. These same motivators can become dissatisfiers if they are lacking in a job. Herzberg’s motivators are:

Opportunity for achievement and advancement
Performance evaluations every 24 months
Continuing education sessions requiring supervisory approval
Punitive actions taken when improvement diminishes

Answer 24

Opportunity for achievement and advancement

According to Frederick Herzberg, achievement, opportunity for advancement, recognition, challenging work, responsibility, and a chance for advancement and personal growth are motivators and should be included as part of a job design.

Question 25

The four essential functions of a manager are: Staffing, decision making, cost analysis, evaluating Directing, leading, forecasting, implementing Planning, organizing, directing, controlling Innovating, designing, coordinating, problem-solving

Answer 25

Planning, organizing, directing, controlling While managing may involve all of the functions listed, the four core processes for all managers are planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. Planning includes formulating of goals and objectives, organizing the tasks, and establishing schedules. Organizing includes establishing effective communication, relationships, job descriptions, and training. Directing involves oversight of the various steps and stages of the plan, including coordination and leadership. Controlling involves evaluating resource utilization and outcomes, managing costs, and modifying the process to improve quality.

Question 26

Direct laboratory costs for tests include which of the following? Equipment maintenance Insurance Depreciation Overtime pay

Answer 26

Overtime pay All costs that are specifically linked to a test (e.g., personnel, overtime, chemicals, supplies) are direct costs.

Question 27

Which of the following accounts for the largest portion of the direct cost of a laboratory test? Reagents General supplies Technologist labor Instrument depreciation

Answer 27

Technologist labor Labor accounts for 60%–70% of the direct cost per test in most laboratories.

Question 28

Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) is a team effort approach for clinical laboratories to: Identify potential problems and correct them Set lab financial benchmarks for the year Make up new codes Improve overall wages for lab employees

Answer 28

Identify potential problems and correct them The CQI team identifies problems by collecting data, analyzing it, and developing methods of correcting problems. By identifying potential problems and correcting existing problems, a high competency is achieved and potential law suits are avoided.

Question 29

A new laboratory information system (LIS) will be evaluated by the laboratory staff. Which of the following points should be considered in the evaluation? * Cost of updating software Interface ability with existing laboratory instruments Tracking of uncrossmatched blood units in Blood Bank All of these options

Answer 29

All of these options LIS: LABORATORY INFORMATION SYSTEM Each laboratory will have specific needs to determine the appropriate LIS. However, storage capacity, reliability, security, upgrade costs, instrument interface availability, inventory management, and quality control functions are common parameters that must be considered.

Question 30

Point-of-care testing (POCT) refers to: All testing done to the patient to save time All lab testing done in the central lab Any clinical lab testing done at the patient’s bedside Satellite lab testing

Answer 30

Any clinical lab testing done at the patient’s bedside Point-of-care testing saves time and is invaluable for patient care. When a device is used at the bedside of a patient to produce a laboratory result, it is considered a point-of-care instrument.

Question 31

BLOOD SAMPLES for glucose testing and for other assays are used frequently in many health care facilities for bedside testing, or point-of-care testing (POCT) Arterial blood Venous blood Capillary blood None of these

Answer 31

Capillary blood CAPILLARY BLOOD SAMPLES for glucose testing and for other assays are used frequently in many health care facilities for bedside testing, or point-of-care testing (POCT).

Question 32

Most laboratories have a definite structure that establishes the formal setup of the various departments and levels. Which of the following refers to this structure? Administration table Laboratory directory Report of contact Organizational chart

Answer 32

Organizational chart The organizational chart shows the lines of supervision, relationships of various staff members, and interrelationships of the various departments.

Question 33

Which of the following is not associated with the goals of a laboratory continuing education program? Staff development Improvement of laboratory functioning Compliance with accreditation requirements Prevention of boredom

Answer 33

Prevention of boredom Staff development that generally improves the capabilities of the laboratory worker, improvement of laboratory functioning through in-service programs, and the meeting of accreditation requirements are important goals of a continuing education program. These goals may be accomplished by means of seminars, journal clubs, lectures, workshops, and so forth.

