Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A-level Biology > Cloning and Biotechnology > Flashcards

Cloning and Biotechnology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Plant cloning ( vegetative propagation)

A
  • from non-reproductive tissues e,g leaves or roots
  • asexual
  • sucker is grown from the shallow root of the plant
  • sucker grows from sucker bud which then pops meters away from parent tree
  • forms a separate tree
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Advantages of vegetative propagation

A
  • desirable characteristic are passed on
  • reproduce in any season
  • sterile plants can reproduce
  • densely packed colonies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Disadvantages of vegetative propagation

A
  • undesirable characteristics are also passed on
  • no genetic variation
  • single disease can kill all
  • production costs are high and energy is required
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Plant cuttings

A
  • pick a health plant
  • cut stem at terminal bud at a slant with a scalpel
  • dip the pant in hormone rooting power
  • place in the soil and water it
  • cover with a plastic bag and remove all leaves to reduce transpiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tissue culture

A
  • remove meristematic cells from parent plant (undifferentiated)
  • place into a solution containing plant growth substances
  • make sure it is sterile conditions
  • callus are transferred to a new culture which contains plant growth regulators ( cytokines and auxins)
  • continue to grow to produce a crop
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Advantages of tissue culture

A
  • produce large quantities of plant with same features
  • harvesting is easier
  • easier to market and sell
  • carried out throughout the year
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Disadvantages of tissue culture

A
  • can be susceptible to one type of disease which can kill all
  • no genetic variation
  • labour intensive
  • expensive
  • requires sterile conditions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Natural clones

A
  • identical and non - identical twinning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Identical twinning

A
  • monozygotic twins
  • formed from the same fertilized egg
  • one sperm fertilises one egg and it divides into 2
  • same genetic material
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Non identical twinning

A
  • dizygotic twins
  • formed from two different fertilised eggs
  • 2 different sperm fertilize different eggs
  • have different genetic material
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Artificial twinning

A
  • parents identified with desirable characteristics
  • collect sperm and egg then fuse them together by IVF (in vitro fertilisation)
  • when cells are still totipotent early embryos are split to produce many smaller embryos
  • then places into a surrogate mother (womb)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNF)

A
  • select animals with desired characteristics
  • remove somatic cells and remove nucleus (enucleate the cells)
  • then inject the nucleus into the immature egg cell, that is enucleated
  • provide an electrical shock to encourage the zygote to divide
  • then embryo is planted into several mothers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Advantages of cloning

A

-all offspring have desired characteristics
- faster/ many obtained in a shorter time
- avoids mating risks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Disadvantages of cloning

A
  • no genetic variability
  • more susceptible to environmental factors such as disease
  • expensive and needs technology
  • labour intensive
  • success rate is low
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Biotechnology

A
  • the industrial use of living organisms to produce useful products
  • bacteria and fungi used to produce food, drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Reason why biotechnology is beneficial

A
  • rapid cycles so large population build up quickly
  • can be grown at any time of year
  • no welfare issues
  • reproduce asexually for all genetically identical
  • ideal conditions can be created (o2 and temperature)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

examples of biotechnology

A
  • bread/brewing = yeast
  • cheese = lactobacillium
  • yoghurt = bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Advantages of biotechnology

A
  • can grow on waste products
  • high protein content
  • can be genetically modified to produce a specific protein
  • not weather dependant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Disadvantages of biotechnology

A
  • can produce toxins if not cultured properly
  • concerns over eating GM food
  • dislike the thought of eating microorganisms grown of waste
  • doesn’t have the same taste and texture of meat
20
Q

Aseptic techniques

A
  • the practice of preventing the contamination of culture by unwanted microogranisms
21
Q

Reasons why aseptic techniques are important

A
  • prevent entry of pathogens which are harmful to humans
  • to ensure unwanted products are not made
  • reduces competition of nutrients and space
  • can be costly on an industrial scale is not carried out
22
Q

Examples of aseptic techniques

A
  • wear a lab coat
  • regularly disinfecting work surfaces
  • sterilise equipment before and after use
  • work near a bunsen flame
23
Q

