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YR1 PE notes > 1.1 Skeletal and muscular systems > Flashcards

1.1 Skeletal and muscular systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skeleton

A

a shaping framework for the body- gives protection for internal organs, is the site for blood cell production and is mineral store

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2
Q

Name 2 types of category of bones found in the skeleton

A
  • flat bones- protect internal organs, act as attachments for muscles
  • long bones- levers for movement, act as sites for blood cell production
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3
Q

What is a joint?

A

where two or more bones articulate to create movement

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4
Q

What is a ligament?

A

tough band of elastic connective tissue that connects bone to bone

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5
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

smooth tissue

covers surface of articulating bones

absorbs shock & allows friction free movement

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6
Q

What is a synovial joint?
-give examples

A

type of joint found between bones that move against each other (shoulder, hip elbow knee)

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7
Q

Name the 5 common features of a synovial joint

A

-ligament
-synovial fluid
-articular cartilage
-joint capsule
-bursa

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8
Q

Name the three planes of motion and what they are

A

sagittal plane - divides body into left and right from middle to outside

frontal plane - divides body into front and back

transverse - divides body into top and bottom

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9
Q

What are the 4 types of synovial joint?

A

hinge joint
condyloid joint
pivot joint
ball and socket joint

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10
Q

What does flexion do?

A

decreases joint angle, usually to front of body

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11
Q

What does extension do?

A

increases joint angle, usually to the back of body

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12
Q

What does dorsi-flexion do?

A

decreases joint angle brining toes closer to tibia (toes upwards)

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13
Q

What does plantar flexion do?

A

increases joint angle moving toes further away from tibia (toes down)

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14
Q

What plane does flexion and extension movements occur on

A

sagittal plane

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15
Q

What plane does abduction and adduction movements occur on

A

frontal plane

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16
Q

What plane of movement does a ball and socket joint use?

A

sagittal
frontal
transverse

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17
Q

What plane of movement does a condyloid joint use?

A

sagittal
frontal

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18
Q

What plane of movement does a hinge joint use?

A

sagittal

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19
Q

What is a tendon?

A

a fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone

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20
Q

What is muscular origin?

A

muscular attachment to stationary bone - stays fixed during muscular contraction

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21
Q

What is muscular insertion?

A

point of muscular attachment to moveable bone which gets closer to origin during muscular contraction

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22
Q

What are the three main roles a muscle can adopt?

A

agonist
antagonist
fixator

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23
Q

What is an agonist?

A

muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint (prime mover)

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24
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

muscle that opposes agonist providing resistance for co-ordinated movement

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25
Q

What is a fixator?

A

muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another causes movement

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26
Q

What is antagonistic muscle action?

A

paired muscle action. as the agonist muscle shortens to create movement, the antagonist lengthens to co-ordinate the action

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27
Q

Name the 2 ways isotonic contraction can occur

A

concentric
eccentric

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28
Q

What is concentric muscle contraction?

A

muscle shortens producing tension. produces the force to pull two bones closer together causing joint movement

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29
Q

What is eccentric muscle contraction?

A

muscle lengthens producing tension, resists gravity to control joint movement

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30
Q

Shoulder:
-joint type

-articulating bone

-movement produced (plane) and (movement)

-agonist and antagonist muscles involved

-type of muscle contraction taking place.

A

-ball and socket joint

-humerus, scapula

-sagittal plane: flexion, extension
-agonist muscles: anterior, posterior deltoid

-frontal plane: adduction, abduction
-agonist muscles: latissimus dorsi, middle deltoid

-transverse plane: horizontal flexion and extension
agonist muscles: pectoralis major, teres minor, posterior deltoid

-transverse plane: medial rotation, lateral rotation
-agonist muscles: teres major, teres minor

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31
Q

Elbow:

-joint type

-articulating bones

-movement produced (plane) and (movement)

-agonist and antagonist muscles involved

-type of muscle contraction taking place.

A

-hinge joint

-humerus, radius, ulna

-sagittal plane: flexion, extension

-agonist muscle: biceps brachii, triceps brachii

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32
Q

Wrist:

-joint type

-articulating bones

-movement produced (plane) and (movement)

-agonist and antagonist muscles involved

-type of muscle contraction taking place.

A

–condyloid joint

-radius, ulna, carpals

-sagittal plane: flexion, extension

agonist muscles: wrist flexors, wrist extensor

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33
Q

Hip:

-joint type

-movement produced (plane) and (movement)

-agonist and antagonist muscles involved

-type of muscle contraction taking place.

