Paper 1 Key Terms And Studies Flashcards
MIlgram (obedience)
40 male ppts in Yale Uni -100%-300V -65%- 450V The naïve ppt was always the teacher, gave the learner an electric shock every time they made an error. Repeated with a number of variables -Proximity (65% ---> 20%) -Location (65% ---> 50%) -Uniformity (65% ---> 20%)
Asch (conformity)
123 male ppts in Swarthmore collage - 74%- once - 32%- all a line judgement task (believed to be a vision test) 12 critical trials. Had variations - Group size (32%) - Task difficulty - Unanimity (32% ---> 5%)
Zimbardo (conformity)
24 male ppts, Stanford Uni. The experiment lasted 6 of 14 days.
ppts were randomly assigned the role of guard or prisoner. Found they quickly conformed with their roles. ETHICAL ISSUES!
Loftus and Palmer (EWT)
Leading questions effect on EWT. Replaced the verb eg samshed (40.8mph), hit (34mph).
32% reported seeing smashed glass when there was none.
Yullie and Cutshall (positive anxiety)
21 ppts in a real life shooting, 5 months later EWT was the same with only minor details ie, age and height changing
concluded that anxiety had no effect on memory, refutes weapon focus effect.
Johnson and Scott (negative anxiety)
Affect of anxiety on EWT and facial recognition.
1) NO WEAPON- man with pen and greasy hands (50%)
2) WEAPON- heard argument, saw man with a bloody letter opener (30%)
Gabbert et al (EWT)
Watched a video of a girl stealing. Pair was told they had watched the same video (they had not)
71% recalled info they had not seen.
60% said girl was stealing despite not seeing the crime.
Geiselman et al (cognitive interview)
1) Report everything
2) Context reinstatement
3) Recall from a changed perspective
4) Recall in reverse order
Baddley and Hitch (Retroactive)
New info (ie team names) interfered with old info Sample of rugby players found players who played more forgot more.
Keppel and Underwood (Proactive)
Old info interfered with new info
3 letter trigrams with counting backwards in 3’s to avoid rehearsal. Remembered the first trigrams better.
Godden and Baddley (context-dependent)
18 ppts learnt words, found that those learnt and recited in the same place were remembered better.
eg- both on land or both underwater.
Carter and Cassiday (state dependent)
Found that when cues that are present at the time of encoding and missed during retrieval state dependent forgetting is likely to occur
(experiment 5 words just as easy as 5 letters with anti-histamines)
George Miller (Capacity)
Believed STM = 7+/- 2
So we can remember 5 words just as easy as 5 letters.
Alan Baddley (coding)
4 word lists
- acoustically similar
- acoustically dissimilar
- semantically similar
- semantically dissimilar
Identified 2 memory stores. STM= acoustic and LTM= semantic
Oliner and Oliner
Internal locus- people feel that they have control over their life events. Tend to be more confident and conform less.
Interviewed 406 people who protected Jews in Nazi Germany, and 126 who didn’t. Found that the rescuers had an internal locus.
Milgram (External locus)
External locus- People feel that fate and luck control their lives. more likely to conform
It was concluded that in Milgrams study, people who didn’t have an external locus were less likely to go to 400V.
Minority Influence (Consistency)
Over time consistency in the view of the minority increases interest from other people.
- Synchronic
- Diachronic
Minority Influence (Commitment)
Extreme activities that cause risk demonstrated commitment.
This increases the amount of interest from the majority group (augmentation principle) seen in suffragettes.
Moscovici
Minority Influence (Flexibility)
Being constant alone is not enough. Minority should balance all 3 to not appear rigid.
Meltzoff and Moore- 1977 (Attachment)
An adult made 1 of 3 faces or hand gestures, the child’s reaction was filmed.
Found that there was an association and interactional synchrony is innate, not leanrt
Maccoby- 1980 (Attachment)
Found 4 characteristics of attachment
1) Seeking proximity
2) Distress on separation
3) Joy on reunion
4) Orientation behaviour
Shaffer and Emmerson- 1964 (Attachment)
60 babies from working class Glasgow, observed stranger and separation anxiety.
- asocial
- indecriminate
- specific/discriminate
- multiple
Suggests that attachment develops in stages over the first year.
Edward Tronick- Still Face Experiment (Attachment)
Mother plays with baby, then turns away and shows ‘a still face’ for 2 mins
Found that babies try to regain attention by smiling, pointing and crying.
Geiger- 1996 (Role of the father)
Father acts as a playmate then a caregiver —> babies found their play more exciting which conforms mother to nurturing role.
Bowlby- 1996 (Attachment)
Proposed that attachment is essential for survival both short term (for food, care, protection) and long term (adult relationships)
Harlow- 1959 (Attachment)
8 Rhesus monkeys in a cage with 2 mothers, one made of wire and the other cloth.
For 4 monkeys, the wire mother had food and for the others the cloth did.
Found that they spent most of their time on the cloth, so comfort was more important than food.
