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y - PE - CAP 4 > PAPER 1 - Cardiovascular & Respiratory System > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - Cardiovascular & Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Define SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT by filling in the gaps
Reponsible for the T——— of O———– B—- around the body from the L— V——- through A——- and A——– and returns D——— B—- to the R—– side of the heart through V—–

A

Reponsible for the TRANSPORT of OXYGENATED BLOOD around the body from the LEFT VENTRICLE through ARTERIES and ATERIOLES and returns DEOXYGENATED BLOOD to the RIGHT side of the heart through VEINS

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2
Q

Define PULMONARY CIRCUIT by filling in the gaps

D———— B—– leaves the R—– V——— to the L—– via the P———- A—— where it is then R——–with oxygen and returns to the L— side of the heart via the P——— V—

A

DEOXYGENATED BLOOD leaves the RIGHT VENTRICLE to the LUNGS via the PULMONARY ARTERY where it is then RESATURATED with oxygen and returns to the LEFT side of the heart via the PULMONARY VEIN

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3
Q

Define MYOGENIC

A

the capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse, which causes the cardiac muscle to contract

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4
Q

Define DIASTOLE

A

the RELAXATION phase of cardiac muscle where the chambers fill with blood

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5
Q

Define SYSTOLE

A

the CONTRACTION phase of cardiac muscle where the blood is forcibly ejected into the aorta and pulmonary artery

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6
Q

Explain the Atrial Diastole Phase - 4 pointsto

A
  • Atria fill with blood
  • AV valves are closed
  • Semi lunar valves are open
  • Works together with Ventricular Systole
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7
Q

Explain the Ventricular Systole Phase - 4 points

A
  • Pressure increases in the ventricle
  • Ventricles contract
  • Blood forced into the aorta and pulmonary artery
  • AV valved forced to close as it works with Atrial Diastole
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8
Q

Explain the Atrial Systole Phase - 3 points

A
  • Atria contract forcing blood into the ventricles
  • AV valves open
  • Semi lunar valves close
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9
Q

Explain the Ventricular Diastole Phase - 3 points

A
  • Rising pressure in the atria causes the AV valves to open
  • Ventricles fill with blood
  • Semi-lunar valves close
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10
Q

Define CARDIAC OUTPUT

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute.

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11
Q

Define STROKE VOLUME

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

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12
Q

How does VENOUS RETURN affect stroke volume?

A
  • more blood to pump out

- greater venous return=greater stroke volume

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13
Q

How does ELASTICITY OF CARDIAC FIBRES affect stroke volume?

A
  • greater the stretch = greater the contraction
  • leads to an increase in SV
  • AKA Starlings Law
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14
Q

How does CONTRACTILITY OF CARDIAC FIBRES affect stroke volume?

A
  • greater force of contraction = increase in SV
  • partly due to Ejection Fraction increase= % of blood activity actually pumped out of LV per contraction can go from 55% to 85%
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15
Q

Define HEART RATE

A

the number of times the heart beats per minute

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16
Q

What is the pathway of blood ? (VAVA ect)

A 
vena cava
right atrium
(tricuspid valve)
right ventricle
pulmonary artery 
(lungs)
pulmonary vein
(bicuspid valve)
left atrium
left ventricle 
aorta 
(body)
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17
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output ?

A

HR x SV = Q

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18
Q

What is the CARDIAC CYCLE ?

A

Atrial Diastole
Ventricular Diastole
Atrial Systole
Ventricular Systole

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19
Q

What is the CONDUCTION SYSTEM ?

