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PE Section A > Paper 2: Biomechanical Movements > Flashcards

Paper 2: Biomechanical Movements Flashcards

1
Q

What is acceleration?

A

The positive change in velocity of an object

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2
Q

What is air resistance?

A

An opposing force that exerts itself upon an object moving through the air

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3
Q

What is angular momentum?

A

The amount of angular motion of an object

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4
Q

What is angular motion?

A

The motion of an object around a fixed axis

Also known as ‘rotational motion’

Follows a circular path, with centre of mass remaining constant

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5
Q

What is angular velocity?

A

The rate of angular displacement of an object

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6
Q

What is angular displacement?

A

The difference between the start and final position of a rotating object

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7
Q

What is angular acceleration?

A

The change in angular velocity over time

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8
Q

What is Bernoulli’s principle?

A

The effect that the surrounding flow and pressure of air have on a projectile

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9
Q

What is displacement?

A

The total change in an object’s position, in respect to its start position

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10
Q

What is distance?

A

The total length of the space between a start and end point.

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11
Q

What is gravity?

A

The force that attracts any object with mass towards the Earth

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12
Q

What is linear motion?

A

The centre of mass of an object moving along a straight line

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13
Q

What is mass?

A

The amount of matter of an object

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14
Q

What is the moment of inertia?

A

The resistance of an object to change its current state of rotational motion

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15
Q

What is momentum?

A

The amount of motion of an object

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16
Q

What is a non-parabolic flight path?

A

An asymmetrical flight path

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17
Q

What is a parabolic flight path?

A

A symmetrical flight path

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18
Q

What is a projectile?

A

An object which is propelled forward through air by an external force

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19
Q

What is are scalar quantities?

A

Measurements that are only concerned with size or amount of something

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20
Q

What is speed?

A

The rate at which an object travels a specified distance

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21
Q

What are vector quantities?

A

Measurements that attribute a direction and a magnitude

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22
Q

What is velocity?

A

The rate at which an object undergoes displacement

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23
Q

What is weight?

A

The force that gravity applies to an object

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24
Q

What is net force?

A

The sum of all forces acting on an object

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25
Q

What is the calculation of distance?

A

distance = speed x time

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26
Q

What is the calculation of mass?

A

Mass = force/acceleration due to gravity

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27
Q

What is the calculation of weight?

A

Weight = mass x 9.81 m.s-2

(acceleration due to gravity)

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28
Q

What is the calculation of momentum?

A

Momentum = mass x velocity

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29
Q

What is the calculation for displacement?

A

Displacement = velocity x time

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30
Q

What is the calculation for speed?

A

Speed = distance/time

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31
Q

What is the calculation for velocity?

A

Velocity = displacement/time

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32
Q

What is the calculation for acceleration or deceleration?

A

Acceleration or deceleration = change in velocity/time

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33
Q

What is the calculation for net force?

A

Force A + Force B + Force C…

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34
Q

What is the unit of measurement for distance?

35
Q

What is the unit of measurement for mass?

36
Q

What is the unit of measurement for weight?

37
Q

What is the unit of measurement for momentum?

38
Q

What is the unit of measurement for displacement?

39
Q

What is the unit of measurement for speed?

40
Q

What is the unit of measurement for velocity?

41
Q

What is the unit of measurement for acceleration/deceleration?

42
Q

What is the unit of measurement for net force?

43
Q

How is direction shown on a velocity-time graph?

A

Shown by velocity being above or below zero

Doesn’t necessarily mean forward to backwards, just a change in any direction

44
Q

How will an objects mass affect its gravitational pull?

A

Objects with greater mass will have a greater gravitational pull acting on them

45
Q

What is a reaction force?

A

When a force is applied to something, an equal and opposite force is acting against it. This is called a reaction force.

e.g.
Weight & Ground Reaction Force

46
Q

What two vertical forces are acting on an object?

A
  • Weight
  • Reaction Force
47
Q

What two horizontal forces are acting on an object?

A
  • Friction
  • Air Resistance
48
Q

What is friction?

A

Friction is an opposing force that acts upon an object when it moves over another, having a negative impact on forward motion.

Greater the amount of force that is applied on an object, the larger the amount of friction that it exerts

49
Q

What factors affect air resistance?

A
  • Velocity:
    faster velocity = greater air resistance
  • Mass:
    Heavy = less air resistance
  • Frontal cross-sectional area:
    smaller = less air resistance
  • Streamlining and shape
50
Q

What is impulse?

A

The product of the amount of force exerted and the time it’s exerted for.

Force x Time

A force in a particular direction

51
Q

What causes the creation of angular motion?

A

The application of an eccentric force about one (or more) of the three axes of rotation.

52
Q

What are the three axes of rotation?

A

Longitudinal:
- top to bottom
- through centre of gravity
- rotation, supination, pronation

Sagittal:
- front to back
- through centre of gravity
- adduction, abduction, lateral flexion

Transverse:
- side to side
- through the centre of gravity
- flexion, extension, plantar flexion and dorsiflexion

53
Q

What are Newton’s three laws?

