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y - PE - CAP 4 > PAPER 1 - Cardiovascular & Respiratory System > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - Cardiovascular & Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Define SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT by filling in the gaps
Reponsible for the T——— of O———– B—- around the body from the L— V——- through A——- and A——– and returns D——— B—- to the R—– side of the heart through V—–

A

Reponsible for the TRANSPORT of OXYGENATED BLOOD around the body from the LEFT VENTRICLE through ARTERIES and ATERIOLES and returns DEOXYGENATED BLOOD to the RIGHT side of the heart through VEINS

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2
Q

Define PULMONARY CIRCUIT by filling in the gaps

D———— B—– leaves the R—– V——— to the L—– via the P———- A—— where it is then R——–with oxygen and returns to the L— side of the heart via the P——— V—

A

DEOXYGENATED BLOOD leaves the RIGHT VENTRICLE to the LUNGS via the PULMONARY ARTERY where it is then RESATURATED with oxygen and returns to the LEFT side of the heart via the PULMONARY VEIN

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3
Q

Define MYOGENIC

A

the capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse, which causes the cardiac muscle to contract

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4
Q

Define DIASTOLE

A

the RELAXATION phase of cardiac muscle where the chambers fill with blood

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5
Q

Define SYSTOLE

A

the CONTRACTION phase of cardiac muscle where the blood is forcibly ejected into the aorta and pulmonary artery

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6
Q

Explain the Atrial Diastole Phase - 4 pointsto

A
  • Atria fill with blood
  • AV valves are closed
  • Semi lunar valves are open
  • Works together with Ventricular Systole
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7
Q

Explain the Ventricular Systole Phase - 4 points

A
  • Pressure increases in the ventricle
  • Ventricles contract
  • Blood forced into the aorta and pulmonary artery
  • AV valved forced to close as it works with Atrial Diastole
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8
Q

Explain the Atrial Systole Phase - 3 points

A
  • Atria contract forcing blood into the ventricles
  • AV valves open
  • Semi lunar valves close
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9
Q

Explain the Ventricular Diastole Phase - 3 points

A
  • Rising pressure in the atria causes the AV valves to open
  • Ventricles fill with blood
  • Semi-lunar valves close
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10
Q

Define CARDIAC OUTPUT

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute.

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11
Q

Define STROKE VOLUME

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

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12
Q

How does VENOUS RETURN affect stroke volume?

A
  • more blood to pump out

- greater venous return=greater stroke volume

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13
Q

How does ELASTICITY OF CARDIAC FIBRES affect stroke volume?

A
  • greater the stretch = greater the contraction
  • leads to an increase in SV
  • AKA Starlings Law
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14
Q

How does CONTRACTILITY OF CARDIAC FIBRES affect stroke volume?

A
  • greater force of contraction = increase in SV
  • partly due to Ejection Fraction increase= % of blood activity actually pumped out of LV per contraction can go from 55% to 85%
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15
Q

Define HEART RATE

A

the number of times the heart beats per minute

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16
Q

What is the pathway of blood ? (VAVA ect)

A 
vena cava
right atrium
(tricuspid valve)
right ventricle
pulmonary artery 
(lungs)
pulmonary vein
(bicuspid valve)
left atrium
left ventricle 
aorta 
(body)
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17
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output ?

A

HR x SV = Q

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18
Q

What is the CARDIAC CYCLE ?

A

Atrial Diastole
Ventricular Diastole
Atrial Systole
Ventricular Systole

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19
Q

What is the CONDUCTION SYSTEM ?

A

SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of HIS
Purkinje Fibres

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20
Q

Describe the SA Node

A
  • Sinoatrial Node
  • Specialised cardiac muscle fibres
  • Located in the muscle walls of Right Atrium
  • Acts as a pacemaker
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21
Q

Describe the AV Node

A
  • Atrioventricular node
  • Recieves impulse and delays passing it on
  • Ensures atria contract before ventricles
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22
Q

Describe the Bundle of His

A
  • Where the impulse arrives next via the septum

- In the middle of the chambers

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23
Q

Describe the Purkinje Fibres

A
  • Via these the impulse is sent through the muscular walls of the ventricles
  • Causing them to contract to force blood out
  • at the bottom of the heart
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24
Q

Describe the structure of veins/venules

A
  • Thin layer of smooth muscle
  • Wider lumen
  • Passes pocket valves
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25
Q

Describe the structure of pre-capillary sphincters

A
  • Small ring of smooth muscle at the opening of the capillary bed
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26
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries

A
  • Narrow diameter

- One cell thick

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27
Q

Describe the structure of arteries/arterioles

A
  • Thick elastic walls
  • Small lumen
  • Smooth muscle layer
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28
Q

Describe the function of arteries/arterioles

A
  • Carry blood away from the heart

- Essential to the redistribution of blood

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29
Q

Describe the function of capillaries

A
  • Facilitate the exchange of gases and other nutrients between the blood and tissues
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30
Q

Describe the function of veins/venules

A
  • Essential in the return of blood back to the heart
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31
Q

Complete this passage about the VASCULAR SHUNT MECHANISM

As we begin to exercise the distribution of B—– F— changes dramatically. Through V——– C—— and the S———- N——- S——, blood is diverted away from the non-essential T—— and O—– and redirected towards those which are active during exercise.

A

As we begin to exercise the distribution of BLOOD FLOW changes dramatically. Through VASOMOTOR CONTROL and the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM blood is diverted away from the non-essential TISSUES and ORGANS and redirected towards those which are active during exercise.

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32
Q

Complete this process about what happens to the vascular shunt

At R— the P————- S——— are O— and the blood flows easily through them

During exercise the P————- S———– are C—— so blood flow bypasses the O—– and M—– to areas where it is M— N——

A

At REST the PRE-CAPILLARY SPHINCTERS are OPEN and the blood flows easily through them

During exercise the PRE-CAPILLARY SPHINCTERS are CLOSED so blood flow bypasses the ORGANS and MOVES to areas where it is MOST NEEDED.

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33
Q

Describe the function of pre-capillary sphincters

A
  • Regulate blood flow back into the capillary bed

- Help the vascular shunt process

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34
Q

How do the CARDIAC CYCLE and the CONDUCTION SYSTEM work together?

A 
Atrial Diastole
Ventricular Diastole 
SA Node
AV Node 
Atrial Systole
Bundle of HIS
Purkinje Fibres
Ventricular Systole
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35
Q

Define AUTONOMIC

A

involuntary or unconscious

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36
Q

Define SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for increasing HR

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37
Q

Define PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for decreasing HR

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38
Q

Define MEDULLA OBLONGATA

A

a portion of the hindbrain that controls autonomic functions

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39
Q

Define CCC

A

Cardiac Contol Centre

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40
Q

Define HORMONAL

A

containing a hormone or hormones

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41
Q

Define VENOUS RETURN

A

the return of the blood to the right atria through the veins

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42
Q

Define ADRENALINE

A

a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that increases rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism and prepares muscles for exertion

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43
Q

Define FIRING RATE

A

the amount of neurons firing at a giving time

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44
Q

What are the 3 components of NEURAL FACTORS ?

A

chemoreceptors - increase in CO2
proprioreceptors - muscle and tendon movement
baroreceptors - blood pressure

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45
Q

What is the one component of HORMONAL FACTORS ?

A

adrenaline - increases HR

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46
Q

What are the components of INTRINSIC FACTORS ?

A

temperature

venous return

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47
Q

What are the 5 components in VENOUS RETURN ?

A
  • pocket valve
  • smooth muscle
  • gravity
  • skeletal muscle pump
  • respiratory pump
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48
Q

What is RCC ?

A

Respiratory Control Centre

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49
Q

What are the 2 centres in the RCC ?

A
  • expiratory centre

- inpiratory centre

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50
Q

What nerve is linked with the EXPIRATORY CENTRE and where does it go to ?

A

INTERCOSTAL NERVE - external intercostal muscles

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51
Q

What nerve is linked with the INSPIRATORY CENTRE and where does it go to ?

A

PHRENIC NERVE - diaphragm

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52
Q

What 3 components are in the VASCUALR SHUNT ?

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • vasodialation
  • pre-capillary sphinter
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53
Q

What is VASOCONSTRICTION ?

A

when the lumen gets smaller - limiting blood flow

54
Q

What is VASODIALATION ?

A

when the lumen gets bigger - increasing blood flow

55
Q

What do PRE-CAPILLARY SPHINTERS do ?

A

open and close to allow blood to flow through capillaries

56
Q

How does temperature link to venous return ?

A

temp increases - viscosity decrease - venous return increase - (SV) stroke volume increase = (Q) cardian output increase.

57
Q

INSPIRATION REST active or passive ?

A

active

58
Q

EXPIRATION REST active or passive ?

