Classification and evolution Flashcards
1
Q
Taxonomic groups
A
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
2
Q
Carl Woese
A
- 3 domain
= Eukarya
= Archaea
= Bacterial
3
Q
Binomial naming system
A
- first word = genus
- second word = species
4
Q
Kingdoms
A
- prokaryote
- protoctista
- fungi
- plantae
- animalia
5
Q
Why scientists need to classify
A
- to identify species
- to predict characteristics
- find evolutionary links
6
Q
Prokaryotes
A
- unicellular
- no nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- no visible feeding mechanism
7
Q
Protoctista
A
- unicellular
- a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
- chloroplasts
- move by cilia and flagella
- nutrients acquired by photosynthesis
8
Q
Fungi
A
- unicellular or multicellular
- nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
- cell wall (chitin)
- no chloroplasts
- nutrients acquired by absorption
- stored as glycogen
9
Q
Plantae
A
- multicellular
- nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- cell wall (cellulose)
- contains chlorophyll
- stored as starch
- nutrients acquired from photosynthesis
10
Q
Animalia
A
- multicellular
- nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- no cell wall and chloroplast
- move with aid from cilia and flagella
- nutrients are acquired from ingestion
- stored as glycogen
11
Q
Phylogeny
A
- evolutionary relationships between organisms
- which group a species is closely related to
- aid to correctly work out the classification of an organism but takes into account their phylogeny
- drawn as trees
- lots of evidence in fossils
12
Q
Evidence of evolution
A
- fossils (paleontology)
- comparative anatomy
- comparative biochemistry
13
Q
Paleontology
A
- fossils are formed when animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks
- show the simplest organisms e.g bacteria are found in the rocks
- sequence in which the organisms are found matches their ecological links to each other
- can see how closely related organisms have evolved from the same ancestor
- fossils allow relationships between extinct and living organisms to be investigated
14
Q
Comparative anatomy
A
- study of similarities and difference in the anatomy of different living species
- homologous structure is a structure that appears superficially differently in different organisms but has the same underlying structure
- provides evidence for divergent evolution
15
Q
Comparative biochemistry
A
- study of similarities and differences in the protein and other molecule that controls life processes
- important molecules are highly conserved (RNA and cytochrome C)
- molecular structure are compared to see how closely species are related
16
Q
Types of variation
A
- intra specific
- inter specific
17
Q
Inter specific
A
- the differences between organisms if different species
18
Q
Intra specific
A
- differences between organisms of the same species
19
Q
Causes of variation
A
- organisms genetic material
- the environment that the organism lives in
20
Q
genetic variation
A
- alleles
- mutation
- meiosis
- sexual reproduction
- chance
21
Q
environmental variation
A
- affect plants greater than animals
- sun light availability, temp
- scars due to injuries or disease
22
Q
Continuous variation
A
- characteristic that takes up any value
- graduation from one extreme to another
- e.g height or mass
- controlled by a number of genes
- influenced by environmental factors
23
Q
Discontinuous variation
A
- characteristics that only result in certain values
- no inbetweens
- genetic factors
- e.g animal sex
24
Q
Adaptions
A
- anatomical
- physiological
- behavioural
25
Anatomical
- physical features
- camouflage
- body covering (skin,fur,scales)
- teeth
- mimicry
26
Physiological
- processes that take place within an organism
- poison production
- antibiotic production
- water holding
27
Behavioural
- the way in which a organism behaves
- survival behaviour (playing dead)
- courtship
- seasonal behavior (hibernation)
28
Convergent evolution
- unrelated species begin to share similar traits to fit a specific niche
- adapt to similar environments or selection pressures
29
Natural Selection
- all organisms are exposed to the same selection pressures
- variation occurs and those with the characteristics that are best adapted to the selection pressures have an increased chance of survival and successfully reproducing
- they pass on the advantageous alleles to their offspring
- repeated for every generation
- can lead to the evolution of new species
30
Selection pressures
- affect the organisms chances of survival or reproductive success
