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A-level Biology > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition

A
  • the variety of living organisms in an area
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2
Q

Levels of biodiversity

A
  • genetic
  • habitat
  • species
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3
Q

Genetic Biodiversity

A
  • variety of genes that make up a species
  • different alleles lead to genetic biodiversity of a species
  • can lead to different characteristics being exhibited
  • greater genetic biodiversity leads to better adaptation to a changing environment
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4
Q

Habitat Biodiversity

A
  • number of different habitats found within an area
  • increase the habitat biodiversity the greater the species biodiversity within the area
  • UK has large habitat biodiversity compared to Antarctica
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5
Q

Species Biodiversity

A
  • richness and evenness
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6
Q

Species Richness

A
  • number of different individual species within an area
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7
Q

Species Evenness

A
  • number of individuals of each species in the area
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8
Q

Random Sampling

A
  • selecting individuals at random / by chance
  • individuals have an equal chance of being selected
  • e.g random number generator
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9
Q

Non - random Sampling

A
  • opportunistic
  • stratified
  • systematic
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10
Q

Opportunistic

A
  • weakest form
  • not representative
  • conveniently available
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11
Q

Stratified

A
  • populations are divided into number of sub groups based on a characteristic
  • random sample is taken from the sub group which is proportional the the whole population
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12
Q

Systematic

A
  • sampling different areas within an overall habitat
  • belt transect
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13
Q

Non-random sampling techniques

A
  • quadrats
  • belt transect
  • pooters
  • sweep net
  • pit fall trap
  • kick sampling
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14
Q

Simpsons Index of Diversity

A
  • closer to 1 the greater the biodiversity
  • D= 1 (sum of ) (n/N) squared
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15
Q

High biodiversity

A
  • large number of species
  • complex food web
  • small effect when change occurs
  • many species within the habitat
    = opposite for low biodiversity
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16
Q

Calculating genetic biodiversity

A
  • proportion of polymorphic gene loci = number of polymorphic gene loci / total number of loci

-greater proportion of polymorphic gene loci the greater the genetic biodiversity

17
Q

Increase in genetic biodiversity occurs by

A
  • mutations
  • interbreeding
18
Q

Decrease in genetic biodiversity occurs…

A
  • selective breeding
  • captive breeding
  • natural selection
  • genetic bottle necks
  • founder effect
  • artificial cloning
19
Q

Aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A
  • provide inspiration
  • speed up recovery
  • reduce stress
  • protect landscapes (increase tourism)
20
Q

Economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A
  • soil erosion and deforestation reduces the ability to grow crops
  • continuous monoculture
  • increased spending on fertilisers to grow crops
  • extinction before medical importance is discovered
  • increased tourism do to attractiveness
21
Q

Ecological reasons to maintain biodiversity

A
  • organisms are interdependent on each other so removal of one can impact many species
  • keystone species = large effect on environment
  • maintain genetic resources
22
Q

Factors affecting biodiversity

A
  • human population growth
  • agriculture
  • climate change
23
Q

Agriculture

A
  • decreases biodiversity
    = deforestation
    = removal of hedgerow
  • use of chemicals
  • use of herbicides
  • monoculture
24
Q

Climate Change

A
  • melting of ice caps = leads to extinction
  • increases of sea levels = decrease habitats
  • increased temperature and rainfall
  • insect life cycles prolonged = spread of disease more northwards
25
Q

Human Population growth

A
  • increased rate due to improvement in medicine, hygiene, housing and infrastructure
  • lead to habitat loss, urbanisation, pollution
26
Q

In situ

A
  • conservation that takes place within the organisms natural habitat
  • maintains genetic biodiversity and evolutionary adaptations to the environment
  • increase wildlife reserves, marine conservation
  • can protect a larger population
  • however can be hard to control certain factors e.g poaching
27
Q

Ex situ

A
  • conservation of an organism out of their natural habitat
  • includes seed banks, zoos, botanic gardens
  • protect species from hunting and predation
  • provide the correct equipment to allow development and growth of species
  • however only a small number can be cared for, and may not be able to breed successfully
  • and is difficult to maintain genetic biodiversity
28
Q

Conservation agreements

A
  • CITIES
  • RIO CBD
  • CSS
29
Q

CITIES

A
  • convention on international trade in endangered species
  • aims to limit trade through licencing
  • make it illegal to kill endangered species
30
Q

RIO CBD

A
  • convention on biological diversity
  • preservation of biological diversity
  • the sustainable use of its components
  • the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources
31
Q

CSS

A
  • countryside stewardship scheme
  • provides financial incentives to famers, foresters and landowners to look after and improve the environment
  • increase biodiversity by improving habitats
32
Q

Conservation

A
  • maintaining of biodiversity through human action or management
33
Q

Why certain species must be protected by ex situ rather than in situ

A
  • protect them from hunting
  • correct food can be given
  • health can be monitored
  • breeding can be manipulated
  • competition is reduced

A-level Biology (13 decks)

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