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YR1 PE notes > PAPER 1 - Cardiovascular & Respiratory System > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - Cardiovascular & Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Define SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT by filling in the gaps
Reponsible for the T——— of O———– B—- around the body from the L— V——- through A——- and A——– and returns D——— B—- to the R—– side of the heart through V—–

A

Reponsible for the TRANSPORT of OXYGENATED BLOOD around the body from the LEFT VENTRICLE through ARTERIES and ATERIOLES and returns DEOXYGENATED BLOOD to the RIGHT side of the heart through VEINS

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2
Q

Define PULMONARY CIRCUIT by filling in the gaps

D———— B—– leaves the R—– V——— to the L—– via the P———- A—— where it is then R——–with oxygen and returns to the L— side of the heart via the P——— V—

A

DEOXYGENATED BLOOD leaves the RIGHT VENTRICLE to the LUNGS via the PULMONARY ARTERY where it is then RESATURATED with oxygen and returns to the LEFT side of the heart via the PULMONARY VEIN

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3
Q

Define MYOGENIC

A

the capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse, which causes the cardiac muscle to contract

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4
Q

Define DIASTOLE

A

the RELAXATION phase of cardiac muscle where the chambers fill with blood

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5
Q

Define SYSTOLE

A

the CONTRACTION phase of cardiac muscle where the blood is forcibly ejected into the aorta and pulmonary artery

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6
Q

Explain the Atrial Diastole Phase - 4 pointsto

A
  • Atria fill with blood
  • AV valves are closed
  • Semi lunar valves are open
  • Works together with Ventricular Systole
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7
Q

Explain the Ventricular Systole Phase - 4 points

A
  • Pressure increases in the ventricle
  • Ventricles contract
  • Blood forced into the aorta and pulmonary artery
  • AV valved forced to close as it works with Atrial Diastole
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8
Q

Explain the Atrial Systole Phase - 3 points

A
  • Atria contract forcing blood into the ventricles
  • AV valves open
  • Semi lunar valves close
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9
Q

Explain the Ventricular Diastole Phase - 3 points

A
  • Rising pressure in the atria causes the AV valves to open
  • Ventricles fill with blood
  • Semi-lunar valves close
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10
Q

Define CARDIAC OUTPUT

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute.

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11
Q

Define STROKE VOLUME

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

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12
Q

How does VENOUS RETURN affect stroke volume?

A
  • more blood to pump out

- greater venous return=greater stroke volume

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13
Q

How does ELASTICITY OF CARDIAC FIBRES affect stroke volume?

A
  • greater the stretch = greater the contraction
  • leads to an increase in SV
  • AKA Starlings Law
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14
Q

How does CONTRACTILITY OF CARDIAC FIBRES affect stroke volume?

A
  • greater force of contraction = increase in SV
  • partly due to Ejection Fraction increase= % of blood activity actually pumped out of LV per contraction can go from 55% to 85%
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15
Q

Define HEART RATE

A

the number of times the heart beats per minute

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16
Q

What is the pathway of blood ? (VAVA ect)

A 
vena cava
right atrium
(tricuspid valve)
right ventricle
pulmonary artery 
(lungs)
pulmonary vein
(bicuspid valve)
left atrium
left ventricle 
aorta 
(body)
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17
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output ?

A

HR x SV = Q

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18
Q

What is the CARDIAC CYCLE ?

A

Atrial Diastole
Ventricular Diastole
Atrial Systole
Ventricular Systole

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19
Q

What is the CONDUCTION SYSTEM ?

A

SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of HIS
Purkinje Fibres

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20
Q

Describe the SA Node

A
  • Sinoatrial Node
  • Specialised cardiac muscle fibres
  • Located in the muscle walls of Right Atrium
  • Acts as a pacemaker
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21
Q

Describe the AV Node

A
  • Atrioventricular node
  • Recieves impulse and delays passing it on
  • Ensures atria contract before ventricles
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22
Q

Describe the Bundle of His

A
  • Where the impulse arrives next via the septum

- In the middle of the chambers

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23
Q

Describe the Purkinje Fibres

A
  • Via these the impulse is sent through the muscular walls of the ventricles
  • Causing them to contract to force blood out
  • at the bottom of the heart
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24
Q

Describe the structure of veins/venules

A
  • Thin layer of smooth muscle
  • Wider lumen
  • Passes pocket valves
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25
Q

Describe the structure of pre-capillary sphincters

A
  • Small ring of smooth muscle at the opening of the capillary bed
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26
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries

A
  • Narrow diameter

- One cell thick

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27
Q

Describe the structure of arteries/arterioles

A
  • Thick elastic walls
  • Small lumen
  • Smooth muscle layer
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28
Q

Describe the function of arteries/arterioles

A
  • Carry blood away from the heart

- Essential to the redistribution of blood

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29
Q

Describe the function of capillaries

A
  • Facilitate the exchange of gases and other nutrients between the blood and tissues
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30
Q

Describe the function of veins/venules

A
  • Essential in the return of blood back to the heart
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31
Q

Complete this passage about the VASCULAR SHUNT MECHANISM

As we begin to exercise the distribution of B—– F— changes dramatically. Through V——– C—— and the S———- N——- S——, blood is diverted away from the non-essential T—— and O—– and redirected towards those which are active during exercise.