A

First:
An object stays in a constant state of motion unless acted upon by an external force

Second:
An object will accelerate in the same direction as the force applied upon it, and the amount of acceleration is directly proportional to this force

Third:
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

54
Q

What is Newtons first law?

A

An object stays in a constant state of motion unless acted upon by an external force

55
Q

What is Newtons second law?

A

An object will accelerate in the same direction as the force applied upon it, and the amount of acceleration is directly proportional to this force

56
Q

What is Newtons third law?

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

57
Q

What is Newton’s first law of angular motion?

A

A rotating object continues to rotate around its axis of rotation at a constant rate of angular momentum unless externally acted upon by a torque

58
Q

What is Newton’s second law of angular motion?

A

The difference in angular momentum and direction of an object is directly proportional to the size and direction. of the torque that acts upon it.

59
Q

What is Newton’s third law of angular motion?

A

For every torque that is exerted on a second object by a first object, there is an equal and opposite torque exerted on the first object by the second.

60
Q

What is moment of inertia?

A

The resistance of an object to change its current state of rotational motion

Measured: kg m2

61
Q

What is angular velocity?

A

The rate of angular displacement of an object

Measured: rad/s

62
Q

What is angular momentum?

A

The amount of angular motion of an object

Measured: kg m2/sec

63
Q

What is angular displacement?

A

The difference between the start and final angular position of a rotating object

Measured: rad

64
Q

What is angular acceleration?

A

The change in angular velocity over time

Measured: rad/s2

65
Q

What is the calculation for moment of inertia?

A

Moment of inertia = body mass x distance from the axis of rotation2

66
Q

What is the calculation for angular velocity?

A

Angular velocity = angular displacement (radians)/time

67
Q

What is the calculation for angular momentum?

A

Angular momentum = moment of inertia x angular velocity

68
Q

What is the calculation for angular displacement?

A

Angular displacement: final angular position - starting angular position

69
Q

What is the calculation for angular acceleration?

A

Angular acceleration =
(final angular velocity - initial angular velocity) / time

70
Q

What is the relationship between moment of inertia and angular velocity?

A

angular velocity = angular momentum/moment of inertia

Inverse relationship, moment of inertia rises, angular velocity decreases

Due to this angular momentum remains unchanged throughout flight, this is the conservation of angular momentum

71
Q

What is a projectile?

A

A projectile is an object which is propelled forward through the air by an external force

72
Q

What factors affect the horizontal displacement of projectiles?

A
  • Height of release
  • Speed of release
  • Angle of release
73
Q

How does height of release affect the horizontal displacement of projectiles?

A

The further above the ground that the projectile is thrown from, the greater the horizontal displacement.

74
Q

How does the speed of release affect the horizontal displacement of projectiles?

A

Greater the speed of release, the greater the horizontal displacement of the projectile

75
Q

How does angle of release affect the horizontal displacement of projectiles?

A

The optimal angle of release is 45 degrees, longer flight time due to the greater maximum height that the projectile will achieve.

76
Q

What is a parabolic flight path?

A

A parabolic flight oath is also known as a symmetrical flight path, found with a shot put.

Weight resistance > air resistance.

77
Q

What is a non-parabolic flight path?

A

A non-parabolic flight path is also known as an asymmetrical flight path, found with a shuttlecock.

Air resistance > weight

78
Q

Factors affecting drag?

A
  • Velocity
  • Mass
  • Frontal cross-sectional area
  • Streamlining and shape
79
Q

Factors affecting drag (in water)?

A
  • Velocity
    faster the object is travelling the greater the drag
  • Mass
    heavier mass = less effect on drag
  • Frontal cross-sectional area
    smaller frontal cross-sectional area = less drag
  • Streamlining and shape
    streamline and smooth shape = less drag
80
Q

Bernoulli Principle

A

Pressure gradient created between the top and bottom surface of an object as velocity increases.

  • Faster airflow above object, less air pressure
  • Slower airflow below object, greater air pressure
  • Air pressure high to low, creates lift force.
81
Q

First Class lever characteristics?

A
  • Enables movement to be balanced
  • Wider range of movement than a second class lever, less force
  • Mechanical advantage for overcoming large loads
  • Mechanical disadvantage for speed

e.g. pushing down with triceps, tricep dips

82
Q

Second class lever characteristics?

A
  • Mechanical advantage, producing large force to overcome heavy load
  • Mechanical disadvantage, lack of range of motion and speed

e.g.
tiptoes
push up

83
Q

Third class lever characteristics?

A
  • Most common lever
  • Mechanical advantage, quick movements and large range of motion
  • Mechanical disadvantage, large amounts of force to overcome resistances

e.g.
kicking a football
bicep curl
hitting a tennis shot

PE Section A (24 decks)

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