Gender Flashcards
Testosterone
An androgen, 10x higher in males develops due to the SRY gene.
Linked to aggression
Oestrogen
Female sex hormone, responsible for the secondary sex characteristics regulates menstrual cycle.
Linked to maternal behaviour.
Oxytocin
Stimulates lactation and reduces the effect of cortisol, Responsible for attachment and bonding.
Men have lower levels which fuels the stereotypes of a lack of intimacy
David Rimer
Shows chromosomes and biology outweigh the attempts to socialise as a girl (environment)
Pepe
Gender
Found giving oestrogen to pregnant monkeys reduced miscarriage and complications.
Tricker
Gender
Double blind study, 43 males given testosterone or a placebo. NO difference in aggression was found after 10 weeks
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Males- Abnormal chromosome pattern XXY.
Often co-morbidity with ADHD
Psychological characteristics of Klinefelter’s
- Poor reading ability
- passive and shy
- poor language skills
Physical Characteristics of Klinefelter’s
- reduced body hair
- longer limbs
- often infertile
- gynecomastia (Breast development)
- narrow shoulders/ wide hips
Turner’s syndrome
Females- abnormal chromosome XO
Psychological characteristics of Turner’s
- higher reading and language ability
- poor mathematical ability
- socially immature
Physical characteristics of Turners Syndrome
- underdeveloped ovaries and breasts
- webbed neck
- infertile
- heart defects
Weaknesses of research into Klinefelter and Turners
- Can be seen as socially sensitive and unethical
- small sample sizes, so often cant generalise
Strengths of research into Klinefelter and Turners
- A study in Australia found that those diagnosed young were more likely to see benefits.
This links to the economy as more people in work etc.
Gender Identity
2-3 years
Can identify and understand the concept of male and female
Gender Stability
3 to 5 years old
Gender is based on superficial characteristics such as clothes. They understand that THEIR gender remains the same
Gender Constancy
6 to 7 years
Gender remains constant regardless of appearance
At this point, children seek gender appropriate role models to imitate
Gender- Schema Theory
Martin and Halverson
Like Kohlberg suggests that children’s understanding of gender increases with age. But earlier at 2-3 years
Little at al
Gender Schema Theory
Found children under 4 show no gender stability or constancy, but demonstrate sex stereotyped behaviours
Slaby and Frey (1975)
Gender
Divided children into low and high constancy groups. Showed them a video of 2 adults doing gendered jobs.
Found those in high constancy focused more on the same sex role model.
Bem (1989)
Gender Evaluation
Suggested social ideas of gender confuse and influence the children.
Bandura
Gender evaluation
Claims social processes of observation, imitation, and identification are more influential than cognitive structures