A

As we begin to exercise the distribution of BLOOD FLOW changes dramatically. Through VASOMOTOR CONTROL and the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM blood is diverted away from the non-essential TISSUES and ORGANS and redirected towards those which are active during exercise.

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32
Q

Complete this process about what happens to the vascular shunt

At R— the P————- S——— are O— and the blood flows easily through them

During exercise the P————- S———– are C—— so blood flow bypasses the O—– and M—– to areas where it is M— N——

A

At REST the PRE-CAPILLARY SPHINCTERS are OPEN and the blood flows easily through them

During exercise the PRE-CAPILLARY SPHINCTERS are CLOSED so blood flow bypasses the ORGANS and MOVES to areas where it is MOST NEEDED.

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33
Q

Describe the function of pre-capillary sphincters

A
  • Regulate blood flow back into the capillary bed

- Help the vascular shunt process

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34
Q

How do the CARDIAC CYCLE and the CONDUCTION SYSTEM work together?

A 
Atrial Diastole
Ventricular Diastole 
SA Node
AV Node 
Atrial Systole
Bundle of HIS
Purkinje Fibres
Ventricular Systole
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35
Q

Define AUTONOMIC

A

involuntary or unconscious

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36
Q

Define SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for increasing HR

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37
Q

Define PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for decreasing HR

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38
Q

Define MEDULLA OBLONGATA

A

a portion of the hindbrain that controls autonomic functions

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39
Q

Define CCC

A

Cardiac Contol Centre

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40
Q

Define HORMONAL

A

containing a hormone or hormones

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41
Q

Define VENOUS RETURN

A

the return of the blood to the right atria through the veins

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42
Q

Define ADRENALINE

A

a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that increases rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism and prepares muscles for exertion

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43
Q

Define FIRING RATE

A

the amount of neurons firing at a giving time

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44
Q

What are the 3 components of NEURAL FACTORS ?

A

chemoreceptors - increase in CO2
proprioreceptors - muscle and tendon movement
baroreceptors - blood pressure

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45
Q

What is the one component of HORMONAL FACTORS ?

A

adrenaline - increases HR

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46
Q

What are the components of INTRINSIC FACTORS ?

A

temperature

venous return

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47
Q

What are the 5 components in VENOUS RETURN ?

A
  • pocket valve
  • smooth muscle
  • gravity
  • skeletal muscle pump
  • respiratory pump
48
Q

What is RCC ?

A

Respiratory Control Centre

49
Q

What are the 2 centres in the RCC ?

A
  • expiratory centre

- inpiratory centre

50
Q

What nerve is linked with the EXPIRATORY CENTRE and where does it go to ?

A

INTERCOSTAL NERVE - external intercostal muscles

51
Q

What nerve is linked with the INSPIRATORY CENTRE and where does it go to ?

A

PHRENIC NERVE - diaphragm

52
Q

What 3 components are in the VASCUALR SHUNT ?

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • vasodialation
  • pre-capillary sphinter
53
Q

What is VASOCONSTRICTION ?

A

when the lumen gets smaller - limiting blood flow

54
Q

What is VASODIALATION ?

A

when the lumen gets bigger - increasing blood flow

55
Q

What do PRE-CAPILLARY SPHINTERS do ?

A

open and close to allow blood to flow through capillaries

56
Q

How does temperature link to venous return ?

A

temp increases - viscosity decrease - venous return increase - (SV) stroke volume increase = (Q) cardian output increase.

57
Q

INSPIRATION REST active or passive ?

A

active

58
Q

EXPIRATION REST active or passive ?

A

passive

59
Q

INSPIRATION EXERCISE active or passive ?

A

active

60
Q

EXPIRATION EXERCISE active or passive ?

A

active

61
Q

What muscles are involved with IR ?

A

diaphragm

external intercostal

62
Q

What muscles are involved with ER ?

A

none

63
Q

What muscles are involved in IE ?

A

diaphragm
external intercostal
sternocleidomastoid
pectoralis minor

64
Q

What muscles are involved in EE ?

