Paper 2: Biomechanical Movements Flashcards
1
Q
What is acceleration?
A
The positive change in velocity of an object
2
Q
What is air resistance?
A
An opposing force that exerts itself upon an object moving through the air
3
Q
What is angular momentum?
A
The amount of angular motion of an object
4
Q
What is angular motion?
A
The motion of an object around a fixed axis
Also known as ‘rotational motion’
Follows a circular path, with centre of mass remaining constant
5
Q
What is angular velocity?
A
The rate of angular displacement of an object
6
Q
What is angular displacement?
A
The difference between the start and final position of a rotating object
7
Q
What is angular acceleration?
A
The change in angular velocity over time
8
Q
What is Bernoulli’s principle?
A
The effect that the surrounding flow and pressure of air have on a projectile
9
Q
What is displacement?
A
The total change in an object’s position, in respect to its start position
10
Q
What is distance?
A
The total length of the space between a start and end point.
11
Q
What is gravity?
A
The force that attracts any object with mass towards the Earth
12
Q
What is linear motion?
A
The centre of mass of an object moving along a straight line
13
Q
What is mass?
A
The amount of matter of an object
14
Q
What is the moment of inertia?
A
The resistance of an object to change its current state of rotational motion
15
Q
What is momentum?
A
The amount of motion of an object
16
Q
What is a non-parabolic flight path?
A
An asymmetrical flight path
17
Q
What is a parabolic flight path?
A
A symmetrical flight path
18
Q
What is a projectile?
A
An object which is propelled forward through air by an external force
19
Q
What is are scalar quantities?
A
Measurements that are only concerned with size or amount of something
20
Q
What is speed?
A
The rate at which an object travels a specified distance
21
Q
What are vector quantities?
A
Measurements that attribute a direction and a magnitude
22
Q
What is velocity?
A
The rate at which an object undergoes displacement
23
Q
What is weight?
A
The force that gravity applies to an object
24
Q
What is net force?
A
The sum of all forces acting on an object
25
What is the calculation of distance?
distance = speed x time
26
What is the calculation of mass?
Mass = force/acceleration due to gravity
27
What is the calculation of weight?
Weight = mass x 9.81 m.s-2
(acceleration due to gravity)
28
What is the calculation of momentum?
Momentum = mass x velocity
29
What is the calculation for displacement?
Displacement = velocity x time
30
What is the calculation for speed?
Speed = distance/time
31
What is the calculation for velocity?
Velocity = displacement/time
32
What is the calculation for acceleration or deceleration?
Acceleration or deceleration = change in velocity/time
33
What is the calculation for net force?
Force A + Force B + Force C...
34
What is the unit of measurement for distance?
m
35
What is the unit of measurement for mass?
kg
36
What is the unit of measurement for weight?
N
37
What is the unit of measurement for momentum?
Kgm/s
38
What is the unit of measurement for displacement?
m
39
What is the unit of measurement for speed?
m/s
40
What is the unit of measurement for velocity?
m/s
41
What is the unit of measurement for acceleration/deceleration?
m/s2
42
What is the unit of measurement for net force?
N
43
How is direction shown on a velocity-time graph?
Shown by velocity being above or below zero
Doesn't necessarily mean forward to backwards, just a change in any direction
44
How will an objects mass affect its gravitational pull?
Objects with greater mass will have a greater gravitational pull acting on them
45
What is a reaction force?
When a force is applied to something, an equal and opposite force is acting against it. This is called a reaction force.
e.g.
Weight & Ground Reaction Force
46
What two vertical forces are acting on an object?
- Weight
- Reaction Force
47
What two horizontal forces are acting on an object?
- Friction
- Air Resistance
48
What is friction?
Friction is an opposing force that acts upon an object when it moves over another, having a negative impact on forward motion.
Greater the amount of force that is applied on an object, the larger the amount of friction that it exerts
49
What factors affect air resistance?
- Velocity:
faster velocity = greater air resistance
- Mass:
Heavy = less air resistance
- Frontal cross-sectional area:
smaller = less air resistance
- Streamlining and shape
50
What is impulse?
The product of the amount of force exerted and the time it's exerted for.
Force x Time
A force in a particular direction
51
What causes the creation of angular motion?
The application of an eccentric force about one (or more) of the three axes of rotation.
52
What are the three axes of rotation?
