Energy For Exercise Flashcards
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
What is ATP?
ATP is the primary energy source for the human body. Energy is produced from ATP when the adenosine and three phosphate molecules are broken down.
What enzyme breaks down the last high-energy bond of ATP?
ATPase is an enzyme that breaks the last high-energy bond of ATP.
What happens to ATP after ATPase breaks down the last high-energy bond of ATP?
It becomes ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)
What are the nutrients we get from food stored as?
The nutrients we get from food are stored as a high energy compound known as ATP.
This is broken down and rest the sides to continually supply us with energy for exercise.
ATP breakdown formula
ATP = ADP + P + Energy
Exothermic reaction
In order for ATP resynthesis to happen, what energy is used?
In order for ATP resynthesis to happen, energy is used from the ATP-PC system.
ATP Resynthesis formula
Energy + ADP + P = ATP
Endothermic reaction
The ATP cycle
ATP is used for energy usage for muscular contractions and thermoregulation.
This then becomes ADP + Pi
Which turns energy sources such as carbs, proteins, lipids back into ATP
What is the ATP-PC system?
This is an anaerobic energy system which provides energy for 10-15 seconds of high-intensity exercise.
The energy released when PC is broken down into phosphate and creatine molecules is used to resynthesise ATP from ADP + P
What enzyme breaks down phosphocreatine?
Creatine kinase
What is the glycolytic system?
This energy system produces energy in the form of ATP by breaking down glucose into pyruvic acid which then gets converted into the by-product lactic acids when oxygen is not available.
Produces 2 ATP
What enzyme breaks glycogen down into glucose?
Glycogen phosphorylase
What enzyme breaks glucose down into pyruvic acid?
Phosphofuctokinase
What enzyme breaks pyruvic acid down into lactic acid?
Lactate dehydrogenase
What is the aerobic system?
If oxygen is available, the pyruvic acid produced through glycolysis is converted to ACETYL COENZYME A
Enters the KREBS CYCLE
Produces 2 ATP, CO2 and Hydrogen
CO2 & H carried to the electron transport chain by NAD+ and FAD
Produces 34 ATP and H20
What happens at the electron transport chain?
Hydrogen split into H+ (proton) and H- (electron)
H- electrons undergo redox reactions producing energy for ATP resynthesis
H+ protons also create energy
Exothermic reactions of H and O2
What type of reaction is the ATP-PC system?
ATP-PC system is an anaerobic reaction
What chemical/fuel is used for the ATP-PC system?
Phosphocreatine (PC)
At what site does the ATP-PC system take place?
Sarcoplasm
What is the ATP yield of the ATP-PC system?
1 ATP
What are the by-products of the ATP-PC system?
ATP + Pi
What type of reaction is glycolysis (glycolytic system)?
O2 present = aerobic
No O2 present = anaerobic
What chemical/fuel is used for glycolysis?
Glucose
Where does glycolysis take place (site)?
Sarcoplasm
What is the ATP yield of glycolisis?
2
What are the by-products of glycolysis?
NADH
What type of reaction is the aerobic system?
Aerobic
What chemical/fuel is used for the aerobic system?
Pyruvate
Where does the aerobic system reaction take place?
Mitochondria
What are the controlling enzymes for the aerobic system?
Lipase
Phosphofructokinase
Glycogen phosphorylase
What is the ATP yield of the aerobic energy system?
Glycolysis = 2
KREBS cycle = 2
ETC = 34
Total = 38
What are the by-products of the aerobic energy system?
CO2 + H20
How long does it take for the aerobic energy system to recover?
24 hours
How long does it take for the glycotic system to recover?
20 mins to 2 hours
How long does it take for the ATP-PC system to recover?
2-3 mins
How are energy systems affected by fitness levels?
The higher the aerobic fitness levels, the longer the time spent using the ATP-PC system and glycolytic energy systems.
How long does the glycotic energy system provide energy for?
30s - 2mins
What is EPOC?
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
Oxygen that that is being consumed for recovery after exercise has finished
What is the oxygen deficit?
At the start of aerobic exercise there is an oxygen deficit as there is not enough oxygen available to produce the energy required. This is repaid after exercise by EPOC.
What are the downsides of anaerobic energy systems?
Lactate accumulation which can exceed the lactate threshold and lead to OBLA.
What is OBLA
A level of lactate accumulation which causes fatigue.
What is VO2 max affected by?
• weight
• gender
• height
• training status
• fat mass
How can energy expenditure be measured?
- Indirect calorimetry
- Lactate sampling
- VO2 max test
- Respiratory exchange ratio (RER)