A

internal intercostal

rectus abdominalis

65
Q

IR : DIAPHRAGM

A

contracts and flattens

66
Q

IR : RIBS

A

up and out

67
Q

ER : DIAPHRAGM

A

relaxes

68
Q

ER : RIBS

A

down and in

69
Q

IE : RIBS

A

further up and out

70
Q

EE : RIBS

A

forced down and in

71
Q

IR : RESULT

A

decrease in pressure in THORATIC CAVITY

air is brought into the lungs

72
Q

ER : RESULT

A

increase in pressure in THORATIC CAVITY

air is pushed out

73
Q

IE : RESULT

A

decrease in pressure in THORATIC CAVITY

MORE air is brought in

74
Q

EE : RESULT

A

increase in pressure in THORATIC CAVITY

air is FORCED OUT

75
Q

What is PARTIAL PRESSURE ?

A

concentration of gas in a space

76
Q

What is DIFFUSION GRADIENT ?

A

gas moves from high pp to low pp

77
Q

What is DIFFUSION ?

A

movement of particles across a partially permeable membrane (1 cell thick) down a diffusion gradient

78
Q

What are the 2 “features” in the EXTERNAL SITE ?

A

alveoli and capillary

79
Q

What are the 2 “features” in the INTERNAL SITE ?

A

muscle fibre and capillary

80
Q

How many oxygen can haemoblobin hold ?

A

4

81
Q

What is the product of oxygen and haemoglobin ?

A

oxyhaemoglobin

82
Q

Where is there a high PP of O2 at the external site ?

A

in the alveoli / lungs

83
Q

Where is there a high PP of CO2 at the external site ?

A

in the capillary

84
Q

Where is there a low PP of O2 at the external site ?

A

in the capillary

85
Q

Where is there a low PP of CO2 at the external site ?

A

in the alveoli / lungs

86
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane ?

A

a membrane that is one cell thick

87
Q

After the external site, where does the blood go ?

A

LA / LV / AORTA / MUSCLE

88
Q

How many oxygen disassociate from the haemoglobin at the internal site ?

A

2

89
Q

How many CO2 diffuse out of the muscle fibre ?

A

an equal amount - PP should always be equal

90
Q

Where is there a high PP of 02 at the internal site ?

A

in the capillary

91
Q

Where is there a high PP of CO2 at the internal site ?

A

in the muscle fibre

92
Q

Where is there a low PP of O2 at the internal site ?

A

in the muscle fibre

93
Q

Where is there a low PP of CO2 at the internal site ?

A

in the capillary

94
Q

Does the capillary only contain O2 ?

A

no it carries some CO2

95
Q

HEART RATE : REST : UNTRAINED

avg?

A

60 - 80

-avg=72bpm

96
Q

HEART RATE : REST : TRAINED

and define bradycardia

A

> 60

reduction of resting heart rate to below 60bpm

97
Q

HEART RATE : MAX

A

220 - age

98
Q

STROKE VOLUME : REST : UNTRAINED

A

75 ml

99
Q

What 3 factors is stroke volume determined by?

A
  • venous return
  • elasticity of cardiac fibres
  • contractility of cardiac tissue
100
Q

STROKE VOLUME : REST : TRAINED

A

up to 120ml

101
Q

CARDIAC OUTPUT can reach

A

20-40l/min

102
Q

BREATHING FREQUENCY : REST : UNTRAINED

A

12 - 15 breaths per min

103
Q

BREATHING FREQUENCY : REST : TRAINED

A

11 - 12 breaths per min

104
Q

BREATHING FRQUENCY : MAX : UNTRAINED

A

40 - 50 breaths per min

105
Q

BREATHING FREQUENCY : MAX : TRAINED

A

50 - 60 breaths per min

106
Q

TIDAL VOLUME : REST : UNTRAINED

A

0.5 l

107
Q

TIDAL VOLUME : REST : TRAINED

A

0.5 l

108
Q

TIDAL VOLUME : MAX : UNTRAINED

A

2.5 - 3 l

109
Q

TIDAL VOLUME : MAX : TRAINED

A

3 - 3.5 l

110
Q

MINUTE VENTILATION : REST : UNTRAINED

A

6 - 7.5 l/min

111
Q

MINUTE VENTILATION : REST : TRAINED

A

5.5 - 6 l/min

112
Q

MINUTE VENTILATION : MAX : UNTRAINED

A

100 - 150 l/min

113
Q

MINUTE VENTILATION : MAX : TRAINED

A

160 - 210 l/min

114
Q

Describe the structure of arteries/arterioles

A
  • Thick elastic walls
  • Small lumen
  • Smooth muscle layer
115
Q

Describe the structure of arteries/arterioles

A
  • Thick elastic walls
  • Small lumen
  • Smooth muscle layer
116
Q

Describe the function of arteries/arterioles

A
  • Carry blood away from the heart

- Essential to the redistribution of blood

YR1 PE notes (19 decks)

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