A

SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of HIS
Purkinje Fibres

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20
Q

Describe the SA Node

A
  • Sinoatrial Node
  • Specialised cardiac muscle fibres
  • Located in the muscle walls of Right Atrium
  • Acts as a pacemaker
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21
Q

Describe the AV Node

A
  • Atrioventricular node
  • Recieves impulse and delays passing it on
  • Ensures atria contract before ventricles
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22
Q

Describe the Bundle of His

A
  • Where the impulse arrives next via the septum

- In the middle of the chambers

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23
Q

Describe the Purkinje Fibres

A
  • Via these the impulse is sent through the muscular walls of the ventricles
  • Causing them to contract to force blood out
  • at the bottom of the heart
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24
Q

Describe the structure of veins/venules

A
  • Thin layer of smooth muscle
  • Wider lumen
  • Passes pocket valves
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25
Describe the structure of pre-capillary sphincters
- Small ring of smooth muscle at the opening of the capillary bed
26
Describe the structure of capillaries
- Narrow diameter | - One cell thick
27
Describe the structure of arteries/arterioles
- Thick elastic walls - Small lumen - Smooth muscle layer
28
Describe the function of arteries/arterioles
- Carry blood away from the heart | - Essential to the redistribution of blood
29
Describe the function of capillaries
- Facilitate the exchange of gases and other nutrients between the blood and tissues
30
Describe the function of veins/venules
- Essential in the return of blood back to the heart
31
Complete this passage about the VASCULAR SHUNT MECHANISM As we begin to exercise the distribution of B----- F--- changes dramatically. Through V-------- C------ and the S---------- N------- S------, blood is diverted away from the non-essential T------ and O----- and redirected towards those which are active during exercise.
As we begin to exercise the distribution of BLOOD FLOW changes dramatically. Through VASOMOTOR CONTROL and the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM blood is diverted away from the non-essential TISSUES and ORGANS and redirected towards those which are active during exercise.
32
Complete this process about what happens to the vascular shunt At R--- the P------------- S--------- are O--- and the blood flows easily through them During exercise the P------------- S----------- are C------ so blood flow bypasses the O----- and M----- to areas where it is M--- N------
At REST the PRE-CAPILLARY SPHINCTERS are OPEN and the blood flows easily through them During exercise the PRE-CAPILLARY SPHINCTERS are CLOSED so blood flow bypasses the ORGANS and MOVES to areas where it is MOST NEEDED.
33
Describe the function of pre-capillary sphincters
- Regulate blood flow back into the capillary bed | - Help the vascular shunt process
34
How do the CARDIAC CYCLE and the CONDUCTION SYSTEM work together?
``` Atrial Diastole Ventricular Diastole SA Node AV Node Atrial Systole Bundle of HIS Purkinje Fibres Ventricular Systole ```
35
Define AUTONOMIC
involuntary or unconscious
36
Define SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for increasing HR
37
Define PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for decreasing HR
38
Define MEDULLA OBLONGATA
a portion of the hindbrain that controls autonomic functions
39
Define CCC
Cardiac Contol Centre
40
Define HORMONAL
containing a hormone or hormones
41
Define VENOUS RETURN
the return of the blood to the right atria through the veins
42
Define ADRENALINE
a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that increases rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism and prepares muscles for exertion
43
Define FIRING RATE
the amount of neurons firing at a giving time
44
What are the 3 components of NEURAL FACTORS ?
chemoreceptors - increase in CO2 proprioreceptors - muscle and tendon movement baroreceptors - blood pressure
45
What is the one component of HORMONAL FACTORS ?
adrenaline - increases HR
46
What are the components of INTRINSIC FACTORS ?
temperature | venous return
47
What are the 5 components in VENOUS RETURN ?
- pocket valve - smooth muscle - gravity - skeletal muscle pump - respiratory pump
48
What is RCC ?
Respiratory Control Centre
49
What are the 2 centres in the RCC ?
- expiratory centre | - inpiratory centre
50
What nerve is linked with the EXPIRATORY CENTRE and where does it go to ?
INTERCOSTAL NERVE - external intercostal muscles
51
What nerve is linked with the INSPIRATORY CENTRE and where does it go to ?
PHRENIC NERVE - diaphragm
52
What 3 components are in the VASCUALR SHUNT ?
- vasoconstriction - vasodialation - pre-capillary sphinter
53
What is VASOCONSTRICTION ?
when the lumen gets smaller - limiting blood flow
54
What is VASODIALATION ?
when the lumen gets bigger - increasing blood flow
55
What do PRE-CAPILLARY SPHINTERS do ?
open and close to allow blood to flow through capillaries
56
How does temperature link to venous return ?
temp increases - viscosity decrease - venous return increase - (SV) stroke volume increase = (Q) cardian output increase.
57
INSPIRATION REST active or passive ?
active
58
EXPIRATION REST active or passive ?
passive
59
INSPIRATION EXERCISE active or passive ?
active
60
EXPIRATION EXERCISE active or passive ?
active
61
What muscles are involved with IR ?
diaphragm | external intercostal
62
What muscles are involved with ER ?
none
63
What muscles are involved in IE ?
diaphragm external intercostal sternocleidomastoid pectoralis minor
64
What muscles are involved in EE ?
internal intercostal | rectus abdominalis
65
IR : DIAPHRAGM
contracts and flattens
66
IR : RIBS
up and out
67
ER : DIAPHRAGM
relaxes
68
ER : RIBS
down and in
69
IE : RIBS
further up and out
70
EE : RIBS
forced down and in
71
IR : RESULT
decrease in pressure in THORATIC CAVITY air is brought into the lungs
72
ER : RESULT
increase in pressure in THORATIC CAVITY air is pushed out
73
IE : RESULT
decrease in pressure in THORATIC CAVITY MORE air is brought in
74
EE : RESULT
increase in pressure in THORATIC CAVITY air is FORCED OUT
75
What is PARTIAL PRESSURE ?
concentration of gas in a space
76
What is DIFFUSION GRADIENT ?
gas moves from high pp to low pp
77
What is DIFFUSION ?
movement of particles across a partially permeable membrane (1 cell thick) down a diffusion gradient
78
What are the 2 "features" in the EXTERNAL SITE ?
alveoli and capillary
79
What are the 2 "features" in the INTERNAL SITE ?
muscle fibre and capillary
80
How many oxygen can haemoblobin hold ?
4
81
What is the product of oxygen and haemoglobin ?
oxyhaemoglobin
82
Where is there a high PP of O2 at the external site ?
in the alveoli / lungs
83
Where is there a high PP of CO2 at the external site ?
in the capillary
84
Where is there a low PP of O2 at the external site ?
in the capillary
85
Where is there a low PP of CO2 at the external site ?
in the alveoli / lungs
86
What is a partially permeable membrane ?
a membrane that is one cell thick
87
After the external site, where does the blood go ?
LA / LV / AORTA / MUSCLE
88
How many oxygen disassociate from the haemoglobin at the internal site ?
2
89
How many CO2 diffuse out of the muscle fibre ?
an equal amount - PP should always be equal
90
Where is there a high PP of 02 at the internal site ?
in the capillary
91
Where is there a high PP of CO2 at the internal site ?
in the muscle fibre
92
Where is there a low PP of O2 at the internal site ?
in the muscle fibre
93
Where is there a low PP of CO2 at the internal site ?
in the capillary
94
Does the capillary only contain O2 ?
no it carries some CO2
95
HEART RATE : REST : UNTRAINED | avg?
60 - 80 | -avg=72bpm
96
HEART RATE : REST : TRAINED | and define bradycardia
>60 | reduction of resting heart rate to below 60bpm
97
HEART RATE : MAX
220 - age
98
STROKE VOLUME : REST : UNTRAINED
75 ml
99
What 3 factors is stroke volume determined by?
- venous return - elasticity of cardiac fibres - contractility of cardiac tissue
100
STROKE VOLUME : REST : TRAINED
up to 120ml
101
CARDIAC OUTPUT can reach
20-40l/min
102
BREATHING FREQUENCY : REST : UNTRAINED
12 - 15 breaths per min
103
BREATHING FREQUENCY : REST : TRAINED
11 - 12 breaths per min
104
BREATHING FRQUENCY : MAX : UNTRAINED
40 - 50 breaths per min
105
BREATHING FREQUENCY : MAX : TRAINED
50 - 60 breaths per min
106
TIDAL VOLUME : REST : UNTRAINED
0.5 l
107
TIDAL VOLUME : REST : TRAINED
0.5 l
108
TIDAL VOLUME : MAX : UNTRAINED
2.5 - 3 l
109
TIDAL VOLUME : MAX : TRAINED
3 - 3.5 l
110
MINUTE VENTILATION : REST : UNTRAINED
6 - 7.5 l/min
111
MINUTE VENTILATION : REST : TRAINED
5.5 - 6 l/min
112
MINUTE VENTILATION : MAX : UNTRAINED
100 - 150 l/min
113
MINUTE VENTILATION : MAX : TRAINED
160 - 210 l/min
114
Describe the structure of arteries/arterioles
- Thick elastic walls - Small lumen - Smooth muscle layer
115
Describe the structure of arteries/arterioles
- Thick elastic walls - Small lumen - Smooth muscle layer
116
Describe the function of arteries/arterioles
- Carry blood away from the heart | - Essential to the redistribution of blood
117
Conduction system in full
SA node in the muscle wall of RA acts as a pacemaker and send impulses through atria causing them to both contract. AV node recieves impulse and delays passing it on ensuring atria contract before the ventricles. Bundle of His recieves impulse via the septum in middle of the chambers. Purkinje fibres cause ventricles to contract from the base upwards
118
Vasomotor control
An increase in carbon dioxide levels/acidity is recognised by chemoreceptors Movement of joint and tendons is recognised by the proprioreceptors Information is passed onto the vasomotor centre found in the medulla oblongata Vasomotor centre stimulates the sympathetic nerves in the smooth muscular walls of the blood vessels Stimulations will cause vasoconstriction of the arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters supplying non-essential muscles and organs At the same time vasodilation will occur at the arterioles that are supplying working muscles
119
How does pocket valves affect venous return
These snap shut ensuring the flow of blood travels in one direction – back towards the heart
120
How does Gravity affect venous return@(kinda)
Assists the flow of blood from the upper extremities of the body
121
How does Smooth muscles within veins affect venous return
Located within the walls of the veins is a thin layer of smooth muscle. This works in conjunction with muscle pump
122
How does Respiratory pump affect venous return
Increased rate and depth of breathing, creates pressure within the thorax. Breathing in, increases pressure which compresses on veins and squeezes blood in veins which supply the heart
123
How does Skeletal muscle pump affect venous return
Walls of veins are thin, contraction and relaxation of muscles create a massaging effect which aids in squeezing blood back to the heart
124
Mechanoreceptors and proprioreceptors
These detect movement/muscular contractions and inform the CCC, HR increases
125
Baroreceptors
Detect an increase in blood pressure. Stretch receptors exist in the walls of the aorta, vena cava detect a change in blood flow and therefore blood pressure. Informs the CCC
126
Chemoreceptors
Detect an increase in blood acidity/decrease in pH/ increase in CO2 informs the CCC and HR will increase
127
What does the CCC in the medulla oblangata do
CCC responds to this information by stimulating the SA node via the sympathetic nervous system OR cardiac acceleratory nerve
128
Hormonal control
During exercise adrenaline and noradrenaline can aid the body’s response to exercise by: Increasing heart rate Constricting blood vessels which increases blood pressure helping blood to reach active muscles Increase blood glucose levels by stimulating the break down of glycogen in the liver (this fuels muscular contractions) When we stop exercising the parasympathetic nervous system take over. The nerves here release acetylcholine which causes a decrease in heart rate.
129
Role of blood co2 in changing heart rate
During exercise CO2 levels rise Rise in CO2 leads to increase in acidity/low pH Detected by the chemoreceptors Impulses are sent to the CCC in the medulla oblongata This increases the stimulation of the sympathetic nerve Adrenaline is released Impulse continues to the SA node Causes an increase in HR, SV and VR Starlings law will also come into effect
130
Cardiovascular drift and its causes and effects
Where heart rate ‘drifts’ upwards over time despite the performer working at a constant rate causes - Reduction of fluid in the blood due to an increase in sweating Venous return decreases Occurs after 10 minutes in warm environmental conditions effects -Heart rate increases to compensate for reduction in SV to maintain cardiac output Aim is to cool the body
131
Minute ventilation formula
Minute ventilation = frequency(breaths a minute) x tidal volume

y - PE - CAP 4 (23 decks)

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