Classification and evolution

Question 1

Taxonomic groups

Answer 1

1. Kingdom
2. Phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species

Question 2

Carl Woese

Answer 2

• 3 domain
  = Eukarya
  = Archaea
  = Bacterial

Question 3

Binomial naming system

Answer 3

• first word = genus
• second word = species

Question 4

Kingdoms

Answer 4

• prokaryote
• protoctista
• fungi
• plantae
• animalia

Question 5

Why scientists need to classify

Answer 5

• to identify species
• to predict characteristics
• find evolutionary links

Question 6

Prokaryotes

Answer 6

• unicellular
• no nucleus and membrane bound organelles
• no visible feeding mechanism

Question 7

Protoctista

Answer 7

• unicellular
• a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
• chloroplasts
• move by cilia and flagella
• nutrients acquired by photosynthesis

Question 8

Fungi

Answer 8

• unicellular or multicellular
• nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
• cell wall (chitin)
• no chloroplasts
• nutrients acquired by absorption
• stored as glycogen

Question 9

Plantae

Answer 9

• multicellular
• nucleus and membrane bound organelles
• cell wall (cellulose)
• contains chlorophyll
• stored as starch
• nutrients acquired from photosynthesis

Question 10

Animalia

Answer 10

• multicellular
• nucleus and membrane bound organelles
• no cell wall and chloroplast
• move with aid from cilia and flagella
• nutrients are acquired from ingestion
• stored as glycogen

Question 11

Phylogeny

Answer 11

• evolutionary relationships between organisms
• which group a species is closely related to
• aid to correctly work out the classification of an organism but takes into account their phylogeny
• drawn as trees
• lots of evidence in fossils

Question 12

Evidence of evolution

Answer 12

• fossils (paleontology)
• comparative anatomy
• comparative biochemistry

Question 13

Paleontology

Answer 13

• fossils are formed when animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks
• show the simplest organisms e.g bacteria are found in the rocks
• sequence in which the organisms are found matches their ecological links to each other
• can see how closely related organisms have evolved from the same ancestor
• fossils allow relationships between extinct and living organisms to be investigated

Question 14

Comparative anatomy

Answer 14

• study of similarities and difference in the anatomy of different living species
• homologous structure is a structure that appears superficially differently in different organisms but has the same underlying structure
• provides evidence for divergent evolution

Question 15

Comparative biochemistry

Answer 15

• study of similarities and differences in the protein and other molecule that controls life processes
• important molecules are highly conserved (RNA and cytochrome C)
• molecular structure are compared to see how closely species are related

Question 16

Types of variation

Answer 16

• intra specific
• inter specific

Question 17

Inter specific

Answer 17

• the differences between organisms if different species

Question 18

Intra specific

Answer 18

• differences between organisms of the same species

Question 19

Causes of variation

Answer 19

• organisms genetic material
• the environment that the organism lives in

Question 20

genetic variation

Answer 20

• alleles
• mutation
• meiosis
• sexual reproduction
• chance

Question 21

environmental variation

Answer 21

• affect plants greater than animals
• sun light availability, temp
• scars due to injuries or disease

Question 22

Continuous variation

Answer 22

• characteristic that takes up any value
• graduation from one extreme to another
• e.g height or mass
• controlled by a number of genes
• influenced by environmental factors

Question 23

Discontinuous variation

Answer 23

• characteristics that only result in certain values
• no inbetweens
• genetic factors
• e.g animal sex

Question 24

Adaptions

Answer 24

• anatomical
• physiological
• behavioural

Question 25

Anatomical

Answer 25

• physical features
• camouflage
• body covering (skin,fur,scales)
• teeth
• mimicry

Question 26

Physiological

Answer 26

• processes that take place within an organism
• poison production
• antibiotic production
• water holding

Question 27

Behavioural

Answer 27

• the way in which a organism behaves
• survival behaviour (playing dead)
• courtship
• seasonal behavior (hibernation)

Question 28

Convergent evolution

Answer 28

• unrelated species begin to share similar traits to fit a specific niche
• adapt to similar environments or selection pressures

Question 29

Natural Selection

Answer 29

• all organisms are exposed to the same selection pressures
• variation occurs and those with the characteristics that are best adapted to the selection pressures have an increased chance of survival and successfully reproducing
• they pass on the advantageous alleles to their offspring
• repeated for every generation
• can lead to the evolution of new species

Question 30

Selection pressures

Answer 30

• affect the organisms chances of survival or reproductive success