paper 3 - mexican revolution

Question 1

porfirio diaz

Answer 1

dictator in mexico from 1876 to 1911

overthrown by the mexican revolution of 1910

Question 2

porfiriato

Answer 2

the long period of rule by mexico’s diaz, often cited as a prime example of neocolonialism in latin america

diaz imposed strict political control, encouraged european and US investment, and gave special influence to a group of positivist thinkers called cientificos

Question 3

cientificos

Answer 3

advisors to díaz’s government who were influenced strongly by positivist ideas

Question 4

hacendados

Answer 4

owners of large landed estates producing both livestock and crops for markets

Question 5

expropriation

Answer 5

government’s seizure of a privately owned business or personal property (such as land)

Question 6

debt peonage

Answer 6

system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer

Question 7

ranchero

Answer 7

mexican ranch owner

Question 8

caciquismo

Answer 8

political practice promoted by diaz, whereby local rural leaders were co-opted to support his government and rewarded with economic and political privileges

Question 9

positivism

Answer 9

a scientific approach to knowledge based on “positive” facts as opposed to mere speculation

Question 10

rurales

Answer 10

mexican mounted rural guard, or police force, which was especially powerful during the diaz regime

Question 11

ejidos

Answer 11

lands owned and worked by groups of native mexicans

Question 12

mestizo

Answer 12

a person of mixed spanish and native american ancestry

Question 13

dedazo

Answer 13

process by which the mexican president would effectively “handpick” his own successor

Question 14

creelman interview

Answer 14

an interview between an american journalist and diaz in which diaz stated he would not run for reelection in 1910 to allow new leadership for mexico, a promise he did not keep and that in part led to the mexican revolution

Question 15

anti-re-election party

Answer 15

political party created by madero in order to run against diaz in 1910

Question 16

francisco madero

Answer 16

early leader in the revolution; in 1911 became president of mexico; wanted land ownership and free, honest elections, two years later he was murdered

Question 17

plan de san luis potosi

Answer 17

written by madero in US

calls for revolution nov. 20, 1910. “effective suffrage, no reelection”

Question 18

emiliano zapata

Answer 18

revolutionary and leader of peasants in the revolution

he mobilised landless peasants in south-central mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners

Question 19

plan de ayala

Answer 19

written by zapata after he was angry with madero for not enforcing land reform, rejection of madero’s presidency, reform of political landscape

Question 20

pancho villa

Answer 20

outlaw/bandit

when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with zapata

Question 21

victoriano huerta

Answer 21

ruthlessly seized power in mexico in 1913

president wilson objected to his murderous methods and refused to extend diplomatic recognition to his government

he abdicated in 1914

Question 22

venustiano carranza

Answer 22

mexican president who approved the constitution of 1917

Question 23

plan de guadalupe

Answer 23

march 1913

political manifesto written by carranza that denounced the legitimacy of the huerta government

Question 24

obregon

Answer 24

president of mexico after revolution

leader of the constitutionalist party in (which wanted to break the power of the landed families and US without radical land reform or nationalisation of property), tried to put a reform program into effect, but no real change occurred

Question 25

constitutionalists

Answer 25

group that wanted a proper constitution for mexico (mostly urban) –ultimately claim victory 1917

Question 26

conventionists

Answer 26

group led by villa and zapata in opposition to the constitutionalists

Question 27

aguascalientes convention

Answer 27

a major meeting that took place between the factions in the revolution that had defeated huerta’s federal army and forced his resignation and exile in july 1914

Question 28

tampico affair

Answer 28

results in a breakdown of diplomatic relations between the US and mexico, caused by misunderstandings between american and mexican sailors, and the refusal of mexico to give a 21-gun salute

Question 29

zimmerman telegram

Answer 29

march 1917

sent from german foreign secretary, addressed to german minister in mexico city

mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with germany (needed that advantage due to mexico’s promixity to the US)

in return, germany would give back tex, arizona etc to mexico

Question 30

1917 constitution

Answer 30

restricted the power of the catholic church

empowered the government to redistribute land

advocated leftists labor rights

Question 31

maximato

Answer 31

1928-1934

period in which calles dominated mexican politics from behind the scenes through three interim presidents

Question 32

bucareli agreement

Answer 32

agreement between mexican and US representatives that ‘solved’ the dispute over subsoil rights

Question 33

national agrarian comission

Answer 33

set up by obregon in 1922, used by cardenas for land reform

Question 34

cristero revolt

Answer 34

1926 - 1929

gainst anti-religion laws put in by calles

priests stop performing mass and baptism, secular education

Question 35

dwight morrow

Answer 35

US ambassador to mexico starting 1927; improves mexico-US relations working with calles

Question 36

camisas rojas

Answer 36

socialist paramilitary organisation created by canabal (agriculture minister) to undermine cardenas

Question 37

campesinos

Answer 37

peasant farmers

Question 38

indigenismo

Answer 38

a political, intellectual, and artistic movement that celebrated indigenous peoples in mexico

Question 39

regional confederation of mexican workers (CROM)

Answer 39

labour union founded by carranza 1918-1928

Question 40

plan de agua prieta

Answer 40

anti-carranza declaration by obregon, calles, de la huerta

Question 41

penal code of 1926 (calles Law)

Answer 41

education controlled by state

Question 42

revolutionary party of mexico (PRM)

Answer 42

cardenas reformed from PNR to PRM, emphasis on nationalism