Lorenz- 1935 (Attachment)
Geese eggs into 2 groups
1)Natural mother
2)Lorenz
He found that group 2 continued to follow him, so concluded that goslings imprint on the first moving object they see.
Hazen and Shaver- 1982 (Early Attachments)
620 replies from American Newspaper - 56%= securely attached - 25%= insecure avoidant - 19%= insecure resistant Secure is most likely to have good long lasting adult relationships.
Bailey et al- 2007 (Early Attachment)
99 mothers with 1 yr olds.
Found that mothers with poor attachment to their own caregiver were more likely to have poorly attached babies.
Bowlby-1953-Maternal deprivation (Early Attachment)
If an infant does not develop a secure attachment with a caregiver within 2.5 years they will be unable to form adult relationships (Romanian orphan)
Ainsworth- Strange Situation-1970 (Early Attachment)
100 middle class Americans with 7 predetermined stages found-
- 66% secure
- 22% avoidant
- 12% resistant
Van Ijzendoon and Kroonenberg (Early Attachment)
Agreed with Strange situation for Western cultures.
- 65% secure
- 21% avoidant
- 14% resistant
Japan had more resistant, could be due to style of upbringing.
Peterson and Peterson (Duration)
Students were given a consonant to remember and told to count back in 3’s to stop rehearsal.
-3 secs recall= 80%
-18 secs recall= 18%
Alternatively see Barrick with year book photos.
Secure Attachment
When the child feels their needs are met by the caregiver. They become distressed when caregiver leaves but calms when they return (66%)
Insecure Resistant
They are not willing to explore and seek greater proximity to the caregiver. They show both separation and stranger anxiety.
seek proximity and contact with mother on her return, but then reject her. (12%)
Insecure Avoidant
Willing to explore but does not seek proximity to the caregiver. Have low separation anxiety and DO NOT make contact with mother on return. (21%)
Monotropic theory of attachment
A- adaptive S- social releases C- critical period M- monotropy I- internal working model
Explain A- adaptive S- social releases C- critical period M- monotropy I- internal working model
A- adaptive advantage (evolutionary) means we have an innate ability to attach with caregiver for short term care ie food, warmth.
S- Babies have social releases that unlocks an innate tendency for adults to care for them
C- Form attachments over a critical period of 2.5 years, if not Bowlby said the child would be socially, mentally and physically beaten.
M- Infants have 1 special attachment with their mother. If a mother isnt available another caring always present substitute can be made.
I- This model is important for all future adult relationships based off caregiver relationships (also known as the continuity hypothesis)
Rutter et al (Bowlby’s monotropic theory)
Romanian orphan study. Found that those who did not have secure attachments after 2.5years were still able to form secure attachments later on in life, so the critical period is incorrect and should be a sensitive period. (LIMITATION OF BOWLBY)
Semantic memory
Knowledge of facts, concepts and meanings (is capital cities)
Procedural memory
Implicit memory of tasks (is how to ride a bike)
Ainsworth (1967)
Ainsworth (1967)observed the Ganda tribe of Uganda. Infants form one primary attachment even when reared by multiple carers.
Agentic State
When a person acts on behalf of authority to avoid responsibility (as an ‘agent’)
Authoritarian Personality
Adorno et al suggested it develops in childhood as a result of strict parenting, leads to high conformity and obedience
Measured by the F-scale.
Privation
Failure to form any attachments
Effects of institutionalisation
Low IQ
Delinquency
Affectionless Psychopathy
Violence and criminality
Rutter et al (ERA)
Romanian orphans, and British adoptee control group
children adopted after 6 months often showed disinhibited attachment which includes clingy behaviour.
Those adopted before 6 seemed unaffected.
Failure to function adequately criteria
Personal distress Maladaptive behaviour Irrationality Unpredictability Observer discomfort Unconventionality Violation of moral standards
Please may I use out uncommon vacuum
Deviation from ideal mental health criteria
Jahoda
- Being rational
- Resistance to stress
- Independent
- Realistic view of the world
- Environmental mastery
- Personal growth
Deviation from social norms
Any behaviour that varies from societies accepted norms is considedered abnormal
Ie- antisocial personality disorder when a person is impulsive and agressive
Statistical infrequency
Behaviours that are statistically rat should be seen as abnormal
Ie- IDD (intellectual disability disorder) with an IQ under 70, affect 2% of population
Strengths of FFA
- Allows a degree of abnormality
- takes into account patient perspective
Weaknesses of FFA
- cultural relativism
- labelling theory (reciprocal determinism)
- May be unfair to give someone a label because the act differently in certain situations ie bereavement
- easy to label non standard behaviour as abnormal eg- extreme sports
Strengths of deviation from social norms
- considers social dimensions (ie behaviour may be normal in one situation but not another ie nudity in a shop compared to naked beach)
- useful to diagnose some conditions
Weaknesses for deviation from social norms
- many individuals often break social norms are considered “eccentric” ie Eddie izzard
- human rights abuse ie Hitler using labelling to call Jews “abnormal”
- norms change over time ie until 1990s homosexualith was considered a mental illness
