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YR1 PE notes > PAPER 1 - The Muscular System > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Define ISOTONIC CONTRACTION

A

contractions that cause the muscle to change length, producing movement

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2
Q

Define CONCENTRIC

A

contractions that cause the muscle to shorten e.g. bicep curl (upwards)

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3
Q

Define ECCENTRIC

A

contractions that cause the muscle to lengthen e.g. bicep curl (downwards)

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4
Q

Define ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION

A

there is no change in the length of the contracting muscle, causing no movement

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5
Q

What are FIXATORS ?

A

the muscle that STABILISES the ORIGIN of the AGONIST and the JOINT that the origin moves over

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6
Q

Define FLEXION

A

a movement around a joint that decreases the angle between the bones and the joint

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7
Q

Define EXTENSION

A

a movement around a joint that increases the angle between the bones and the joint

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8
Q

Define LATERAL

A

towards the outside

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9
Q

Define MEDIAL

A

towards the middle

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10
Q

Define POSTERIOR

A

towards the back

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11
Q

Define ANTERIOR

A

towards the front

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12
Q

What movement occurs at the WRIST and what joint is it?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • condyloid joint
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13
Q

What movement occurs at the ELBOW and what type of joint is it?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • hinge joint
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14
Q

What movement occurs at SHOULDER and what type of joint?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • adduction
  • abduction
  • rotation
  • circumduction
  • ball and socket joint
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15
Q

What movement occurs at the HIP and what type of joint is it?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • adduction
  • abduction
  • rotation
  • circumduction
  • ball and socket joint
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16
Q

What movement occurs at the KNEE and what type of joint is it ?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • hinge
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17
Q

What movement occurs at the ANKLE and what type of joint is it?

A
  • plantar flexion
  • dorsi flexion
  • hinge
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18
Q

WRIST : FLEXION : AGONIST

A

wrist flexors

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19
Q

WRIST : EXTENSION : AGONIST

A

wrist extensors

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20
Q

ELBOW : FLEXION : AGONIST

A

biceps brachii

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21
Q

ELBOW : EXTENSION : AGONIST

A

triceps brachii

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22
Q

SHOULDER : FLEXION : AGONIST

A

anterior deltoid

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23
Q

SHOULDER : EXTENSION : AGONIST

A

posterior deltoid

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24
Q

SHOULDER : ADDUCTION : AGONIST

A

latissimus dorsi

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25
Q

SHOULDER : ABDUCTION : AGONIST

A

middle deltoid

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26
Q

SHOULDER : M.ROTATION : AGONIST

A

teres major

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27
Q

SHOULDER : L.ROTATION : AGONIST

A

teres minor

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28
Q

SHOULDER : HORIZONTAL F : AGONIST

A

pectorals major

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29
Q

SHOULDER : HORIZONTAL E : AGONIST

A

posterior deltoid

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30
Q

HIP : FLEXION : AGONIST

A

iliopsoas

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31
Q

HIP : EXTENSION : AGONIST

A

gluteus maximus

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32
Q

HIP : ADDUCTION : AGONIST

A

adductor longus, brevis, magnus

33
Q

HIP : ABDUCTION : AGONIST

A

gluteus medius / minus

34
Q

HIP : M.ROTATION : AGONIST

A

gluteus medius / minus

35
Q

HIP : L.ROTATION : AGONIST

A

gluteus maximus

36
Q

KNEE : FLEXION : AGONIST

A

bicep femoris

37
Q

KNEE : EXTENSION : AGONIST

A

rectus femoris

38
Q

ANKLE : PLANTAR FLEXION : AGONIST

A

gastrocnemius & soleus

39
Q

ANKLE : DORSI FLEXION : AGONIST

A

tibialis anterior

40
Q

What plane is flexion in ?

41
Q

What plane is extension in ?

42
Q

Name the features of the Frontal Plane (3 features)

A
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • divides body into front and back
43
Q

What plane is adduction in ?

44
Q

What plane is abduction in ?

45
Q

What plane is medial rotation in ?

A

transverse

46
Q

What plane is lateral rotation in ?

A

transverse

47
Q

What plane in horizontal flexion in ?

A

transverse

48
Q

What plane in horizontal extension in ?

A

transverse

49
Q

What are the three muscle types ?

A
  • slow oxidative (type 1)
  • fast oxidative (type 2a)
  • fast glycolytic (type 2b)
50
Q

What are slow oxidative muscle fibres designed to do ?

