Paper and Board Flashcards
what questions should be asked when selecting materials
How do they look?
What are they commonly used for?
How can they be manufactured?
How do they perform in use?
What makes them unique - are they the most durable, the lightest etc?
what are paper and boards used for
- packaging
- drawing a sketching
- model making
selection criteria for paper and board
- how easy it is to recycle
- how expensive it is
- what it will be used for
- if it has any special properties, eg better for printing, rigidity, transparency etc.
what methods can be used to develop paper and board
- textured
- embossed
- laminated with other materials to make them waterproof
- printed on
why is it important that we are able to recycle paper
As the paper-making process involves cutting down trees to create wood pulp, as well as using harmful chemicals such as bleach, it is important that we can recycle paper and cardboard so that new wood pulp, needed to create paper, is kept to a minimum
what is paper made from
cellulose fibres in wood and grass
what is tension
a pulling force
what is compression
a pushing force
what is bending
forces at an angle to a material
what is torsion
a twisting force
what is shear
forces acting across a material
how to increase the tensile strength of paper or card
a polymer can be added to it
- it can also be laminated with a polymer
how to increase the compressive strength of paper or board
the inside can be “crimped”, this creates a wave like structure of triangles commonly referred to as corrugated cardboard
- this gives it great compressive strength as as it spreads any force applied across the waves of triangles
what does it mean when paper is scored
- it has a scratch in it which intends for the paper to be easily folded
what causes card to crease
When paper or card is folded, the forces are applied at an angle. This is a bending force on the card. The inner particles of the material are under compression, and the outer particles are under tension. This force causes the card to crease
how to increase the shear force resistance of paper or board
- laminate with a polymer
what is virgin paper
paper that does not contain recyclable material
how many times can paper and board be recycled before it had to be mixed with new fibres
7 times
how do companies respond to deforestation
by replanting trees they have removed, although they will take a while to grow back
why is the use of hardwood trees a problem when it comes to deforestation
because they take a long time to mature, around 60 yrs
what is the FSC and what does it do
- the Forest Stwewardship council
- an international non governmental organisation
- dedicated to promoting responsible management of the worlds forests
- provide certification for companies so consumers know that there has been some responsible management of the forests
what are the 6 R’s
- Rethink
- Reuse
- Recycle
- Refuse
- Reduce
- Repair
state what questions could be asked considering the 6 R’s
Reduce - Could any part of the packaging be reduced? For example could there be less plastic in the packaging
Reuse - Rather than disposing of a package once you’ve opened it, could u use it again
Recycle - many paper and board come from materials that are partially or fully recyclable, can the paper or board be disposed of correctly so that it can be recycled
Rethink - think about how your actions contribute to the environment
Refuse - since consumers have a huge amount of power when it comes to the choices they make when buying, they are allowed to refuse to buy a product if they think its bad for the environment
Repair - Since many products are designed to be obsolete after a given period, can it be repaired and used again rather than discarded
how is paper made
- wood pulp is obtained by cutting down trees and breaking down the wood
- the bark and chippings are removed from the ground or cooked with chemicals to extract the cellulose fibres
- the pulp is filtered, squeezed, bleached, pounded before other chemicals are added
- the excess water and chemicals are drained out of the pulp by pushing it through a set of rollers called “calendars”
- pulp is then shaken and blown to dry out the fibres, and this process is repeated until the pulp is fully dried
- its then pressed to create a smooth finish
why are softwood trees used to create wood pulp
because they have longer fibres
why are other chemicals added to wood pulp and what is this process called
to change to opacity and absorbency of it and this is called sizing
what is the size of a4 paper
210 x 297
what is offset lithography and what does it do
- is a commercial printing method which uses 4 colours ( cyan, magenta, yellow, black)
- it prints out large numbers of card based products at high speeds
what is Tetra Brik and what does it do
- popular card based packaging thats used for many liquids like fruit juice and milk
- often has a rectangular or square shape, making it ideal for transit in larger boxes
- can be recycled
what is paper measured in
gsm (grams per square metre)
what are the 4 types of production
- prototype or “one off”
- batch production
- mass production
- continuous production
decrive one off (prototype) production
- used to make prototype display models to present to clients
- low cost
describe batch production
- a lot printed at once
- manufacturer will charge less per item as the quality increases because the machine can continue running without having to be set up again, this saves money
describe mass production
- where product is manufactured in very large quantities
- would be suitable for printing popular newspapers
- require a small workforce but a lot of machines for automation to speed up manufacture
describe continuous production
- made 24 hrs a day, 7 days a week
- used for products with continuous demand
- highly specialised equipment is used to automate the process, fewer workers are needed
what is a designing template
a form used to ensure other parts are made to match the form
what are designing templates used for
- to ensure that information is placed correctly
- to ensure that the shape of your design is accurate
- can be used repeatedly to ensure the same shape is produced each time
- can be drawn inside or around the shape to help ensure that sketches are identical
- can be held up against a product to check the shape after manufacture
what is a pattern
repeated design or recurring sequence
what tools do you use to measure and what is each one used for
- ruler to measure distances
- protractor to measure angles
- set square to draw lines at specific angles
- french curve to draw curves of different sizes
name all cutting tools and state what they are used for
guillotine (paper trimmer)- to cut a large number of paper sheets at once with a straight edge
- craft knife - to cut and score paper and cardboard, particularly useful when cutting internal shapes out of a material
- compass cutter - used to cut a circle or arc from paper or thin card
- rotary cutter to cut a circle or arc from thicker cardboard
- die cutter - to cut, crease and press holes into paper and card with high speed and accuracy
- laser cutter, to perform the perfect detailed cut to paper and card
what is lamination
- a finish for paper
- giving it a shiny, water resistant surface
- creates a thick and durable surface
- makes the paper last longer
how does laminating work
- paper or board is placed in a plastic sleeve
- which is then heated and pulled through rollers
- bonding the two surfaces of the film together and sealing the product
what does bleach do to paper
whitens it, or changes its colour
why might uv be added to card
to give paper a high gloss finish
- is also better for the environment as there is no laminated polymer to separate during the recycling process
what is tolerance
the amount by which a measurement can vary without affecting the ability of the product to be manufactured accurately
what is a registration mark
a circular pattern that is printed using all four coulours. when all four colours overlap, they produce a black circle and if the alignment of a colour is out, the colour will show
what is a registration mark used for
to check the quality of colour printing onto paper and board, and to make sure the printing plates are aligned in the right position
what are crop marks used for
to show where to cut on a sheet of paper
what are colour bars used for
to check that colours are being printed to the correct consistency and intensity
why are registration marks and colour bars always placed outside the crop marks
so that they dont interfere with the main print
what is embossing
a process that creates a raised pattern on paper or card. it adds texture and depth to a product and looks eye catching
