Paper 1 - Psychopathology - Depression Flashcards
How frequent are mental health problems in the UK?
1 in 6 people in the UK
How many deaths in the UK from suicide in 2021?
Approximately 6320
State the stats about people who have reported that they have suffered from depression?
3.3% in 100
4.8 in 2017 (teenagers)
How are depression and depressive disorders characteristic?
Changes to mood
What are the different categories of depression in the DSM-V?
Give a brief explanation of each?
Major depressive disorder - severe but short term
Persistent depressive disorder - long term or recurring depression including sustained major depression
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder - childhood tantrums
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder - disruption to mood prior to and/or during menstruation
What is unipolar depression?
A subtype of major depression:
An episode of depression that can occur suddenly
It can be reactive - eg after the death of a loved one
Or it can be endogenous - neurological factors
What is bipolar disorder?
A subtype of major depression:
Sufferers are manic and depressive
There is a change of mood in regular cycles
Mania : over-activity, rapid speech, and feeling happy or agitated
What are the emotional characteristics of depression?
Defining emotion element of depression are worthlessness and empty
Lowered mood
Lowered Self esteem
Anger (at self or others)
What are the behavioural characteristics of depression?
Disruption to sleep and eating behaviour which can lead to insomnia or hypersomnia and weight gain or loss
Aggression and self harm: can be irritable and this leads to verbal or physical agression
Anxiety levels: feeling lethargic leading to withdraw from work, education and social life
This can also lead to:
Psychomotor agitation: unable to relax and end up pacing
Anhedonia - decreased ability to feel pleasure/lose of interest
What are the cognitive characteristics of depression?
Poor concentration due to rumination of thoughts leading to poor problem solving and decision making skills.
We ruminate on negative thoughts because our cognition becomes more negative. This is further emphasised by absolutist thinking
What are the assumptions in terms of depression of the cognitive approach?
It is the way that you think about the problem rather than the problem itself which causes the mental disorder: distorted and irrational thinking (cause maladaptive behaviours)
- individuals can overcome mental health disorders by learning to use more appropriate cognitions. If people think in a more positive way can be helped to feel better
What were the main 3 things that Beck believed about depression?
Faulty information processing
Negative scheemas
The negative triad
What mental health disorder did Aron Beck work on?
Depression
What did Beck say about faulty information processing?
Beck believed that people who are depressed make fundamental errors in logic
He proposed that depressed people tend to selectively attend to the negative aspects of a stimulus sand ignore the positive aspects
Also that there is a tendency to blow small problems out of proportion with absolutist thinking and ignoring the middle ground
What did Beck believe about negative schemas?
People who become depressed they develop a negative self schema and therefore they interpret all the information about themselves in a negative way
What is the negative triad
Depressed people have a tendency to view themselves, the world and the future in pessimistic ways
Which 2 psychologists studied depression?
Albert Ellis
Aron Beck
What did Ellis propose about mental health?
That good mental health is the result of rational thinking
He argued that people with depression have similar irrational believes and they base their lives on this lead to the ABC model
What was Ellis’ theory?
(The name)
ABC model
In Ellis’ theory what does the A,B and C stand for?
Activating event
Belifs
Consequences
Explain the A in Ellis’ theory?
Activating event
He focused on situations which