A

passive

59
Q

INSPIRATION EXERCISE active or passive ?

A

active

60
Q

EXPIRATION EXERCISE active or passive ?

A

active

61
Q

What muscles are involved with IR ?

A

diaphragm

external intercostal

62
Q

What muscles are involved with ER ?

A

none

63
Q

What muscles are involved in IE ?

A

diaphragm
external intercostal
sternocleidomastoid
pectoralis minor

64
Q

What muscles are involved in EE ?

A

internal intercostal

rectus abdominalis

65
Q

IR : DIAPHRAGM

A

contracts and flattens

66
Q

IR : RIBS

A

up and out

67
Q

ER : DIAPHRAGM

A

relaxes

68
Q

ER : RIBS

A

down and in

69
Q

IE : RIBS

A

further up and out

70
Q

EE : RIBS

A

forced down and in

71
Q

IR : RESULT

A

decrease in pressure in THORATIC CAVITY

air is brought into the lungs

72
Q

ER : RESULT

A

increase in pressure in THORATIC CAVITY

air is pushed out

73
Q

IE : RESULT

A

decrease in pressure in THORATIC CAVITY

MORE air is brought in

74
Q

EE : RESULT

A

increase in pressure in THORATIC CAVITY

air is FORCED OUT

75
Q

What is PARTIAL PRESSURE ?

A

concentration of gas in a space

76
Q

What is DIFFUSION GRADIENT ?

A

gas moves from high pp to low pp

77
Q

What is DIFFUSION ?

A

movement of particles across a partially permeable membrane (1 cell thick) down a diffusion gradient

78
Q

What are the 2 “features” in the EXTERNAL SITE ?

A

alveoli and capillary

79
Q

What are the 2 “features” in the INTERNAL SITE ?

A

muscle fibre and capillary

80
Q

How many oxygen can haemoblobin hold ?

A

4

81
Q

What is the product of oxygen and haemoglobin ?

A

oxyhaemoglobin

82
Q

Where is there a high PP of O2 at the external site ?

A

in the alveoli / lungs

83
Q

Where is there a high PP of CO2 at the external site ?

A

in the capillary

84
Q

Where is there a low PP of O2 at the external site ?

A

in the capillary

85
Q

Where is there a low PP of CO2 at the external site ?

A

in the alveoli / lungs

86
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane ?

A

a membrane that is one cell thick

87
Q

After the external site, where does the blood go ?

A

LA / LV / AORTA / MUSCLE

88
Q

How many oxygen disassociate from the haemoglobin at the internal site ?

A

2

89
Q

How many CO2 diffuse out of the muscle fibre ?

A

an equal amount - PP should always be equal

90
Q

Where is there a high PP of 02 at the internal site ?

A

in the capillary

91
Q

Where is there a high PP of CO2 at the internal site ?

A

in the muscle fibre

92
Q

Where is there a low PP of O2 at the internal site ?

A

in the muscle fibre

93
Q

Where is there a low PP of CO2 at the internal site ?

A

in the capillary

94
Q

Does the capillary only contain O2 ?

A

no it carries some CO2

95
Q

HEART RATE : REST : UNTRAINED

avg?

A

60 - 80

-avg=72bpm

96
Q

HEART RATE : REST : TRAINED

and define bradycardia

A

> 60

reduction of resting heart rate to below 60bpm

97
Q

HEART RATE : MAX

A

220 - age

98
Q

STROKE VOLUME : REST : UNTRAINED

A

75 ml

99
Q

What 3 factors is stroke volume determined by?

A
  • venous return
  • elasticity of cardiac fibres
  • contractility of cardiac tissue
100
Q

