paper 2 - authoritarian states (mao)

Question 1

boxer rebellion

Answer 1

1899 rebellion in beijing, china started by a secret society of chinese who opposed the “foreign devils”

Question 2

CCP

Answer 2

chinese communist party, founded in 1921

founding and ruling political party of the people’s republic of china (october 1, 1949)

Question 3

chaing kai-shek

Answer 3

leader of the nationalist party in 1928, after sun yat-sen’s death in 1925, he favored a capitalist state supported by a military dictatorship

Question 4

chinese civil war

Answer 4

1927-1936- KMT vs CCP- KMT largely controlled the country, CCP stayed alive using guerrilla tactics and hiding up in the mountains

war between communist mao and nationalist chaing-kai shek

the communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to taiwan

Question 5

first united front

Answer 5

an alliance between the CCP and the KMT

was brokered by the comintern and it lasted from 1923-1927

Question 6

jiangxi soviet

Answer 6

experimental rural communist government led by mao

established in 1928, it lasted until a guomindang blockade of the area forced the communists to escape north in 1934 on what became the long march

Question 7

KMT

Answer 7

chinese nationalist party; overthrown on mainland china by CCP; in power on taiwan

Question 8

lin biao

Answer 8

minister of defense.

1964: published “little red book,” with quotations from mao

appointed as mao’s successor, but died in a plane crash in 1971 (scholars unsure if it was an accident or planned)

lin was accused of betraying mao, and some claimed he had planned a coup d’etat

Question 9

little red book

Answer 9

small book of maoist thought (propaganda) used to make military, then students loyal to mao, important during cultural revolution

it was required reading in all schools

Question 10

long march

Answer 10

1934-35

6,000-mile flight of chinese communists from southeastern to northwestern china

the communists, led by mao, were pursued by the chinese army under orders from chiang kai-shek

later important in propaganda

Question 11

mao zedong

Answer 11

(1893-1976) leader of the CCP that overthrew chiang kai shek and the nationalists

established china as the people’s republic of china and ruled from 1949 until 1976

Question 12

may 4th movement (1919)

Answer 12

movement against foreign influence

precipitated by unfair treatment by ToV

former german colonies promised to china, given to japan

Question 13

marxism

Answer 13

emerged as the most famous socialist belief system during the 19th century

saw all of history as the story of class struggle

Question 14

qing empire

Answer 14

empire established in china by manchus who overthrew the ming empire in 1644

the last emperor of this dynasty was overthrown in 1911 by nationalists

Question 15

nanjing massacre

Answer 15

(1937) the murder of as many as 300,000 chinese men, women, and children by japanese troops

Question 16

people’s liberation army (PLA)

Answer 16

chinese communist army; administered much of country under people’s republic of china

formerly red army

Question 17

second sino-japanese war

Answer 17

1937-1945

japan, which already had manchuria, invaded the rest of china in 1937

the KMT led the fight against japan, with mao and the communists hiding up north and using guerrilla tactics

US stopped supporting japan

Question 18

second united front

Answer 18

the alliance between the KMT and CCP during the second sino-japanese war

Question 19

sun yat-sen

Answer 19

chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the guomindang until his death

he attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in china but was thwarted by military leaders

Question 20

taiwan

Answer 20

where the chinese nationalist fled when the communist took over china

Question 21

warlord

Answer 21

a military leader operating outside the control of the government

Question 22

white terror

Answer 22

1927

purge of the communist party by the KMT

Question 23

yenan

Answer 23

the place where the communists hid in caves after the long march

Question 24

hundred flowers campaign

Answer 24

period from 1956 to 1957 in which mao encouraged intellectuals to offer criticism of national policy, followed by crackdown on critics

Question 25

great leap forward

Answer 25

china’s second five-year plan

it aimed to speed up economic development while simultaneously developing a completely communist society

this plan failed and more than 20 million people starved between 1958 and 1960

Question 26

cultural revolution

Answer 26

campaign in china ordered by mao to purge the communist party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation

Question 27

three antis campaign

Answer 27

campaign in 1951 targeting waste, corruption and inefficiency

it was carried out through mass meetings in which officials and managers were denounced, investigated and publically humiliated if found guilty

it served to stifle potential opposition as well as to stamp out many corrupt practices

Question 28

five antis campaign

Answer 28

campaign in 1952 targeting industrial sabotage, tax evasion, bribery, fraud and theft of government property

Workers organisations investigated their employers’ affairs –> they would then be denounced in mass meetings –> were punished with fines, confiscation of property and terms in labour camps

very few were executed, but up to 3 million committed suicide

Question 29

collectivisation

Answer 29

the creation of a socialist economy by removing private ownership and making peasants work together or ‘co-operatively’ in order to cultivate the land

Question 30

nationalisation

Answer 30

state ownership of industry with control over supply and production

Question 31

maoism

Answer 31

the identification of chinese communism with mao personally, celebrating peasants, not just proletariat

Question 32

politburo

Answer 32

an inner core of some twenty leading members of the communist party

Question 33

reunification campaigns

Answer 33

chinese government’s euphemism for forcibly bringing the invaded provinces into line in 1950

Question 34

anti movements

Answer 34

the targeting of those accused of crimes like corruption and tax evasion, important in early 1950’s to consolidate mao’s power

Question 35

rightists

Answer 35

those who argued for a slower, less violent development of revolution

Question 36

revisionism

Answer 36

departure from true communism, a blanket term applied to any idea of which mao disapproved

Question 37

red guards

Answer 37

units of young people, specially trained by kang sheng, the head of
mao’s secret police, to act as terror squads during the cultural revolution

Question 38

struggle sessions

Answer 38

method for breaking victims’ resistance by forcing them to engage in intense self-criticism until they confessed their guilt

Question 39

backyard furnaces

Answer 39

way to make iron during great leap forward, farmers were encouraged to melt down all metal to produce more, over 90% of the iron/steel produced was useless

Question 40

swimming the yangtze

Answer 40

propaganda swim of china’s famous river by mao in 1966 to show he was still strong, led to his comeback