Paper 2 - Approaches Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define negative reinforcement?

A

This is when a negative reinforcer (something undesirable) is removed with positive behaviour

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2
Q

Punishment

A

The implementation of a negative consequence for bad behaviour. With the aim of decreasing the probability of the behaviour being repeated

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3
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

This is when something desirable is obtained as a result of an action

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4
Q

Explain the general development of cognitive neuroscience?

A

1860 Brocca’s area discovered
1970 - formation of cognitive neuroscience as a recognised discipline
MRI’s fMRI scans were invented. This helped in memory studies eg locating episodic memory (Tulving)

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5
Q

What did Tulving find?

A

The left side of the brain is involved in recalling semantic memories
The right side of the brain is involved in recalling episodic memories
(He did this through PET and fMRI scans)

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6
Q

Define congurance

A

When our 3 selves align with each other and we have received positive unconditional regard we have reach ed congruence

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7
Q

How is congruence relevant?

A

Carl roger argued that you must achieve congruence to get to self actualisation

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8
Q

What are the consequences of the defence mechanisms?

A

A variety of behaviours with a hidden meaning that needs to be decoded. In cases where info in repressed this can lead to mental health difficulties

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9
Q

What study could be used to evaluate SLT?

A

Bandura

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10
Q

What are the positive evaluations of SLT?

A

Real world applications
Highlights the importance of cognition in learning
Less determinism

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11
Q

What are the negative evaluations of SLT?

A

Reductionism
Bandura
Agression in transsexual ppts

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12
Q

Explain the positive evaluation of SLT: Real world applications?

A

The study of vicarious reinforcement and live and symbolic models could help explain crime

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13
Q

Explain the positive evaluation of SLT: Highlighting the role of cognition in learning?

A

Neither CC or OC seems to tell the whole story
So a more comprehensive explanation is needed. Vicarious reinforcement is the answer

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14
Q

Explain the positive evaluation of SLT: less deterministic

A

Reciprocal determinism was emphasised by Bandura. This is a softer form of determinism as our self schema can be shaped by a variety of other factors

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15
Q

Explain the negative evaluation of SLT: Reductionsim

A

Obvious stuff

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16
Q

Why is the Bandura experiment a negative evaluation of SLT?

A

It is both + and -
The experimental methodology is flawed as there could have been quite clear demand characteristics

17
Q

Explain the study about aggression in transsexual ppts?

A

35 F-M
15 M-F
They took. A questionnaire before and after hormone replacement therapy to measure aggression

F-M self reported an increase in aggression
This may be due to increased testosterone

18
Q

How does the transsexual ppts study a negative of SLT?

A

It shows the influence of biological factors. Other factors could increase decreased serotonin and the MAOA gene

19
Q

Explain a bit further about skinner?

A

He did multiple experiments with each skinners box having different conditions (make this clear)