STROKE VOLUME : REST : TRAINED

A

up to 120ml

101
Q

CARDIAC OUTPUT can reach

A

20-40l/min

102
Q

BREATHING FREQUENCY : REST : UNTRAINED

A

12 - 15 breaths per min

103
Q

BREATHING FREQUENCY : REST : TRAINED

A

11 - 12 breaths per min

104
Q

BREATHING FRQUENCY : MAX : UNTRAINED

A

40 - 50 breaths per min

105
Q

BREATHING FREQUENCY : MAX : TRAINED

A

50 - 60 breaths per min

106
Q

TIDAL VOLUME : REST : UNTRAINED

A

0.5 l

107
Q

TIDAL VOLUME : REST : TRAINED

A

0.5 l

108
Q

TIDAL VOLUME : MAX : UNTRAINED

A

2.5 - 3 l

109
Q

TIDAL VOLUME : MAX : TRAINED

A

3 - 3.5 l

110
Q

MINUTE VENTILATION : REST : UNTRAINED

A

6 - 7.5 l/min

111
Q

MINUTE VENTILATION : REST : TRAINED

A

5.5 - 6 l/min

112
Q

MINUTE VENTILATION : MAX : UNTRAINED

A

100 - 150 l/min

113
Q

MINUTE VENTILATION : MAX : TRAINED

A

160 - 210 l/min

114
Q

Describe the structure of arteries/arterioles

A
  • Thick elastic walls
  • Small lumen
  • Smooth muscle layer
115
Q

Describe the structure of arteries/arterioles

A
  • Thick elastic walls
  • Small lumen
  • Smooth muscle layer
116
Q

Describe the function of arteries/arterioles

A
  • Carry blood away from the heart

- Essential to the redistribution of blood

117
Q

Conduction system in full

A

SA node in the muscle wall of RA acts as a pacemaker and send impulses through atria causing them to both contract. AV node recieves impulse and delays passing it on ensuring atria contract before the ventricles.
Bundle of His recieves impulse via the septum in middle of the chambers.
Purkinje fibres cause ventricles to contract from the base upwards

118
Q

Vasomotor control

A

An increase in carbon dioxide levels/acidity is recognised by chemoreceptors
Movement of joint and tendons is recognised by the proprioreceptors
Information is passed onto the vasomotor centre found in the medulla oblongata
Vasomotor centre stimulates the sympathetic nerves in the smooth muscular walls of the blood vessels
Stimulations will cause vasoconstriction of the arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters supplying non-essential muscles and organs
At the same time vasodilation will occur at the arterioles that are supplying working muscles

119
Q

How does pocket valves affect venous return

A

These snap shut ensuring the flow of blood travels in one direction – back towards the heart

120
Q

How does Gravity affect venous return@(kinda)

A

Assists the flow of blood from the upper extremities of the body

121
Q

How does Smooth muscles within veins affect venous return

A

Located within the walls of the veins is a thin layer of smooth muscle. This works in conjunction with muscle pump

122
Q

How does Respiratory pump affect venous return

A

Increased rate and depth of breathing, creates pressure within the thorax. Breathing in, increases pressure which compresses on veins and squeezes blood in veins which supply the heart

123
Q

How does Skeletal muscle pump affect venous return

A

Walls of veins are thin, contraction and relaxation of muscles create a massaging effect which aids in squeezing blood back to the heart

124
Q

Mechanoreceptors and proprioreceptors

A

These detect movement/muscular contractions and inform the CCC, HR increases

125
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Detect an increase in blood pressure. Stretch receptors exist in the walls of the aorta, vena cava detect a change in blood flow and therefore blood pressure. Informs the CCC

126
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Detect an increase in blood acidity/decrease in pH/ increase in CO2 informs the CCC and HR will increase

127
Q

What does the CCC in the medulla oblangata do

A

CCC responds to this information by stimulating the SA node via the sympathetic nervous system OR cardiac acceleratory nerve

128
Q

Hormonal control

A

During exercise adrenaline and noradrenaline can aid the body’s response to exercise by:
Increasing heart rate
Constricting blood vessels which increases blood pressure helping blood to reach active muscles
Increase blood glucose levels by stimulating the break down of glycogen in the liver (this fuels muscular contractions)
When we stop exercising the parasympathetic nervous system take over. The nerves here release acetylcholine which causes a decrease in heart rate.

129
Q

Role of blood co2 in changing heart rate

A

During exercise CO2 levels rise
Rise in CO2 leads to increase in acidity/low pH
Detected by the chemoreceptors
Impulses are sent to the CCC in the medulla oblongata
This increases the stimulation of the sympathetic nerve
Adrenaline is released
Impulse continues to the SA node
Causes an increase in HR, SV and VR
Starlings law will also come into effect

130
Q

Cardiovascular drift and its causes and effects

A

Where heart rate ‘drifts’ upwards over time despite the performer working at a constant rate

causes - Reduction of fluid in the blood due to an increase in sweating
Venous return decreases
Occurs after 10 minutes in warm environmental conditions

effects -Heart rate increases to compensate for reduction in SV to maintain cardiac output
Aim is to cool the body

131
Q

Minute ventilation formula

A

Minute ventilation = frequency(breaths a minute) x tidal volume

y - PE - CAP 4 (23 decks)

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