Paper 2 - Approaches Part 2

Question 1

Define negative reinforcement?

Answer 1

This is when a negative reinforcer (something undesirable) is removed with positive behaviour

Question 2

Punishment

Answer 2

The implementation of a negative consequence for bad behaviour. With the aim of decreasing the probability of the behaviour being repeated

Question 3

Positive reinforcement

Answer 3

This is when something desirable is obtained as a result of an action

Question 4

Explain the general development of cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 4

1860 Brocca’s area discovered
1970 - formation of cognitive neuroscience as a recognised discipline
MRI’s fMRI scans were invented. This helped in memory studies eg locating episodic memory (Tulving)

Question 5

What did Tulving find?

Answer 5

The left side of the brain is involved in recalling semantic memories
The right side of the brain is involved in recalling episodic memories
(He did this through PET and fMRI scans)

Question 6

Define congurance

Answer 6

When our 3 selves align with each other and we have received positive unconditional regard we have reach ed congruence

Question 7

How is congruence relevant?

Answer 7

Carl roger argued that you must achieve congruence to get to self actualisation

Question 8

What are the consequences of the defence mechanisms?

Answer 8

A variety of behaviours with a hidden meaning that needs to be decoded. In cases where info in repressed this can lead to mental health difficulties

Question 9

What study could be used to evaluate SLT?

Answer 9

Bandura

Question 10

What are the positive evaluations of SLT?

Answer 10

Real world applications
Highlights the importance of cognition in learning
Less determinism

Question 11

What are the negative evaluations of SLT?

Answer 11

Reductionism
Bandura
Agression in transsexual ppts

Question 12

Explain the positive evaluation of SLT: Real world applications?

Answer 12

The study of vicarious reinforcement and live and symbolic models could help explain crime

Question 13

Explain the positive evaluation of SLT: Highlighting the role of cognition in learning?

Answer 13

Neither CC or OC seems to tell the whole story
So a more comprehensive explanation is needed. Vicarious reinforcement is the answer

Question 14

Explain the positive evaluation of SLT: less deterministic

Answer 14

Reciprocal determinism was emphasised by Bandura. This is a softer form of determinism as our self schema can be shaped by a variety of other factors

Question 15

Explain the negative evaluation of SLT: Reductionsim

Answer 15

Obvious stuff

Question 16

Why is the Bandura experiment a negative evaluation of SLT?

Answer 16

It is both + and -
The experimental methodology is flawed as there could have been quite clear demand characteristics

Question 17

Explain the study about aggression in transsexual ppts?

Answer 17

35 F-M
15 M-F
They took. A questionnaire before and after hormone replacement therapy to measure aggression

F-M self reported an increase in aggression
This may be due to increased testosterone

Question 18

How does the transsexual ppts study a negative of SLT?

Answer 18

It shows the influence of biological factors. Other factors could increase decreased serotonin and the MAOA gene

Question 19

Explain a bit further about skinner?

Answer 19

He did multiple experiments with each skinners box having different conditions (make this clear)