A

-ball and socket joint

-sagittal plane- flexion, extension
-agonist muscles: iliopsoas, gluteus maximums

-frontal plane- abduction, adduction
agonist muscles- adductor longus, brevis and magnus, gluteus medius and minimus,

-transverse plane- medial and lateral rotation
-agonist muscles- gluetues medius and maximus

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34
Q

What are motor neurons

A

specialised cells which transmit nerve impulses rapidly to a group of fibres

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35
Q

What is the motor unit

A

combination of motor neuron and muscle fibres

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36
Q

Motor unit function

A

carry nerve impulses from brain and spinal cord to muscle fibres, initiating muscular contraction

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37
Q

What is a neurotransmitter

A

chemical produced, secreted by neuron -> transmits nerve impulse across synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre

38
Q

Name the 3 types of muscle fibre

A

-slow oxidative (SO or type 1)
-fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG or type 2a)
-fast glycolytic (FG or type 2b)

39
Q

What are slow oxidative muscle fibres

A

muscle fibre designed to store oxygen in myoglobin & process O2 in mitochondria -> allows to work aerobically

produces small amount of force over a long period of time, resist fatigue

40
Q

What are fast glycolytic muscle fibres

A

type of muscle fibre rich in phosphocreatine which produces a maximal force over a short period of time
-designed to work anaerobically

41
Q

What are fast oxidative glycoltic muscle fibres

A

produce a large amount of force quickly
-can resist fatigue

42
Q

What do small motor neurons do

A

stimulate small muscle fibres
-creating motor unit which produces small, slow amount of force over long period of time- resiting fatigue well

43
Q

What do large motor units do

A

stimulate large muscle fibres
-creates a motor unit which produces large amount of force rapidly
-fatigues quickly

44
Q

What is isotonic muscle contraction

A

when muscle changes length during contraction

45
Q

What is isometric muscle contraction

A

when muscle contracts but doesnt change length

46
Q

Ankle:

-joint type

-articulating bones

-movement produced (plane) and (movement)

-agonist and antagonist muscles involved

-type of muscle contraction taking place.

A

-hinge joint

-tibia, fibula, talus

-sagittal plane
-dorsi flexion, plantar flexion

-agonist muscles: tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius and soleus

47
Q

Knee:

-joint type

-articulating bones

-movement produced (plane) and (movement)

-agonist and antagonist muscles involved

-type of muscle contraction taking place.

A

-hinge joint

-articulating bones: femur, tibia

-sagittal plane: flexion, extension

-agonist muscles: biceps femoris, rectus femoris

-concentric contraction

48
Q

What is rotation

A

-when articulating bones turn about its longitudinal axis

-occurs at shoulder and hip joints

49
Q

What is the insertion

A

-point of muscular attachment to moveable bone which gets closer to origin during muscular contraction

50
Q

When do muscles contract

A

when stimulated by electrical impulse from CNS

51
Q

What are motor neurons

A

-specialised cells which transmit nerve impulses to group of fibres

52
Q

What is an action potential

A

conducts nerve impulse down neuron & into muscle fibre

53
Q

In bullet points explain how muscular contraction occurs

A

-nerve impules sent to muscle fibres

-nerve action potential conducts nerve impulses down axon to motor end plates

-axons motor end plates meet muscle fibres- neuromuscular junc

-small gap between motor end plates and muscle fibre- synaptic cleft

-action potent cant cross synaptic cleft without neurotransmitter- so its secreted into synpatic cleft

-if enough of neurotransmitter is secreted- muscle action potential = created

-action potential creates muscular contraction

54
Q

What can the action potential not cross the synaptic cleft without

A

neurotransmitter

55
Q

What is the synaptic cleft

A

small gap between the motor end plates and muscle fibre

56
Q

What is the place where the axons motor end plates meet the muscle fibre

A

neuromuscular junction

57
Q

Where is the neurotransmitter found and why

A

secreted in synaptic cleft to help nerve impulses cross gap

58
Q

What occurs if enough of the neurotransmitter is secreted

A

wave of contraction

59
Q

What is he all or none law?

A

when an motor unit creates action potential that reaches threshold charge, all muscle fibres within motor unit contract at same time

If the action potential does not reach threshold charge, none of the muscle fibres will contract

60
Q

Describe flow diagram of the role of a motor unit?

