Paper 10

Question 1

Nosodes or bio therapeutics definition
Nosos - disease, cidos - appearance

Answer 1

These are diseased products, disease causing organisms, disease preventing vaccines or toxins
Nosode has no legal existence in France or Germany replaced by term “biotherapy “

Question 2

Classification of nosodes 6

Answer 2

1) basic nosodes -psorinum, bacillinum
2) ex- anthem - vaccininum, influenzin
3) isopathic - streptococcinum
4) intestinal - dysentery co, pro-teus
5) autogenous - prepared from discharges from organs or tissue
6) lesser used-microfilaria, histaminum

Question 3

Depending on nature of materials nosodes are divided into 4 types a/c to HPI
Examples : N1~ thyphoidinum
N2 ~ diptherinum
N3 ~ no ; N4~ psorinum #TDP

Answer 3

N1 - prepared from lysates of microorganisms producing bacterial endotoxin
N2 - prepared from microorganisms capable of producing exotoxins
N3 - prepared form purified toxins
N4 - from microorganisms, viruses

Question 4

Optical rotation definition

Answer 4

Angle through which the plane of polarisation is rotated when a layer of liquid or solution of substance examined by sodium light 💡
Substance thickness = 1 decimeter
Temperature = 25°C

Question 5

Optical rotation expressed in
Uses

Answer 5

Expressed in - degree of angular rotation or specific rotation
Uses : this property is used for assaying or identifying a substance

Question 6

Ointments definition principle

Answer 6

1) Semi solid preparations, should have required Consistency
2) readily applied on skin by rubbing
3) soft, don’t require melting
4) also called “therapeutic creams”
Principle : 1part by wt or vol of MT mixed with 9part by wt/vol of vaseline

Question 7

Uses of ointments

Answer 7

1) for bleeding or non bleeding piles, in all fissures, ulcerations, itching, bleeding from rectum
2) for bruises, blows for blackened eye, boils ,corns
3) dressing for torn, jagged wounds
4) cracked heels, burns

Question 8

Liniments or embrocations definition

Answer 8

Applications of oily or spirituous consistence, mixtures of different medicine in oil,
alcoholic solutions of soap or emulsion suitable for rubbing or painting over the skin,
# serve as protective coating

Question 9

Uses of liniments 3
Examples

Answer 9

1) painted over painful parts of body resulting from falling or blows
2) to reduce rheumatic pain
3) to loosen phlegm accumulated after catching cold, cough
Ex : phytolacca liniments, bryonia, ruta