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A-level Biology > Key points > Flashcards

Key points Flashcards

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1
Q

B =Aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A
  • provide inspiration
  • speed up recovery
  • reduce stress
  • protect landscapes (increase tourism)
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2
Q

B =Economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A
  • soil erosion and deforestation reduces the ability to grow crops
  • continuous monoculture
  • increased spending on fertilisers to grow crops
  • extinction before medical importance is discovered
  • increased tourism do to attractiveness
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3
Q

B =Ecological reasons to maintain biodiversity

A
  • organisms are interdependent on each other so removal of one can impact many species
  • keystone species = large effect on environment
  • maintain genetic resources
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4
Q

B =CITIES

A
  • convention on international trade in endangered species
  • aims to limit trade through licencing
  • make it illegal to kill endangered species
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5
Q

B =RIO CBD

A
  • convention on biological diversity
  • preservation of biological diversity
  • the sustainable use of its components
  • the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources
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6
Q

B =CSS

A
  • countryside stewardship scheme
  • provides financial incentives to famers, foresters and landowners to look after and improve the environment
  • increase biodiversity by improving habitats
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7
Q

C+E =Prokaryotes

A
  • unicellular
  • no nucleus and membrane bound organelles
  • no visible feeding mechanism
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8
Q

C+E =Protoctista

A
  • unicellular
  • a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
  • chloroplasts
  • move by cilia and flagella
  • nutrients acquired by photosynthesis
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9
Q

C+E =Fungi

A
  • unicellular or multicellular
  • nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
  • cell wall (chitin)
  • no chloroplasts
  • nutrients acquired by absorption
  • stored as glycogen
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10
Q

C+E=Plantae

A
  • multicellular
  • nucleus and membrane bound organelles
  • cell wall (cellulose)
  • contains chlorophyll
  • stored as starch
  • nutrients acquired from photosynthesis
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11
Q

C+E=Animalia

A
  • multicellular
  • nucleus and membrane bound organelles
  • no cell wall and chloroplast
  • move with aid from cilia and flagella
  • nutrients are acquired from ingestion
  • stored as glycogen
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12
Q

C+E=Paleontology

A
  • fossils are formed when animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks
  • show the simplest organisms e.g bacteria are found in the rocks
  • sequence in which the organisms are found matches their ecological links to each other
  • can see how closely related organisms have evolved from the same ancestor
  • fossils allow relationships between extinct and living organisms to be investigated
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13
Q

C+E=Comparative anatomy

A
  • study of similarities and difference in the anatomy of different living species
  • homologous structure is a structure that appears superficially differently in different organisms but has the same underlying structure
  • provides evidence for divergent evolution
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14
Q

C+E=Comparative biochemistry

A
  • study of similarities and differences in the protein and other molecule that controls life processes
  • important molecules are highly conserved (RNA and cytochrome C)
  • molecular structure are compared to see how closely species are related
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15
Q

C+E=Anatomical

A
  • physical features
  • camouflage
  • body covering (skin,fur,scales)
  • teeth
  • mimicry
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16
Q

C+E=Physiological

A
  • processes that take place within an organism
  • poison production
  • antibiotic production
  • water holding
17
Q

C+E=Behavioural

A
  • the way in which a organism behaves
  • survival behaviour (playing dead)
  • courtship
  • seasonal behavior (hibernation)
18
Q

MG=Computational biology

A
  • uses data to build theoretical models
  • analysis of large amounts of data
  • helps identify genes linked to specific diseases in populations
  • see evolutionary relationships between organisms
19
Q

MG=Bioinformatics

A
  • development of the software and computing tools needed to organise and analysis raw biological data
  • make sense of enormous quantities of data
20
Q

MG=Synthetic biology

A
  • ability to sequence the genome of organisms
  • understand how each sequence is translated into amino acids
  • new area of biology
  • genetic modification of organisms
  • can produce new drugs or vaccines
21
Q

MG=Somatic gene therapy

A
  • uses body cells
  • replacing the mutant allele with healthy allele in the affected body cell
  • success in immune diseases, leukaemia’s and myelomas
  • temporary solution
  • pass the faulty gene onto offspring
22
Q

MG=Germ line gene therapy

A
  • inserting the health allele into embryo straight after fertilisation
  • would pass on to offspring
  • illegal in human embryos
  • impacts are unknow
  • increase future implications ( cosmetic changes)
23
Q

E=Nitrogen fixing

A
  • by living organisms
  • rhizobium = fixes n2 to NH3 in bacteria
  • azotobacter = free living soil bacteria, fixes N2 to NH3
24
Q

E=Nitrification

A
  • turning ammonia into nitrogen containing molecules
  • oxidation reaction
  • Nitrosomonas = ammonium into nitrites
  • Nitrobacter = nitrites into nitrates
25
Q

E=Denitrification

A
  • denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates into the soil back into nitrogen gas
  • occurs in anaerobic conditions
  • Pseudomonas
26
Q

E=pioneer community

A
  • species arrive as spores or seed carried by the wind
  • ability to produce large quantities of seeds and germinate rapidly
  • can tolerate extreme condition
27
Q

E=intermediate community

A
  • over time soil forms and is able to support the growth of new species of plant (secondary colonisers)
  • pioneer species also provide a food source for consumers so some animal species colonise the area
  • multiple stages occur over time until the climax community is reached
  • become more adapted to the current conditions
28
Q

E=climax community

A
  • final stages
  • stable state = little change over time
  • few dominant species which are specific to the climate
  • not always the most diverse (peaks in mid succession)
29
Q

E=deflected succession

A
  • human activities can halt the natural flow of succession
  • when stopped artificially = PLAGIOCLIMAX
  • e.g agriculture
30
Q

P+S = Conservation

A
  • maintenance of biodiversity through human action or management
  • maintaining species, genetic and habitat biodiversity
31
Q

P+S = Preservation

A
  • protection of an area by restricting or banning human interference
  • keep ecosystem in original state
32
Q

Hardy -Weinberg principle

A
  • p+ q = 1
  • p squared + 2pq + q squared = 1
33
Q

Chi -squared

A

= sum of(O-E)/E squared

34
Q

significant difference

A
  • when chi - squared is greater than the critical value
  • due to chance
    -reject null hypothesis
35
Q

no significant difference

A
  • when chi-squared value is less than critical value
  • not due to chance
  • accept null hypothesis

A-level Biology (13 decks)

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