Memory

Question 1

George Miller

Answer 1

Be lives capacity for STM was 7+/- 2 items

we can recall 5 words just as easily as 5 letters

Question 2

Peterson and Peterson

Answer 2

Students given a consonant to remember and told to count back in 3s to avoid rehearsal
3 seconds recall= 80%
18 seconds recall= 18%

Question 3

Alan Baddeley

Answer 3

4 word lists
- Acoustically similar
- Acoustically dissimilar
- Semantically Similar
- Semantically dissimilar
Identified 2 memory stores

Question 4

Loftus and Palmer

Answer 4

Effect of leading questions on EWT.
Replaced verb eg smashed (40.8 mph), hit (34 mph)
32% reported smashed glass on more violent verb

Question 5

Yullie and cutshall

Answer 5

Positive anxiety
21 ppts in a real life shooting 5 months afterwards
found EWT was largely the same with only minor details eg age and height changing

refutes weapon focus effect as anxiety had no effect on memory

Question 6

Johnson and Scott

Answer 6

Negative anxiety
Effect of anxiety on EWT and facial recognition
1) NO weapon- man with a pen and grease on hands (50%)
2) Weapon- Heard an argument, broken glass, bloody letter opener (33%)

Question 7

Negative Anxiety

Answer 7

Johnson and Scott

Question 8

Gabbert et al

Answer 8

Watched a video of a girl stealing. Each pair were told they had watched the same video, they had not
71% recalled info they hadnt seen
60% said the girl was guilty despite not seeing the crime.

Question 9

Positive Anxiety

Answer 9

Yullie and Cutshall

Question 10

Geiselman et al

Answer 10

Cognitive Interview

1) Report Everything
2) Context Reinstatement
3) Recall from changed perspective
4) Recall in reverse order

Question 11

Baddeley and Hitch

Answer 11

Retroactive forgetting
Sample of rugby players, players who played more often forgot more
New info (team names) interfered with old info

Question 12

Keppel and Underwood

Answer 12

Proactive forgetting
3 letter trigrams with counting backwards in 3s to avoid rehearsal. Found they remembered the first trigrams better
old info interfered with new info

Question 13

Godden and Baddeley

Answer 13

Context dependent forgetting
18 ppts learnt words, found that those who learnt and recalled in the same place where better than those who didn’t
eg- bother on land or both underwater.

Question 14

Carter and Cassiday

Answer 14

Found that when cues that were present at the time of encoding are missing during retrieval, state dependent forgetting occurred
antihistamine study.

Question 15

Proactive forgetting

Answer 15

Keppel and Underwood

Question 16

Context Dependent Forgetting

Answer 16

Godden and Baddeley

Question 17

Semantic Memory

Answer 17

Knowledge of facts, concepts, and meanings

eg-capital cities

Question 18

Procedural memory

Answer 18

Implicit memory of tasks

eg- riding a bike (in motor cortex)

Question 19

Episodic Memory

Answer 19

Events that are personal to one person

eg- your wedding day (in hippocampus)

Question 20

Who proposed the Multistore model of memory

Answer 20

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

Question 21

MSM

Short term memory capacity, duration, and coding

Answer 21

Capacity= 5-9 items
Duration= 18-30 seconds
Coding= acoustic

Question 22

MSM

Long term memory- capacity, durations and coding

Answer 22

Capacity= unlimited
Duration= a lifetime
Coding= semantic

Question 23

MSM

Sensory Register- Capacity

Answer 23

Unknown (very large)

Question 24

MSM

Sensory reg- Duration

Answer 24

Limited (250ms)

Question 25

MSM

Sensory Register- coding

Answer 25

Raw/ unprocessed

Question 26

Who proposed the Working Model of Memory

Answer 26

Baddeley and Hitch (1974)

Question 27

WMM

Phonological Loop

Answer 27

Inner voice
Inner Ear
Holds and processes verbal information
Deals with spoken and written information

Question 28

WMM

Visuo Spatial Sketchpad

Answer 28

Inner Scribe
Visual Cache
Stores and processes visual information

Question 29

WMM

Central Executive

Answer 29

Controls and Directs information

Question 30

WMM

Episodic Buffer

Answer 30

Temporary store, Integrates information from the other 3 stores.

Question 31

Stengths of WMM

Answer 31

• Evidence from dual Task studies and brain scanning techniques
• Patient KF (supports idea of different stores)
• NO emphasis on rehearsal

Question 32

Weaknesses of WMM

Answer 32

• Blind people still have a good spatial awareness, but no visual
• only considers STM
• Does no suggest that ability can change overtime

Question 33

Bahrick

Answer 33

Duration of LTM
Tested name recall on a yearbook. After 15 years = 90%
After 50 years= 80%