A
  • store oxygen in MYOGLOBIN
  • produce OXYGEN in the MITOCHONDRIA
  • work AEROBICALLY
  • produce small amounts of force but resist fatigue
  • e.g. marathon
51
Q

What are fast oxidative muscle fibres designed to do ?

A
  • produce large amounts of force quickly
  • have the capacity to resist fatigue
  • e.g. 800m
52
Q

What are fast glycolytic muscle fibres designed to do ?

A
  • work anaerobically
  • large stores of PHOSPHOCREATINE
  • fatigue quickly
  • e.g. 100m
53
Q

Name the features of the Tranverse Plane ( 7 features)

A
  • Medial Rotation - rotation towards the body
  • Lateral Roation - rotation towards the outside of the body
  • Pronation - palm towards floor
  • Supination - palm towards ceiling
  • Horizontal abduction (extension) - moving arm upwards, then away from body
  • Horizontal adduction (flexion) - moving arm upwards then towards body
  • Splits body into bottom and top
54
Q

What is a MOTOR NEURON ?

A

a NERVE CELL which transmits a NERVE IMPULSE to a group of MUSCLE FIBRES

55
Q

What is a MOTOR UNIT ?

A

a MOTOR NEURON and the MUSCLE FIBRE stimulated by its AXON

56
Q

What is ACTION POTENTIAL?

A

POSITIVE ELECTRICAL CHARGE inside the NERVE and MUSCLE CELL which conducts the NERVE IMPULSE down the NEURON and into the MUSCLE FIBRE

57
Q

What is a NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION ?

A

where the axon’s MOTOR END PLATES meets the MUSCLE FIBRE

58
Q

What is a SYNAPTIC CLEF ?

A

the small gap between the motor end plates and the muscle fibre

59
Q

What is a NEUROTRANSMITTER ?

A

a CHEMICAL produced that carries the ELECTRICAL IMPULSES across the SYNAPTIC CLEF and to the MUSCLE FUBRE

60
Q

Define MYOGLOBIN

A

a PROTEIN in the muscle responsible for TRANSPORTING OXYGEN to the MITOCHONDRIA

61
Q

Define AEROBIC

A

low intensity, long-duration exercise in the presence of oxygen

62
Q

Define ANAEROBIC

A

high intensity, short-duration exercise without the presence of oxygen

63
Q

Define CAPILLARY

A

a FINE BRANCHING blood vessel that connects an artery to a vein

64
Q

Define PHOSPHOCTREATINE

A

a HIGH-ENERGY COMPOUND store in the muscle cell used as a FUEL for high intensity energy production

65
Q

What is ACETYLCHOLINE

A

the NEURONTRANSMITTER used at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

66
Q

Name the features of the Saggital Plane (5 features)

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • plantarflexion
  • dorsiflexion
  • divides body into left and right
67
Q

What are the Articulating bones of the knee?

A

Femur, tibia

68
Q

What are the Articulating bones of the hip?

A

Femur, pelvis

69
Q

What are the Articulating bones of the elbow?

A

Humerus, radius and ulna

70
Q

What are the Articulating bones of the wrist?

A

Radius, ulna and carpals

71
Q

What are the Articulating bones of the shoulder?

A

Humerus and scapula

72
Q

Name 8 bones in order.

A

cranium not skull

73
Q

Name 10 bones in order

74
Q

Name the 8 bones

75
Q

N—- I—— initiated in the M—- N—— cell body. N—- I—— is conducted down the A— of the M—- N—— by a nerve action potential.
N—- I—— has to cross the S——- C—-. N————— called A———— makes this happen by being secreted into the S——- C—-. If the E——– I——– is above the required threshold the M—– F—– will C——– at the same time with M——— F—-

A

NERVE IMPULSE initiated in the MOTOR NEURON cell body. NERVE IMPULSE is conducted down the AXON of the MOTOR NEURONE by a nerve action potential.
NERVE IMPULSE has to cross the SYNAPTIC CLEFT. NEUROTRANSMITTER called ACETYCHOLINE makes this happen by being secreted into the SYNAPTIC CLEFT. If the ELECTRICAL IMPULSE is above the required threshold the MUSCLE FIBRES will CONTRACT at the same time with MAXIMUM FORCE

76
Q

What are Tendons?

A

Fibrous connective tissue that attaches the muscle to the bone.

77
Q

What is the use of Tendons and where are they located?

A
  • Transmit force created by the muscle to move the bone
  • Origin is where the muscle is attached to the stationary bone
  • Insertion point is where the muscle attaches itself to the moveable bone which will get closer to the origin during muscular contraction
78
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Fibrous tissue that connects bones to bone

YR1 PE notes (19 decks)

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