Question 34

Which of the following refers to a program where the overall activities conducted by the institution are directed toward assuring the quality of the products and services provided? Quality control Quality assurance Total quality management Continuous quality improvement

Answer 34

Continuous quality improvement Quality assurance (QA) developed out of the limitations of the QC approach and defined quality in healthcare institutions by the success of the total organization, not just individual components of the system, in achieving the goals of patient care

Question 35

Chain-of-custody procedures must be followed for: Blood specimens for alcohol level determination Routine urinalysis for glucose and ketones Therapeutic drug threshold determinations Throat swabs of group A beta streptococcus screening

Answer 35

Blood specimens for alcohol level determination Chain of custody: When results of laboratory testing are to be used in a court of law, a specific chain of documentation is required, whereby all steps of the testing are recorded, from specimen collection to the issuing of the results report.

Question 36

Preanalytical variables in laboratory testing include: Result accuracy Report delivery to the ordering physician Test turnaround time Specimen acceptability

Answer 36

Specimen acceptability Preanalytical (i.e. pre-examination) variables include all steps in the process prior to the analytic phase of testing, starting with the physician’s order. Examples include accuracy of transmission of physician’s orders, specimen transport and preparation, requisition accuracy, quality of phlebotomy services, specimen acceptability rates, etc.

Question 37

Using a common labeling system for hazardous material identification such as NFPA, the top red quadrant represent which hazard? Health hazard Fire hazard Specific hazard Reactivity

Answer 37

Fire hazard HAZARDUS MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION BLUE: Health hazard RED: Fire hazard WHITE: Specific hazard YELLOW: Reactivity

Question 38

The best way to motivate an ineffective employee would be to: Confirm low performance with subjective data Set short-term goals for the employee Transfer the employee to another department Ignore failure to meet goals

Answer 38

Set short-term goals for the employee

Question 39

The most important aspect of supervision is: Balancing the budget Performing technical procedures Writing accurate job descriptions Dealing with people

Answer 39

Dealing with people

Question 40

On repeated occasions, the day shift supervisor has observed a technologist on the night shift sleeping. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial course of action for the day supervisor? Ignore the repeated incidents Discuss the incidents with the technologist’s immediate supervisor Notify the personnel department Advise the laboratory director

Answer 40

Discuss the incidents with the technologist’s immediate supervisor The first step in progressive counseling is verbal counseling.

Question 41

Which of the following ISO standard applies to the clinical laboratory? ISO 9000 ISO 7000 ISO 15436 ISO 15189

Answer 41

THERE ARE TWO (2) ISO STANDARD THAT APPLY TO THE CLINICAL LABORATORY: 1. ISO 15189 MEDICAL LABORATORIES – PARTICULAR REQUIREMENT FOR QUALITY AND COMPETENCE, 2007 2. ISO/IEC 17025 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY AND COMPETENCE OF TESTING AND CALIBRATION LABORATORIES, 2005

Question 42

Which of the following published standards for GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE (GLP)? Department of Health - Philippines World Health Organization National Reference Laboratories Philippine Association of Medical Technologists

Answer 42

World Health Organization WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PUBLISHED STANDARDS FOR 1. GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE (GMP) 1999 2. GOOD CLINICAL PRACTICE (GCP) 1995 3. GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE (GLP) 2001

Question 43

In what phase of the management process does the manager gather together the necessary resources and people and develop an organizational structure to put the formal plan into action? Directing Planning Organizing Controlling

Answer 43

Organizing MANAGEMENT PROCESS 1. PLANNING: identifying goals, evaluate current situation, establish time frame, set objectives, forecast resource needs, implement plan, obtain feedback. 2. ORGANIZING: formal hierarchy, informal relationship. 3. DIRECTING: leadership, time allocation. 4. CONTROLLING: instructions, follow-up, modifications

Question 44

Which management function is leadership considered the fulfillment of: Planning Organizing Directing Controlling