Stages of growth curve

A
  • lag
  • exponential / log
  • stationary
  • death / decline
24
Q

Lag phase

A
  • adapting to new environment
  • growing , synthesising the enzymes needed
  • low reproduction rate
25
Q

Exponential / log phase

A
  • doubles at regular intervals
  • nutrients an space aren’t limited so population grows
26
Q

Stationary phase

A
  • reproduction = death rate
  • little food and increase in toxic products
    nutrients and space are limited
  • metabolic waste builds up
27
Q

Death/ decline phase

A
  • increased death compared to reproduction
  • scares food and high amounts waste products
  • little nutrients ans space
28
Q

Factors affecting growth

A
  • temperature
  • nutrient availability
  • pH
  • oxygen levels
29
Q

Manipulating conditions of batch and continuous culture

A
  • pH = work efficient to increase yield
  • temperature = enzymes work efficiently to increase product yield
  • o2 supply = increase product yield as microorganisms can respire to provide energy for growth
  • nutrient concentration = increase product yield as microorganism can always access for growth
  • contamination = increase product yield as microorganism aren’t competing with other organisms
30
Q

Metabolites

A
  • production of a chemical reaction with the cell
  • making new cells and cell components
    e.g hormones, enzymes and waste products
31
Q

Primary metabolites

A
  • log phase
  • produced during normal growth of and organism
  • e.g amino acids, proteins, enzymes and ethanol
  • continuous batch culture
32
Q

Secondary metabolites

A
  • stationary phase (after active growth of organism)
  • produced by organisms but not as part of normal growth
  • e.g antibiotic substance
  • batch culture
33
Q

Batch culture

A
  • secondary metabolites
  • e.g penicillin
  • microorganism are inoculated into a fixed volume of medium
  • biomass and waste products build up
  • closed system
34
Q

Continuous culture

A
  • primary metabolites
  • e,g digestive enzymes
  • growth medium flows through in a steady rate so constant supply of nutrients
  • waste is removed
  • open system
35
Q

Advantages of batch culture

A
  • easy to set up and maintain
  • if contaminates only one batch is lost
  • less likely to block pipes
36
Q

Disadvantages of batch culture

A
  • growth rate is slow
  • lower yield
  • less efficient
  • harvested only once
37
Q

Advantages of continuous culture

A
  • more efficient
  • high product yield
  • growth rate is higher as nutrients are constantly added
38
Q

Disadvantages of continuous culture

A
  • set up is difficult
  • maintenance is required
  • if contamination occurs large volumes are lost
39
Q

Immobilised enzymes

A
  • enzymes are attached to an inset support system which the substrate passes over and is converted into product
40
Q

Methods of immobilisation

A
  • encapsulated in jelly
  • trapped in a silica gel matrix
  • covalently bonded to cellulose or collagen fibres
41
Q

Why immobilised enzymes are used

A
  • still can catalyse reaction but solution will only contain desired product
  • are more stable when immobilised so don’t denature in high temps
  • however are more expensive and require more equipment
42
Q

Uses of immobilised enzymes ( lactose and glucose into galactose)

A
  • via hydrolysis
  • production of lactose free products
43
Q

Uses of immobilised enzymes (semi - synthetic penicillin)

A
  • same antibiotic properties but are effective against penicillin - resistant organisms
  • penicillin acylase is used
44
Q

Uses of immobilised enzymes ( dextrins to glucose)

A
  • starch breaks down into dextrins, which are broken down into glucose
  • by immobilised enzymes called glucoamylase
45
Q

Uses of immobilised enzymes ( pure samples of L amino acids)

A
  • immobilised aminoacylase is used for the industrial process of pure L amino acids
  • used in production of animal and human food
46
Q

Advantages of immobilise enzymes

A
  • aren’t present in the reaction so purification costs are low
  • enzymes are immediately available for reuse
  • enzymes are more stable as the immobilising matrix protects the enzyme
47
Q

Disadvantages of immobilised enzymes

A
  • immobilisation requires time and specialist equipment
  • costs are high
  • can be less active as they don’t mix freely with the substrate
  • any contamination is costly and whole system will have to stop
  • binding enzymes onto clay particles can change the shape of the active sites

A-level Biology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions