PAPER 1 - The Muscular System Flashcards
1
Q
Define ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
A
contractions that cause the muscle to change length, producing movement
2
Q
Define CONCENTRIC
A
contractions that cause the muscle to shorten e.g. bicep curl (upwards)
3
Q
Define ECCENTRIC
A
contractions that cause the muscle to lengthen e.g. bicep curl (downwards)
4
Q
Define ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
A
there is no change in the length of the contracting muscle, causing no movement
5
Q
What are FIXATORS ?
A
the muscle that STABILISES the ORIGIN of the AGONIST and the JOINT that the origin moves over
6
Q
Define FLEXION
A
a movement around a joint that decreases the angle between the bones and the joint
7
Q
Define EXTENSION
A
a movement around a joint that increases the angle between the bones and the joint
8
Q
Define LATERAL
A
towards the outside
9
Q
Define MEDIAL
A
towards the middle
10
Q
Define POSTERIOR
A
towards the back
11
Q
Define ANTERIOR
A
towards the front
12
Q
What movement occurs at the WRIST and what joint is it?
A
- flexion
- extension
- condyloid joint
13
Q
What movement occurs at the ELBOW and what type of joint is it?
A
- flexion
- extension
- hinge joint
14
Q
What movement occurs at SHOULDER and what type of joint?
A
- flexion
- extension
- adduction
- abduction
- rotation
- circumduction
- ball and socket joint
15
Q
What movement occurs at the HIP and what type of joint is it?
A
- flexion
- extension
- adduction
- abduction
- rotation
- circumduction
- ball and socket joint
16
Q
What movement occurs at the KNEE and what type of joint is it ?
A
- flexion
- extension
- hinge
17
Q
What movement occurs at the ANKLE and what type of joint is it?
A
- plantar flexion
- dorsi flexion
- hinge
18
Q
WRIST : FLEXION : AGONIST
A
wrist flexors
19
Q
WRIST : EXTENSION : AGONIST
A
wrist extensors
20
Q
ELBOW : FLEXION : AGONIST
A
biceps brachii
21
Q
ELBOW : EXTENSION : AGONIST
A
triceps brachii
22
Q
SHOULDER : FLEXION : AGONIST
A
anterior deltoid
23
Q
SHOULDER : EXTENSION : AGONIST
A
posterior deltoid
24
Q
SHOULDER : ADDUCTION : AGONIST
A
latissimus dorsi
25
SHOULDER : ABDUCTION : AGONIST
middle deltoid
26
SHOULDER : M.ROTATION : AGONIST
teres major
27
SHOULDER : L.ROTATION : AGONIST
teres minor
28
SHOULDER : HORIZONTAL F : AGONIST
pectorals major
29
SHOULDER : HORIZONTAL E : AGONIST
posterior deltoid
30
HIP : FLEXION : AGONIST
iliopsoas
31
HIP : EXTENSION : AGONIST
gluteus maximus
32
HIP : ADDUCTION : AGONIST
adductor longus, brevis, magnus
33
HIP : ABDUCTION : AGONIST
gluteus medius / minus
34
HIP : M.ROTATION : AGONIST
gluteus medius / minus
35
HIP : L.ROTATION : AGONIST
gluteus maximus
36
KNEE : FLEXION : AGONIST
bicep femoris
37
KNEE : EXTENSION : AGONIST
rectus femoris
38
ANKLE : PLANTAR FLEXION : AGONIST
gastrocnemius & soleus
39
ANKLE : DORSI FLEXION : AGONIST
tibialis anterior
40
What plane is flexion in ?
sagittal
41
What plane is extension in ?
sagittal
42
Name the features of the Frontal Plane (3 features)
- abduction
- adduction
- divides body into front and back
43
What plane is adduction in ?
frontal
44
What plane is abduction in ?
frontal
45
What plane is medial rotation in ?
transverse
46
What plane is lateral rotation in ?
transverse
47
What plane in horizontal flexion in ?
transverse
48
What plane in horizontal extension in ?
transverse
49
What are the three muscle types ?
- slow oxidative (type 1)
- fast oxidative (type 2a)
- fast glycolytic (type 2b)
50
What are slow oxidative muscle fibres designed to do ?
- store oxygen in MYOGLOBIN
- produce OXYGEN in the MITOCHONDRIA
- work AEROBICALLY
- produce small amounts of force but resist fatigue
- e.g. marathon
51
What are fast oxidative muscle fibres designed to do ?
- produce large amounts of force quickly
- have the capacity to resist fatigue
- e.g. 800m
52
What are fast glycolytic muscle fibres designed to do ?
- work anaerobically
- large stores of PHOSPHOCREATINE
- fatigue quickly
- e.g. 100m
53
Name the features of the Tranverse Plane ( 7 features)
- Medial Rotation - rotation towards the body
- Lateral Roation - rotation towards the outside of the body
- Pronation - palm towards floor
- Supination - palm towards ceiling
- Horizontal abduction (extension) - moving arm upwards, then away from body
- Horizontal adduction (flexion) - moving arm upwards then towards body
- Splits body into bottom and top
54
What is a MOTOR NEURON ?
a NERVE CELL which transmits a NERVE IMPULSE to a group of MUSCLE FIBRES
55
What is a MOTOR UNIT ?
a MOTOR NEURON and the MUSCLE FIBRE stimulated by its AXON
56
What is ACTION POTENTIAL?
POSITIVE ELECTRICAL CHARGE inside the NERVE and MUSCLE CELL which conducts the NERVE IMPULSE down the NEURON and into the MUSCLE FIBRE
57
What is a NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION ?
where the axon's MOTOR END PLATES meets the MUSCLE FIBRE
58
What is a SYNAPTIC CLEF ?
the small gap between the motor end plates and the muscle fibre
59
What is a NEUROTRANSMITTER ?
a CHEMICAL produced that carries the ELECTRICAL IMPULSES across the SYNAPTIC CLEF and to the MUSCLE FUBRE
60
Define MYOGLOBIN
a PROTEIN in the muscle responsible for TRANSPORTING OXYGEN to the MITOCHONDRIA
61
Define AEROBIC
low intensity, long-duration exercise in the presence of oxygen
62
Define ANAEROBIC
high intensity, short-duration exercise without the presence of oxygen
63
Define CAPILLARY
a FINE BRANCHING blood vessel that connects an artery to a vein
64
Define PHOSPHOCTREATINE
a HIGH-ENERGY COMPOUND store in the muscle cell used as a FUEL for high intensity energy production
65
What is ACETYLCHOLINE
the NEURONTRANSMITTER used at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
66
Name the features of the Saggital Plane (5 features)
- flexion
- extension
- plantarflexion
- dorsiflexion
- divides body into left and right
67
What are the Articulating bones of the knee?
Femur, tibia
68
What are the Articulating bones of the hip?
Femur, pelvis
69
What are the Articulating bones of the elbow?
Humerus, radius and ulna
70
What are the Articulating bones of the wrist?
Radius, ulna and carpals
71
What are the Articulating bones of the shoulder?
Humerus and scapula
72
Name 8 bones in order.
cranium not skull
73
Name 10 bones in order
74
Name the 8 bones
75
N---- I------ initiated in the M---- N------ cell body. N---- I------ is conducted down the A--- of the M---- N------ by a nerve action potential.
N---- I------ has to cross the S------- C----. N--------------- called A------------ makes this happen by being secreted into the S------- C----. If the E-------- I-------- is above the required threshold the M----- F----- will C-------- at the same time with M--------- F----
NERVE IMPULSE initiated in the MOTOR NEURON cell body. NERVE IMPULSE is conducted down the AXON of the MOTOR NEURONE by a nerve action potential.
NERVE IMPULSE has to cross the SYNAPTIC CLEFT. NEUROTRANSMITTER called ACETYCHOLINE makes this happen by being secreted into the SYNAPTIC CLEFT. If the ELECTRICAL IMPULSE is above the required threshold the MUSCLE FIBRES will CONTRACT at the same time with MAXIMUM FORCE
76
What are Tendons?
Fibrous connective tissue that attaches the muscle to the bone.
77
What is the use of Tendons and where are they located?
- Transmit force created by the muscle to move the bone
- Origin is where the muscle is attached to the stationary bone
- Insertion point is where the muscle attaches itself to the moveable bone which will get closer to the origin during muscular contraction
78
What is a ligament?
Fibrous tissue that connects bones to bone
