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A-level Biology > Paper 3 > Flashcards

Paper 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Chloride Shift

A
  • CO2 in rbc can turn into carboaminohaemoglobin or carbonic acid
  • carbonic acid can be broken down by carbonic anhydrase into H ions and hydrogen carbonate
  • hydrogen carbonate then leaves the red blood cell and to balance the electrochemical gradient chloride moves in
  • the H ions then are removed by buffers especially haemoglobin (forms haemoglobinic acid
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2
Q

Oncotic pressure

A
  • plasma proteins are too large to leave capillary
  • so low water potential (lower than tissue fluid)
  • moves by osmosis down WP gradient back into capillary
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3
Q

Arteries

A
  • heart to the rest of the body
  • small lumen
  • high pressure
  • thick muscular, elastic walls
  • mainly carry oxygenated blood
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4
Q

Tissue fluid contents

A
  • few white blood cells
  • very few proteins
  • dissolved solutes
  • water
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5
Q

Lymph contents

A
  • white blood cells
  • only antibodies
  • water
  • dissolved solutes
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6
Q

Veins

A
  • take blood back to the heart
  • low pressure
  • deoxygenated blood
  • wider lumen
  • contain valves
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7
Q

tachycardia

A
  • too fast
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8
Q

bradycardia

A
  • too slow
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9
Q

ectopic

A
  • extra heart beat
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10
Q

atrial fibrillation

A
  • abnormal rhythm
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11
Q

Bohr shift

A
  • curve moves to the right
  • more co2
  • at the same partial pressure of 02 Hb has a lower saturation of 02
  • more o2 dissociates from Hb more readily
  • more o2 for aerobic respiration
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12
Q

Cardiac graph

A
  • bottom left = AV opens
  • top left = SLV opens
  • top right = SLV closes
  • bottom right = AV closes
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13
Q

Lub

A
  • blood forced against AV valves as ventricle contact
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14
Q

Dub

A
  • back flow of blood closes SL valves as ventricles close
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15
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
  • for high to low
  • down a concentration gradient
  • ion = channel proteins
  • large molecules = carrier proteins
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16
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • middle of the brain
  • maintains body temperature and produces hormones
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17
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • releases hormones and stimulates other glands
18
Q

sodium potassium pump

A
  • pumps 3NA out the cells
  • 2K ions into the cell
  • uneven distribution of charge, more negative inside the cell
  • sodium channels are closed
  • potassium channels are open
  • inorganic ions keep the inside more negative
19
Q

depolarisation

A
  • Na channels open the NA ions move into to cell down their concentration gradient
  • changes change in the potential difference across the membrane
  • inside becomes more positive (above threshold)
20
Q

repolarisation

A
  • voltage gated K ion channels open and sodium channels close
  • more negative inside the cell
  • k ions diffuse out
21
Q

hyperpolarised

A
  • potential difference become more negative than resting potential
22
Q

refractory period

A
  • potassium channels close and sodium/potassium pumps restore distribution
  • sodium channels stay closed
  • ensure action potential only goes one way
  • ensure action potential doesn’t overlap but occurs as a discrete impulses
23
Q

synapse

A
  • junction between neurones and another
  • when action potential reaches the threshold value causes calcium gated channels to open
  • increasing the conc. of calcium inside the knob
  • causes vesicles to undergo exocytosis releasing Ach into the synaptic cleft
  • Ach binds to sodium channel receptors of the post synaptic neurones and causing the action potential to travel to the next neurones
  • acetylcholinesterase breaks down Ach into ethanoic acid and choline
24
Q

role of synapes

A
  • excitatory = depolarisation of post synaptic cleft (ACH)
  • inhibitory = hyperpolarisation action, no action potential occurs (GABA)
  • spatial = neurotransmitter builds up to reach threshold value
  • temporal = build up so the synapse is sufficient to cause a action potential
25
Q

transmission of impulse

A
  • flow of current carried along by the flow of positive ions
  • decays due to resistance provided by cytoplasm
  • has to be boosted at individual intervals so it propagated along the neuron
  • sped up by = axon diameter
    = temperature
    = myelin sheath
26
Q

myelinated neurones

A
  • action potential jumps from node to node
  • nodes of Ranvier intervals are 1-3mm
  • nodes are very shorts = 2-3 micrometers
    -speed = 100-120 m/s
  • long neurons carry messages quickly over long distances
27
Q

non- myelinated neurones

A
  • non nodes of Ranvier
  • action potential moves along neurone in a wave
  • speed = 1m/s
  • tend to be shorter neurones
  • short distances (breathing and digestion)
28
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • spindle like shaped
  • uninucleate
  • not striated
  • involuntary
29
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • myogenic
  • striated
  • branching
  • intercalated disc
  • uninucleate
30
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • striated
  • multinucleated
  • many mitochondria
  • voluntary
31
Q

parts of the sliding filament model

A
  • I band = light band (actin only)
  • A band = dark band (overlap of actin and myosin and myosin)
  • H zone = only myosin filaments
  • Z line = end of sarcomere
  • M line = center of H-zone
32
Q

Tropomyosin

A
  • long chain protein that blocks the binding site of myosin to actin
33
Q

troponin

A
  • 3 binding sites
  • actin, tropomyosin, calcium ions
34
Q

Sliding filament model

A
  • tropomyosin prevents myosin binding to actin
  • calcium ions than bind to troponin causing is to change shape and revealing the myosin binding site
  • myosin head can now bind to the actin filament forming cross bridge
  • head of myosin changes it angle moving the actin filament along (ADP is produces)
  • ATP causing the myosin head to detach form the actin filament
  • cycle repeats
35
Q

slow twitch

A
  • contract slowly
  • aerobic respiration
  • large amounts of energy released
  • large store of myoglobin
  • less powerful contractions
  • SO muscle fibre types
36
Q

fast twitch

A
  • contract very quickly
  • gain energy from anaerobic respiration
  • powerful contractions
  • used for speed
    -more myosin and thicker filaments
37
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A
  • contains stretch mediated sodium ion channels
  • no pressure = resting potential
    -when pressure is applied channel changes shape widening the sodium channels
  • sodium diffuses into the neurones
  • changing the potential of the membrane ( generator potential in created)
38
Q

Spatial summation

A
  • many presynaptic neurones connect to one postsynaptic neurone
39
Q

temporal summation

A
  • one presynaptic neurone releases neurotransmitter as a result of an action potential several times over a short period of time
40
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  • autonomic and somatic
  • connects CNS to the rest of the body
  • by sensory and motor neurones
41
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A
  • under subconscious control
  • HR
  • divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic system
42
Q

Somatic nervous system

A
  • under conscious control
    -carries impulses to body muscles

A-level Biology (13 decks)

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