A
  1. nerve impulse initiated in the motor neuron cell
  2. nerve impulse conducted down axon of the motor neuron by anerve action potential to the synaptic cleft
  3. neurotransmitter secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap
  4. If the electrical charge is above a threshold, muscle fibre will contract
  5. happens in an all or non fashion
61
Q

What are slow oxidative muscle fibres designed to store and process

-what does this allow them to do

A

-store oxygen in myoglobin

-process oxygen in mitochondria- allows them to work anaerobically

62
Q

What are fast glycolytic muscle fibres designed to store

-what are they rich in

-what are they designed to do

A

-rich in phosphocreatine (high energy compound)

-designed to work anaerobically

63
Q

What are mitochondria

A

structure in the sarcoplasm responsible for aerobic energy production

64
Q

What is myoglobin

A

protein in muscle -> transports oxygen -> mitochondria

65
Q

What does aerobic work mean

A

low, intensity long duration exercise in the presence of oxygen

66
Q

What does anaerobic work mean

A

high intensity, short duration exercise without oxygen

67
Q

What do small motor neurons stimulate

-what does this cause to occur

A

stimulate few small muscle fibres

-creates motor unit producing small, slow force over long time

-resists fatigue

68
Q

What do large motor neurons stimulate

-what does this cause to occur

A

-stmulate large muscle fibres

-creates motor unit producing large, rapid force

-fatigues quickly

69
Q

What is a joint capsule

A

fibrous sac with inner synovial membrane

-encloses and strengthens the joint

70
Q

what is horizontal extension

A

moves articulating bone away from midline of body

71
Q

what is horizontal flexion

A

moves articulating bone clower to midline of body

72
Q

what is rotation

A

movement where articulating bones turn about longitudinal axis in screwdriver motion

73
Q

give an example of antagonistic muscle action

A

kicking football

prepartion phase -> biceps femoris creates flexion of knee joint -> agonist

rectus femoris coordinates action -> antagonist

execution phase -> rectus femoris -> agonist -> knee extension

biceps femoris -> antagonist

74
Q

what is delayed onset muscle soreness

A

pain & stiffness felt in muscle
-peaks 24-72hrs after exercise

75
Q

explain how muscular contraction occurs

A

-nerve impulse initiated in motor neuron

-nerve impulse conducted down axon of motor neuron by nerve action potential -> synaptic cleft

-neurotransmitter acetylchloine - secreted into synaptic cleft to conduct nerve impulse across gap

-if electrical charge = above threshold -> muscle fibre contracts

-happens in an ‘all-or-none’ fashion

76
Q

Structural characteristics of slow oxidative muscle fibres
neuron size?
fibres p neuron?
capillary density?
mitochondria density?
myoglobin density?
phosphocreatine store?

Functional characteristics
speed of contraction?
force of contraction?
fatigue resistance?
aerobic capacity?
anaerobic capacity?

A

neuron size -> small
fibres p neuron -> few
capillary density -> high
mitochondria density -> high
myoglobin density -> high
phosphocreatine store -> low

speed of contraction -> slow
force of contraction -> low
fatigue resistance -> high
aerobic capacity -> high
anaerobic capacity -> low

77
Q

Name 2 types of ball & socket joints

A

-shoulder
-hip

78
Q

Name 3 types of hinge joint

A

-elbow
–knee
-ankle

79
Q

Name a type of condyloid joint

A

-wrist

80
Q

Type of flexion: wrist

-name the agonist, antagonist

A

agonist: wrist flexors

antagonist: wrist extensors

81
Q

Type of flexion: elbow

-name the agonist, antagonist

A

agonist: biceps brachii

antagonist: triceps brachii

82
Q

Type of flexion: shoulder

-name the agonist, antagonist

A

agonist: anterior deltoid

antagonist: posterior deltoid

83
Q

Type of flexion: hip

-name the agonist, antagonist

A

agonist: iliopsoas

antagonist: gluteus maximus

84
Q

Type of flexion: knee

-name the agonist, antagonist

A

agonist: biceps femoris

antagonist: rectus femoris

85
Q

Type of flexion: ankle

-name the agonist, antagonist

A

agonist: tibialis anterior

antagonist: gastrocemius, soleus

86
Q

Name 3 types of sporting events which use slow oxidative muscle fibres

A

endurance athletes
-marathon
-triathlon
-cross-country skiing

87
Q

Name 2 types of sporting events which use fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres

A

high-intensity athletes
-800-1500m
-200m freestyle

88
Q

Name 3 types of sporting events which use fast glycolytic muscle fibres

A

explosive athletes
-javelin
-long jump
-60-100m sprint

89
Q

What do large motor units do

A

stimulate large muscle fibres
-creates a motor unit which produces large amount of force rapidly
-fatigues quickly

90
Q

What do large motor units do

A

stimulate large muscle fibres
-creates a motor unit which produces large amount of force rapidly
-fatigues quickly

YR1 PE notes (19 decks)

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