paper 2 - authoritarian states (castro)

Question 1

barefoot doctors

Answer 1

under a program titled ‘El Servicio Médico Rural’, cuban medical students were sent to small towns and villages that had never previously seen a doctor –> better healthcare

Question 2

operation verano

Answer 2

batista’s counter-attack in 1958; government military were handicapped in operation because castro knew the ground better and local population supported Castro

Question 3

BRAC

Answer 3

the bureau for the repression of communist activities was the Cuban secret police agency that president fulgencio batista maintained in the 1950s

Question 4

moncada barracks attack

Answer 4

120 rebels led by fidel and raul attacking an army outpost

Question 5

sierra maestra campaign

Answer 5

guerrilla war named after the mountain range where castro and his supporters lived during 1956-1959 and struggled against the batista regime.

Question 6

granma expedition

Answer 6

58 foot yacht purchased by castro while in mexico

set sail for cuba on Nov. 24 1956

the group was betrayed and scattered into the mountains

Question 7

santiago uprising

Answer 7

on nov 30 1956, members of the 26th of July movement in santiago de cuba, under the command of frank país prepared an uprising as a backup for the landing of the Granma yacht, but, as the landing was delayed for two days, the uprising had ended in an unfortunate failure

Question 8

comintern

Answer 8

communist International - the organisation tasked with spreading revolution around the world

Question 9

command economy

Answer 9

an economic system in which the government makes all economic decisions

Question 10

26th of july movement (M-26-7)

Answer 10

vanguard revolutionary organisation then a party led by fidel castro that in 1959 overthrew the fulgencio batista dictatorship in cuba

Question 11

agrarian reform laws

Answer 11

the expropriation of thousands of medium-size farms

state farms became the dominant form of agriculture, controlling 70% of the land and taking responsibility for all the major export crops

the government also forced those small farmers who remained, to sell their crops to it at low cost

Question 12

ramon grau san martin

Answer 12

provisional president of Cuba (6th total) appointed by batista in 1933 (served for a year)

later forced out by batista, who was complying with the US (who feared this guy was getting too communist for their taste)

Question 13

ernesto che guevara

Answer 13

argentinian medical school graduate who comes into contact with castro while in mexico

guevara will become castro’s second in command and the revolution’s greatest martyr

Question 14

gerardo machado

Answer 14

general of the cuban war of independence and president of cuba from 1925 to 1933

Question 15

jose marti

Answer 15

cuban poet and journalist who organised a guerilla revolution against spain in 1895- “cuba libre” free cuba was his battle cry-and sought US support and intervention

Question 16

huber matos

Answer 16

cuban military leader, political dissident, activist and writer

he opposed the dictatorship of batista from its inception in 1952 and fought alongside castro

Question 17

“history will absolve me”

Answer 17

castro’s eloquent defense speech made at his trial

this speech made him a national hero

Question 18

platt amendment

Answer 18

made in 1901 and repealed in 1934, made cuba a protectorate under the USA so they could not be economically independent and made american culture stay in cuba

Question 19

monoculture economy

Answer 19

basing the economy on one type of product (such as sugar)

Question 20

good neighbour policy

Answer 20

the foreign policy of the administration of USA towards the countries of latin america which stated that no intervention and no interference would occur within the domestic affairs of latin america

Question 21

moncada programme

Answer 21

castro’s programme for social reform, including land redistribution, profit sharing for industrial and sugar workers, and ending corruption

Question 22

partido ortodoxo (or the orthodoxos)

Answer 22

the party castro initially joined that advocated for passive resistance and civil disobedience

eventually castro left it and formed his own 26th of july movement

Question 23

partido autentico

Answer 23

the most nationalistic of the major parties that existed between the 1933 and the 1959 cuban revolution

it had as its theme “cuba para los cubanos” (cuba for cubans)

its electoral program contained socialist and corporatist elements

Question 24

fidelistas

Answer 24

originally, this referred to the close group of early supporters of castro and the 26 july movement

they were a cross-section of cuban society- workers, peasant, black people and middle-class liberals - who responded to castro’s charismatic appeal

Question 25

special period

Answer 25

extended period of economic crisis that began in 1989 due to the dissolution of the soviet union

Question 26

bay of pigs invasion

Answer 26

1961 failed invasion of cuba by a CIA-led force of cuban exiles

Question 27

cuban missile crisis

Answer 27

1962 crisis that arose between the US and the soviet union over a soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in cuba

Question 28

escambray rebellion

Answer 28

a mix of former batista soldiers, local farmers, and former allied guerrillas fought castro and his forces in the escambray mountains

Question 29

mariel boatlift

Answer 29

1980 mass migration of people from cuba to the US

Question 30

operation peter pan

Answer 30

exodus of 14,000 unaccompanied minors from cuba to the US orchestrated by the catholic church and the US government in 1960-61

Question 31

the padilla affair (1971)

Answer 31

became synonymous with intellectual censorship under cuba

he “confessed” to his ‘crimes’ at a writers union

Question 32

revolutionary offensive

Answer 32

termination of private enterprises in cuba in march 1968

its goal was to get rid of capitalism completely, yet only resulted in absenteeism and less productivity from workers

Question 33

INRA

Answer 33

national Institute for agrarian reform

the organization that was formed in 1959 and headed by che guevara

its goals were to implement the agriculture reform laws of the agrarian reform act and it oversaw the development of rural infrastructure

the agency was the effective lead political organ in the early years after castro came to power

Question 34

10 million ton harvest

Answer 34

cuba’s economic plan to produce a historic amount of sugar that failed miserably

Question 35

herbert matthews

Answer 35

news reporter from the new york times

goes to cuba to interview castro who is hiding in the mountains

important because this is the first confirmation of if castro is still alive and planning on overthrowing batista

Question 36

operation mongoose

Answer 36

the CIA’s secret options on how to get rid of or assassinate castro

Question 37

diversification

Answer 37

a strategy of increasing economy by introducing new products into new markets

Question 38

DGI

Answer 38

Castro’s secret police