paper 3 - political developments in latin america

Question 1

salvador allende

Answer 1

socialist politician elected president of chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973

he died during the military attack

Question 2

chicago boys

Answer 2

group of chilean economists trained by milton friedman who played a central role in supporting the chilean coup and instituting neoliberal economic reforms

Question 3

gustavo gutierrez

Answer 3

founder of liberation theology

Question 4

juan domingo peron

Answer 4

army colonel who became president of argentina (1946-52, 1952-55, 1973-74) and was founder and leader of the peronist movement, in 1948, he was granted unlimited power, thereby transforming him into an absolute dictator

Question 5

oscar romero

Answer 5

el salvador roman catholic priest who was assassinated for speaking out for human rights

Question 6

getulio vargas

Answer 6

dictator of brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954

defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created estado novo (‘New State’), a dictatorship that emphasised industrialisation

Question 7

infamous decade

Answer 7

in argentina, this lasted from 1930-1943; a period of discredited democracy, corruption, fraud, nepotism

Question 8

alliance for progress

Answer 8

in 1961, JFK implemented this program in which the US tried to help latin american countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military

Question 9

caudillo

Answer 9

military dictator or political boss in latin america

Question 10

central american common market

Answer 10

a trade pact among costa rica, el salvador, guatemala, honduras, and nicaragua, which began in the early 1960s but collapsed in 1969 due to war

Question 11

chileanisation

Answer 11

process initiated by president eduardo frei between chile and the US for the gradual purchase by chile of 51% of the shares of US-owned copper companies

Question 12

clientelism

Answer 12

a process whereby the state co-opts members of the public by providing specific benefits or favors to a single person or a small group in return for public support

Question 13

descamisados

Answer 13

term meaning “the shirtless ones,” popularised by juan and evita perón to refer to the working-class masses and dispossessed

Question 14

estado novo

Answer 14

brazilian regime created by getulio vargas, 1937-1945

estado novo’s industrialisation program and general expansion of government activities were typical of mid-1900s nationalist movements

Question 15

FMLN

Answer 15

the farabundo martí national liberation front was formed as an umbrella group on october 10, 1980 from multiple left wing guerilla organisations

aimed to overthrow the salvadoran government, address socio-economic inequalities, and establish a socialist state through armed struggle during the salvadoran civil war

Question 16

grupo de oficiales unidos (GOU)

Answer 16

the nationalist faction of the armed forces that led the 1943 coup d’etat in argentina

Question 17

guerrilla warfare

Answer 17

a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes

Question 18

import substitution industrialisation

Answer 18

an economic system aimed at building a country’s industry by restricting foreign trade

it was especially popular in latin american countries such as mexico, argentina, and brazil in the mid-twentieth century

Question 19

IMF

Answer 19

a UN agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies

Question 20

justicialismo

Answer 20

peron’s philosophy—belief in catholicism, fascism, anti-communism, social justice, political sovereignty, economic independence and rights for workers

Question 21

ladino

Answer 21

a person of mixed european and native american ancestry

Question 22

liberation theology

Answer 22

the combining of christian principles with political activism, often marxist in character

Question 23

mothers centers

Answer 23

women’s organisations created by the chilean government in 1954 to support women by teaching them household skills, and later used by governments to co-opt women as political supporters

Question 24

IADB (inter-american development bank)

Answer 24

organisation created to alleviate poverty in latin america, providing grants and technical assistance for development projects

Question 25

oligarchy

Answer 25

a small group of people having control of a country, organisation, or institution

Question 26

populism

Answer 26

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

Question 27

roca-runciman treaty

Answer 27

a three-year trade pact between argentina and great britain, signed in may 1933, that guaranteed argentina a fixed share in the british meat market and eliminated tariffs on argentine cereals.

Question 28

sandinistas

Answer 28

leftwing anti-american revolutionaries in nicaragua who launched a civil war in 1979

Question 29

shock groups

Answer 29

armed band of extreme political parties, who supported political demonstrations and engaged in violence with opposing groups, in chile

Question 30

the twenty truths

Answer 30

manifesto written by peron to describe his political movement based in social justice

Question 31

volta redonda

Answer 31

industrial city created by vargas to produce steel

Question 32

ORDEN

Answer 32

an anti-guerrilla paramilitary organisation that coordinated and trained death squads and intimidation during the el salvador civil war

Question 33

direccion de inteligencia nacional

Answer 33

chilean secret police during the pinochet dictatorship in chile, responsible for many human rights abuses