Paper 2 Approaches

Question 1

What are the mediational processes

Answer 1

A- attention
R- retention
R- reproduction
M- motivation

Question 2

Modelling theory definition

Answer 2

The idea that changes in behaviour have come from observing others

Question 3

Vicarious Reinforcement definition

Answer 3

Involves learning through observation of consequence of observed reactions

Question 4

Mediational processes definition

Answer 4

Processes that occur between the stimuli and response

Question 5

SLT defintion

Answer 5

The theory that environment plays a large part in learning behaviour.

Question 6

What was the aim of Bandura’s Bobo Doll study?

Answer 6

To see if learning can occur through observation of a role model

Question 7

Procedure Bobo Doll study

Answer 7

group 1- watched parent have agressive behaviour towards doll, children imitated behaviour when the observed actions from a same sex role model

group 2- control, no aggressive behaviour observed, children did not act violently.

Question 8

Assumptions of SLT

Answer 8

People learn through observation

cognition plays a role in learning

Question 9

What is classical conditioning

Answer 9

Learning by association ie Pavlov

Question 10

What is operant condition

Answer 10

Learning by consequence ie skinner

Question 11

Assumptions of Behaviourist Aprroach

Answer 11

We are all born blank slates and all behaviour is learnt

All species learn in the same way

Question 12

Watson and Reyner Little Albert Study aim and methodology

Answer 12

Aim to see if phobias are learnt
The presented Albert with a white rat and loud noise at the same time
Albert associated this noise with a rat and a phobia was created
HOWEVER he generalised this to all fluffy white objects.

Question 13

What is the unconditioned Stimulus and unconditioned response in Pavlov study

Answer 13

Food and salivation

Question 14

Negative reinforcement definition

Answer 14

When performing an action stops something unpleasant happening
so increases the likelihood that the desired behaviour will continue

Question 15

Imitation definition

Answer 15

To copy the behaviour and actions of a role model

Question 16

Main psychologist in Psychodynamic approach?

Answer 16

Freud

Question 17

Components of tripartite model of the mind

Answer 17

Id - the pleasure principle
Ego- the reality principle
Superego- the morality principle

Question 18

Psychosexual Stages

Answer 18

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

Question 19

Psychic determinism defintion

Answer 19

the idea that unconscious forces control and determine all behaviour
Everything has a reason

Question 20

Assumptions of the psychodynamic approach

Answer 20

1) unconscious processes determine our behaviour
2) personality has 3 parts; id, ego and superego
3) Early childhood experiences determine adult relationships

Question 21

Name the defence mechanisms

psychodynamic

Answer 21

• repression
• denial
• displacement

Question 22

How do they assess the unconscious mind?

Psychodynamic approach

Answer 22

• Dream analysis

- Free association

Question 23

How does free association work?

Answer 23

Patient relaxes and says the first thing that comes to mind
Therapist looks for Freudian slips
ego will be unable to carry out normal role

Question 24

How does dream analysis work?

Psychodynamic approach

Answer 24

• based on the idea that repressed ideas in the unconscious are more likely to appear in dreams (known as the latent content)
• The manifest content is the dream as it appears to the person ie the symbols

Question 25

Strengths of the Psychodynamic approach

Answer 25

• draws importance of childhood in determining our behaviour
• useful applications in therapy which is effective
• Freuds theory gives a unique insight into behaviour the idea of the unconscious has gained support

Question 26

Weaknesses of the Psychodynamic approach

Answer 26

• based on case studies that are subjective and idiographic
• unscientific and unfalsifiable
• approach is deterministic and pessimistic
• key concepts ie the unconscious are not observable so not objective or scientific

Question 27

Little Hans

Answer 27

Supports Oedipus complex.
Longitudinal case study, developed a phobia of white horses because he saw one fall with a carriage so his phobia was generalised to all carriages.
Freud suggested that Hans was jealous of his father as he wanted is mother, and this manifested itself into a horse

Question 28

Assumptions of the humanistic approach

Answer 28

1) humans have a basic need to feel natured and valued by people
2) This is needed without conditions to allow the development of self worth
3) Children who receive negative regard will have low self esteem

Question 29

Maslow’s theory

Answer 29

• Belives humans are motivated by needs beyond basic survival
• self actualisation is the need to grow and develop to achieve the full potential
• the heirarchy of needs emphasises this

Question 30

How do they investigate congruence and incongruence?

Answer 30

Q-sort method
measures a persons congruence, contains a series of cards with statements
ie- need recognition from others
sort into ideal self and actual self

Question 31

Carl Rogers

humanistic approach

Answer 31

Developed CCT (client centred therapy)
this aims to improve congruence and conditions of worth

Question 32

What is congruence?

Answer 32

The consistency between ideal self and actual self

defence mechanisms can stop self from growing and widen the gap