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A-level Biology > Disease and immune system > Flashcards

Disease and immune system Flashcards

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1
Q

Bacterial Diseases

A
  • TB
  • Bacterial Meningitis
  • Ring rot
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2
Q

Viral Disease

A
  • Influenza
  • HIV
  • TMV
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3
Q

Fungal Diseases

A
  • athletes foot
  • black sigatoka
  • ring worm
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4
Q

Protoctista Diseases

A
  • Malaria
  • Potato and tomato late blight
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5
Q

Direct transmission

A
  • by touching
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6
Q

Indirect transmission

A
  • from air, water, food or by a vector
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7
Q

Climate factors

A
  • Malaria
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8
Q

Social factors

A
  • TB = overcrowding and inadequate housing
  • HIV = sharing of needles or bodily fluids
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9
Q

Plant defences

A
  • chemical
  • physical
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10
Q

Physical defences

A
  • waxy cuticle
  • cell wall
  • production of callose
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11
Q

Chemical defences

A
  • antimicrobial chemical which can kill or inhibit growth
  • e.g saponins and phytoalexins
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12
Q

Non - specific defence mechanism in animals

A
  • skin (acts a barrier)
  • mucus membranes (protect body openings)
  • blood clotting ( plug wounds)
  • expulsive reflexes (coughing ans sneezing)
  • inflammation ( isolate any pathogens)
  • wound repair (skin repairs itself)
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13
Q

Immune system

A
  • response to a foreign object
  • non-specific or specific
  • non-specific = same for everyone
  • specific = involves T and B cells
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14
Q

Phagocytes

A
  • macrophages
  • neutrophils
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15
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • pathogen produce chemical that attract phagocytes
  • phagocyte recognises the non - human protein on the pathogen
  • phagocyte then engulfs ( inward folding of the membrane) and encloses the pathogen into a vesicle ( phagosome)
  • phagosome binds with a lysosome forming a phagolysosome
  • that then injects digestive enzymes to destroy the pathogen
  • the macrophage then forms an antigen presenting cell (APC)
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16
Q

Cytokines

A
  • produced by phagocytes
  • acts as cell signalling molecules
  • tell other phagocytes to go to the site of injection
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17
Q

Opsonins

A
  • chemicals that bind to the pathogens
  • make them more recognisable to phagocytes
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18
Q

T helper cells

A
  • produce interleukins to activate B cells and killer T cells
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19
Q

T killer cells

A
  • destroy the pathogen
  • contain hydrolytic enzymes
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20
Q

T memory cells

A
  • part of the immunological memory
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21
Q

T regulatory cells

A
  • supress the immune system
  • stops them from attacking own body cells
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22
Q

Plasma B cells

A
  • produce antibodies
23
Q

Memory B cells

A
  • provide immunological memory
24
Q

Cell mediated response

A
  • APC fit the receptors of helper T cells which become activated and produce interleukins
  • stimulates more T cells to divide by mitosis
  • they divide for form clones of the helper T cells which have the correct antigen to bind to the pathogen
  • can form T memory cells, interleukins to stimulate phagocytosis or stimulate B cells to divide, develop into killer T cells
25
Q

Interleukins

A
  • stimulate phagocytosis
  • produces by helper T cells
  • Cytokines produced by T helper cells
  • stimulate B cells.
26
Q

Humoral immunity

A
  • B cell with complementary antibodies to the antigens of the pathogen bind and the pathogen is engulfed forming a APC
  • activated T helper cells ( from cell mediated response) bind to the B APC cell = clonal selection
  • The activated B cells divide by mitosis to produce plasma cells and B memory cells = clonal expansion
  • cloned plasma cells produce antibodies which fit to the pathogen antigens = primary immune response
27
Q

Secondary response (humoral response)

A
  • memory cells
  • circulate in the blood with readiness to respond to a future infection by the same pathogen
  • divide and form plasma cells to produce antibodies
28
Q

Antibodies

A
  • Immunoglobulins produced by B-lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen,
    triggering an immune response.
29
Q

Structure of antibody

A
  • antigen
  • light chain
  • heavy chain
  • hinge region
  • constant region
  • variable region
30
Q

Hinge region

A
  • allows for flexibility
31
Q

Constant region

A
  • bind to receptors
32
Q

Variable region

A
  • antiody - antigen binding site
33
Q

Action of antibodies

A
  • agglutination
  • neutralising toxins
    -preventing the pathogen from binding to the active site
34
Q

Agglutination

A
  • bind two pathogens at the same time
  • easier to be engulfed by phagocytes
35
Q

Neutralising toxins

A
  • anti-toxins bind to toxins produced by the pathogens
  • prevents further infection
36
Q

Preventing the pathogen binding to cells

A
  • block cell surface receptors so can’t bind to host cells
37
Q

Primary response

A
  • enters body for the first time
  • slow response
  • B and T cells activated
  • symptoms
38
Q

Secondary response

A
  • enters the body for the 2nd time
  • fast response
  • memory cells activated
  • no symptoms
39
Q

Immunity

A
  • active natural
  • active artificial
  • passive natural
  • passive artificial
40
Q

Active natural

A
  • e.g measles/ chickenpox
  • Resistance that has developed through the production of specific antibodies
  • It provides long-lasting immunity as memory
    cells are produced.
41
Q

Active artificial

A
  • immune response after having a vaccine
  • e.g covid-19
  • contains antigens
42
Q

Passive natural

A
  • e.g baby to mother through placenta
  • Resistance that occurs via the transfer of antibodies.
  • It provides short-term immunity as no memory cells are produced
43
Q

Passive artificial

A
  • antibodies form something else
  • e.g tetnus
44
Q

Autoimmune disease

A
  • e.g lupus (attacks connective tissues)
  • cant recognise self antigens
  • damages healthy body cells
  • immune response against own body cells
45
Q

Vaccines

A
  • dead or weakened version of the pathogen
  • antigens from a harmless toxin or pathogen
46
Q

Herd vaccination

A
  • immunity for all
  • decrease chance of outbreaks
  • e.g MMR, polio
  • typically given in childhood
47
Q

Ring vaccination

A
  • new disease reported
  • vaccinate those in vicinity
48
Q

Personalised medicines

A
  • tailored to individual DNA
  • increased effectiveness of drugs
49
Q

Synthetic biology

A
  • make artificial proteins from technology
  • e.g bacteria to destroy cancer cells
50
Q

Antibiotic resistance

A
  • comes from natural selection
51
Q

MRSA

A
  • causes wound infections
  • resistant to several antibiotics
52
Q

Clostridium difficile

A
  • infects the digestive system
  • resistant to antibiotics
  • can cause fever, diarrhoea and cramps
53
Q

Source of drugs

A
  • from microorganisms
  • key research for maintaining biodiversity

A-level Biology (13 decks)

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