Paper 2 Approaches Flashcards
What are the mediational processes
A- attention
R- retention
R- reproduction
M- motivation
Modelling theory definition
The idea that changes in behaviour have come from observing others
Vicarious Reinforcement definition
Involves learning through observation of consequence of observed reactions
Mediational processes definition
Processes that occur between the stimuli and response
SLT defintion
The theory that environment plays a large part in learning behaviour.
What was the aim of Bandura’s Bobo Doll study?
To see if learning can occur through observation of a role model
Procedure Bobo Doll study
group 1- watched parent have agressive behaviour towards doll, children imitated behaviour when the observed actions from a same sex role model
group 2- control, no aggressive behaviour observed, children did not act violently.
Assumptions of SLT
People learn through observation
cognition plays a role in learning
What is classical conditioning
Learning by association ie Pavlov
What is operant condition
Learning by consequence ie skinner
Assumptions of Behaviourist Aprroach
We are all born blank slates and all behaviour is learnt
All species learn in the same way
Watson and Reyner Little Albert Study aim and methodology
Aim to see if phobias are learnt
The presented Albert with a white rat and loud noise at the same time
Albert associated this noise with a rat and a phobia was created
HOWEVER he generalised this to all fluffy white objects.
What is the unconditioned Stimulus and unconditioned response in Pavlov study
Food and salivation
Negative reinforcement definition
When performing an action stops something unpleasant happening
so increases the likelihood that the desired behaviour will continue
Imitation definition
To copy the behaviour and actions of a role model
Main psychologist in Psychodynamic approach?
Freud
Components of tripartite model of the mind
Id - the pleasure principle
Ego- the reality principle
Superego- the morality principle
Psychosexual Stages
Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital
Psychic determinism defintion
the idea that unconscious forces control and determine all behaviour
Everything has a reason
Assumptions of the psychodynamic approach
1) unconscious processes determine our behaviour
2) personality has 3 parts; id, ego and superego
3) Early childhood experiences determine adult relationships
Name the defence mechanisms
psychodynamic
- repression
- denial
- displacement
How do they assess the unconscious mind?
Psychodynamic approach
- Dream analysis
- Free association
How does free association work?
Patient relaxes and says the first thing that comes to mind
Therapist looks for Freudian slips
ego will be unable to carry out normal role
How does dream analysis work?
Psychodynamic approach
- based on the idea that repressed ideas in the unconscious are more likely to appear in dreams (known as the latent content)
- The manifest content is the dream as it appears to the person ie the symbols
Strengths of the Psychodynamic approach
- draws importance of childhood in determining our behaviour
- useful applications in therapy which is effective
- Freuds theory gives a unique insight into behaviour the idea of the unconscious has gained support
Weaknesses of the Psychodynamic approach
- based on case studies that are subjective and idiographic
- unscientific and unfalsifiable
- approach is deterministic and pessimistic
- key concepts ie the unconscious are not observable so not objective or scientific
Little Hans
Supports Oedipus complex.
Longitudinal case study, developed a phobia of white horses because he saw one fall with a carriage so his phobia was generalised to all carriages.
Freud suggested that Hans was jealous of his father as he wanted is mother, and this manifested itself into a horse
Assumptions of the humanistic approach
1) humans have a basic need to feel natured and valued by people
2) This is needed without conditions to allow the development of self worth
3) Children who receive negative regard will have low self esteem
Maslow’s theory
- Belives humans are motivated by needs beyond basic survival
- self actualisation is the need to grow and develop to achieve the full potential
- the heirarchy of needs emphasises this
How do they investigate congruence and incongruence?
Q-sort method
measures a persons congruence, contains a series of cards with statements
ie- need recognition from others
sort into ideal self and actual self
Carl Rogers
humanistic approach
Developed CCT (client centred therapy) this aims to improve congruence and conditions of worth
What is congruence?
The consistency between ideal self and actual self
defence mechanisms can stop self from growing and widen the gap
