Paper 2 - Approaches Part 2 Flashcards
Define negative reinforcement?
This is when a negative reinforcer (something undesirable) is removed with positive behaviour
Punishment
The implementation of a negative consequence for bad behaviour. With the aim of decreasing the probability of the behaviour being repeated
Positive reinforcement
This is when something desirable is obtained as a result of an action
Explain the general development of cognitive neuroscience?
1860 Brocca’s area discovered
1970 - formation of cognitive neuroscience as a recognised discipline
MRI’s fMRI scans were invented. This helped in memory studies eg locating episodic memory (Tulving)
What did Tulving find?
The left side of the brain is involved in recalling semantic memories
The right side of the brain is involved in recalling episodic memories
(He did this through PET and fMRI scans)
Define congurance
When our 3 selves align with each other and we have received positive unconditional regard we have reach ed congruence
How is congruence relevant?
Carl roger argued that you must achieve congruence to get to self actualisation
What are the consequences of the defence mechanisms?
A variety of behaviours with a hidden meaning that needs to be decoded. In cases where info in repressed this can lead to mental health difficulties
What study could be used to evaluate SLT?
Bandura
What are the positive evaluations of SLT?
Real world applications
Highlights the importance of cognition in learning
Less determinism
What are the negative evaluations of SLT?
Reductionism
Bandura
Agression in transsexual ppts
Explain the positive evaluation of SLT: Real world applications?
The study of vicarious reinforcement and live and symbolic models could help explain crime
Explain the positive evaluation of SLT: Highlighting the role of cognition in learning?
Neither CC or OC seems to tell the whole story
So a more comprehensive explanation is needed. Vicarious reinforcement is the answer
Explain the positive evaluation of SLT: less deterministic
Reciprocal determinism was emphasised by Bandura. This is a softer form of determinism as our self schema can be shaped by a variety of other factors
Explain the negative evaluation of SLT: Reductionsim
Obvious stuff