Memory Flashcards
George Miller
Be lives capacity for STM was 7+/- 2 items
we can recall 5 words just as easily as 5 letters
Peterson and Peterson
Students given a consonant to remember and told to count back in 3s to avoid rehearsal
3 seconds recall= 80%
18 seconds recall= 18%
Alan Baddeley
4 word lists - Acoustically similar - Acoustically dissimilar - Semantically Similar - Semantically dissimilar Identified 2 memory stores
Loftus and Palmer
Effect of leading questions on EWT.
Replaced verb eg smashed (40.8 mph), hit (34 mph)
32% reported smashed glass on more violent verb
Yullie and cutshall
Positive anxiety
21 ppts in a real life shooting 5 months afterwards
found EWT was largely the same with only minor details eg age and height changing
refutes weapon focus effect as anxiety had no effect on memory
Johnson and Scott
Negative anxiety
Effect of anxiety on EWT and facial recognition
1) NO weapon- man with a pen and grease on hands (50%)
2) Weapon- Heard an argument, broken glass, bloody letter opener (33%)
Negative Anxiety
Johnson and Scott
Gabbert et al
Watched a video of a girl stealing. Each pair were told they had watched the same video, they had not
71% recalled info they hadnt seen
60% said the girl was guilty despite not seeing the crime.
Positive Anxiety
Yullie and Cutshall
Geiselman et al
Cognitive Interview
1) Report Everything
2) Context Reinstatement
3) Recall from changed perspective
4) Recall in reverse order
Baddeley and Hitch
Retroactive forgetting
Sample of rugby players, players who played more often forgot more
New info (team names) interfered with old info
Keppel and Underwood
Proactive forgetting
3 letter trigrams with counting backwards in 3s to avoid rehearsal. Found they remembered the first trigrams better
old info interfered with new info
Godden and Baddeley
Context dependent forgetting
18 ppts learnt words, found that those who learnt and recalled in the same place where better than those who didn’t
eg- bother on land or both underwater.
Carter and Cassiday
Found that when cues that were present at the time of encoding are missing during retrieval, state dependent forgetting occurred
antihistamine study.
Proactive forgetting
Keppel and Underwood
Context Dependent Forgetting
Godden and Baddeley
Semantic Memory
Knowledge of facts, concepts, and meanings
eg-capital cities
Procedural memory
Implicit memory of tasks
eg- riding a bike (in motor cortex)
Episodic Memory
Events that are personal to one person
eg- your wedding day (in hippocampus)
Who proposed the Multistore model of memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
MSM
Short term memory capacity, duration, and coding
Capacity= 5-9 items Duration= 18-30 seconds Coding= acoustic
MSM
Long term memory- capacity, durations and coding
Capacity= unlimited Duration= a lifetime Coding= semantic
MSM
Sensory Register- Capacity
Unknown (very large)
MSM
Sensory reg- Duration
Limited (250ms)
MSM
Sensory Register- coding
Raw/ unprocessed
Who proposed the Working Model of Memory
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
WMM
Phonological Loop
Inner voice
Inner Ear
Holds and processes verbal information
Deals with spoken and written information
WMM
Visuo Spatial Sketchpad
Inner Scribe
Visual Cache
Stores and processes visual information
WMM
Central Executive
Controls and Directs information
WMM
Episodic Buffer
Temporary store, Integrates information from the other 3 stores.
Stengths of WMM
- Evidence from dual Task studies and brain scanning techniques
- Patient KF (supports idea of different stores)
- NO emphasis on rehearsal
Weaknesses of WMM
- Blind people still have a good spatial awareness, but no visual
- only considers STM
- Does no suggest that ability can change overtime
Bahrick
Duration of LTM
Tested name recall on a yearbook. After 15 years = 90%
After 50 years= 80%