Longitudinal:
- top to bottom
- through centre of gravity
- rotation, supination, pronation
Sagittal:
- front to back
- through centre of gravity
- adduction, abduction, lateral flexion
Transverse:
- side to side
- through the centre of gravity
- flexion, extension, plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
53
What are Newton's three laws?
First:
An object stays in a constant state of motion unless acted upon by an external force
Second:
An object will accelerate in the same direction as the force applied upon it, and the amount of acceleration is directly proportional to this force
Third:
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
54
What is Newtons first law?
An object stays in a constant state of motion unless acted upon by an external force
55
What is Newtons second law?
An object will accelerate in the same direction as the force applied upon it, and the amount of acceleration is directly proportional to this force
56
What is Newtons third law?
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
57
What is Newton's first law of angular motion?
A rotating object continues to rotate around its axis of rotation at a constant rate of angular momentum unless externally acted upon by a torque
58
What is Newton's second law of angular motion?
The difference in angular momentum and direction of an object is directly proportional to the size and direction. of the torque that acts upon it.
59
What is Newton's third law of angular motion?
For every torque that is exerted on a second object by a first object, there is an equal and opposite torque exerted on the first object by the second.
60
What is moment of inertia?
The resistance of an object to change its current state of rotational motion
Measured: kg m2
61
What is angular velocity?
The rate of angular displacement of an object
Measured: rad/s
62
What is angular momentum?
The amount of angular motion of an object
Measured: kg m2/sec
63
What is angular displacement?
The difference between the start and final angular position of a rotating object
Measured: rad
64
What is angular acceleration?
The change in angular velocity over time
Measured: rad/s2
65
What is the calculation for moment of inertia?
Moment of inertia = body mass x distance from the axis of rotation2
66
What is the calculation for angular velocity?
Angular velocity = angular displacement (radians)/time
67
What is the calculation for angular momentum?
Angular momentum = moment of inertia x angular velocity
68
What is the calculation for angular displacement?
Angular displacement: final angular position - starting angular position
69
What is the calculation for angular acceleration?
Angular acceleration =
(final angular velocity - initial angular velocity) / time
70
What is the relationship between moment of inertia and angular velocity?
angular velocity = angular momentum/moment of inertia
Inverse relationship, moment of inertia rises, angular velocity decreases
Due to this angular momentum remains unchanged throughout flight, this is the conservation of angular momentum
71
What is a projectile?
A projectile is an object which is propelled forward through the air by an external force
72
What factors affect the horizontal displacement of projectiles?
- Height of release
- Speed of release
- Angle of release
73
How does height of release affect the horizontal displacement of projectiles?
The further above the ground that the projectile is thrown from, the greater the horizontal displacement.
74
How does the speed of release affect the horizontal displacement of projectiles?
Greater the speed of release, the greater the horizontal displacement of the projectile
75
How does angle of release affect the horizontal displacement of projectiles?
The optimal angle of release is 45 degrees, longer flight time due to the greater maximum height that the projectile will achieve.
76
What is a parabolic flight path?
A parabolic flight oath is also known as a symmetrical flight path, found with a shot put.
Weight resistance > air resistance.
77
What is a non-parabolic flight path?
A non-parabolic flight path is also known as an asymmetrical flight path, found with a shuttlecock.
Air resistance > weight
78
Factors affecting drag?
- Velocity
- Mass
- Frontal cross-sectional area
- Streamlining and shape
79
Factors affecting drag (in water)?
- Velocity
faster the object is travelling the greater the drag
- Mass
heavier mass = less effect on drag
- Frontal cross-sectional area
smaller frontal cross-sectional area = less drag
- Streamlining and shape
streamline and smooth shape = less drag
80
Bernoulli Principle
Pressure gradient created between the top and bottom surface of an object as velocity increases.
- Faster airflow above object, less air pressure
- Slower airflow below object, greater air pressure
- Air pressure high to low, creates lift force.
81
First Class lever characteristics?
- Enables movement to be balanced
- Wider range of movement than a second class lever, less force
- Mechanical advantage for overcoming large loads
- Mechanical disadvantage for speed
e.g. pushing down with triceps, tricep dips
82
Second class lever characteristics?
- Mechanical advantage, producing large force to overcome heavy load
- Mechanical disadvantage, lack of range of motion and speed
e.g.
tiptoes
push up
83
Third class lever characteristics?
- Most common lever
- Mechanical advantage, quick movements and large range of motion
- Mechanical disadvantage, large amounts of force to overcome resistances
e.g.
kicking a football
bicep curl
hitting a tennis shot