Answer 44

Directing MANAGEMENT PROCESS 1. PLANNING: identifying goals, evaluate current situation, establish time frame, set objectives, forecast resource needs, implement plan, obtain feedback. 2. ORGANIZING: formal hierarchy, informal relationship. 3. DIRECTING: leadership, time allocation. 4. CONTROLLING: instructions, follow-up, modifications

Question 45

Which management function does staffing of the laboratory fulfill? Planning Organizing Directing Controlling

Answer 45

Planning MANAGEMENT PROCESS 1. PLANNING: identifying goals, evaluate current situation, establish time frame, set objectives, forecast resource needs, implement plan, obtain feedback. 2. ORGANIZING: formal hierarchy, informal relationship. 3. DIRECTING: leadership, time allocation. 4. CONTROLLING: instructions, follow-up, modifications

Question 46

Which management function is responsible for monitoring the standards and feedback mechanisms set in place when objectives were established during the planning stage? Directing Planning Organizing Controlling

Answer 46

Controlling MANAGEMENT PROCESS 1. PLANNING: identifying goals, evaluate current situation, establish time frame, set objectives, forecast resource needs, implement plan, obtain feedback. 2. ORGANIZING: formal hierarchy, informal relationship. 3. DIRECTING: leadership, time allocation. 4. CONTROLLING: instructions, follow-up, modifications

Question 47

If the laboratory manager wishes to determine the number of phlebotomists needed to provide emergency room coverage on Sunday nights during the 11:00 to 7:00 shift, which one of the decision-making procedures may prove the most useful? Probability analysis Queuing theory Simulation Linear programming

Answer 47

Queuing theory QUANTITATIVE TOOLS 1. Probability analysis Measures risk by assigning a value, expressed in percentage to the likelihood of a specific event occurring 2. Queuing theory Provides recommendations for the number of staff (phlebotomists, clerks, technical personnel, and so on) needed to handle an unpredictable workload 3. Linear programming A tool for allocating limited resources among competing needs 4. Simulation Designs models to imitate real-life conditions so the different intervention scenarios can be compared

Question 48

During the morning rush, your laboratory manager comes into the laboratory and starts explaining a new policy regarding vacation requests. Word spreads of the change throughout the day, and the message has changed somewhat. Several in the laboratory are upset and complain to the laboratory manager. Which of the following actions is the most appropriate way to handle such a situation? Nothing should be changed, it was handled appropriately The manager should have posted the change on the bulletin board in the break room The manager should have announced the policy on each shift The manager should have discussed and distributed the policy at a laboratory meeting, or several laboratory meetings, so that all employees heard the policy from the manager

Answer 48

The manager should have discussed and distributed the policy at a laboratory meeting, or several laboratory meetings, so that all employees heard the policy from the manager Effective communication of change requires direct and active speaking and listening with all individuals involved in the change. Response a limits the employee number and limits the effective listening of those employees. Responses b and c are one-directional communication. Response d has the key component of “discussion” with all employees and is therefore the best answer.

Question 49

What is the most important role of the manager in charge? Independent decision-making Communication Informal discussions None of the above

Answer 49

Communication Communication is the most appropriate answer for a manager, because this individual must coordinate multiple activities and people to accomplish the responsibilities of the profession. Informal discussions and decision making follow the foundation of communication.

Question 50

You are the lead chemistry MLS. Your laboratory manager has asked you to evaluate two new methods for cholesterol analysis. In your evaluation, you found that method A was very accurate and precise and that method B was not very accurate and precise. However, the laboratory will make more money by investing in method B. Which of the following decisions would exhibit professionalism? Recommend method A to your laboratory manager. It is important that the laboratory produce the most accurate and precise results Recommend method B to your laboratory manager. It is important that the laboratory make as much money as possible State that you are unable to make a recommendation, because no difference in the methods was noted Recommend that you need more time to evaluate both methods

Answer 50

Recommend method A to your laboratory manager. It is important that the laboratory produce the most accurate and precise results The Code of Ethics as defined: “They contribute to the advancement of the profession by improving the body of knowledge, adopting scientific advances that benefit the patient, maintaining high standards of practice and education, and seeking fair socioeconomic working conditions for members of the profession.”