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GCSE B1 > Paper 1 infection and response 1 > Flashcards

Paper 1 infection and response 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define pathogen

A

A microorganism that causes disease

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2
Q

list all pathogens?

A
  • viruses
  • bacteria
  • protists
  • fungi
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3
Q

list four ways the spread of diseases can be reduced or prevented?

A
  • simple hygiene
  • destroying vectors
  • isolation of infected individuals
  • vaccination
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4
Q

Bacteria

A

Bacteria are small, single-celled organisms that reproduce very rapidly by binary fission

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5
Q

How does bacteria harm you?

A

they release harmful toxins that damage our cells.

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6
Q

list 2 bacterial diseases?

A
  • salmonella

- gonorrhoea

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7
Q

Salmonella

A

Salmonella is found in some foods, such as chicken, which can cause food poisoning

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8
Q

Gonorrhoea

A

Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted bacteria which can cause infertility

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9
Q

give two examples of antibiotics?

A
  • Ampicillin

- Erythromycin

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10
Q

what are communicable diseases?

A

communicable diseases are infectious diseases caused by pathogens.

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11
Q

Although some bacteria have now ……………….. so are ……………… to some antibiotics

A
  • mutated

- resistant

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12
Q

what can Bacterial infections be treated with?and how does it work?

A

Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics. it kills anything with a cell wall.

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13
Q

viruses?

A

Viruses are smaller than bacteria and reproduce by entering our cell and taking them over. This often damages or destroys the cell in the process

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14
Q

list 3 viruses

A
  • measles
  • HIV
  • Tobacco mosaic virus
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15
Q

What does HIV do?

A
  • HIV kills white blood cells and leads to AIDS
  • spread through sexual contact or exchanging bodily fluids (blood)
  • initially causes flu-like symptoms
  • you can take anti-viral drugs to stop the virus replicating in the body
  • the virus attack immune cells
  • if the immune system is badly damaged it can’t cope with other infection or cancer
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16
Q

what does HIV stand for?

A

human immunodeficiency virus

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17
Q

what does AIDS stand for?

A

acquired immuno deficiency syndrome

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18
Q

what is disadvantage to using antibiotics?

A

it Kills good bacteria as well

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19
Q

do antibiotics destroy viruses? if so why?

A

Antibiotics do not destroy viruses, as virus reproduce inside cells, so the drug cannot reach them
To get rid of the virus the cell would have to be killed

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20
Q

are there any treatments for viral infections?

A

no

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21
Q

how do you get rid of a virus?

A

the cell has to be killed

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22
Q

How do antiviral drugs work?

A

They prevent the spreading of the virus in the body

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23
Q

what are fungi infections caused by?

A

Most fungal infections are caused by pathogenic species of yeast.

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24
Q

give two examples of fugal infections and one thing they have in common.

A

-athletes foot
-ring worm
they are both on the surface this is because fungal infections not good at entering your body, so stay on the surface.

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25
Q

What is the name of the protist which causes malaria? What does this protist do? Where is it carried and in what animal

A

Plasmodium.It infects red blood cells, causing them to burst
Plasmodium is carried in the saliva of certain species of mosquito. This mosquito is called the vector, as it carries the pathogen from person to person

26
Q

List 3 ways to prevent malaria

A

Mosquito nets
Insect repellent
Preventing them from breeding in stagnant water

27
Q

what are pathogens?

A

A pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease.

28
Q

how do you catch a disease?

A

You catch a disease by catching the pathogen

29
Q

list 3 ways diseases can spread?

A
  • direct contact
  • by water
  • by air (droplets)
  • a break in the skin
30
Q

Explain the spread of pathogens through direct contact?

A

Skin to skin transfer occurs in diseases like impetigo and some sexually transmitted diseases

31
Q

Explain how contaminated food and water lead to the spread of pathogens?

A

Uncooked food or water contaminated with sewage can transfer pathogens like salmonella or cholera

32
Q

Explain how a break in the skin can lead to the spreading of pathogens?

A

The skin is the largest organ in the body and one of its main functions is to act as a barrier to prevent pathogens from entering the body.
Cuts, burns, needle punctures and insect bites can allow pathogens to gain access.

33
Q

Explain how droplet infection works?

A

Tiny droplets of liquid containing pathogens are expelled when you cough, sneeze or just talk

34
Q

List the first 2 defensive mechanism

A
  1. The skin acts as a barrier to stop pathogens from entering the body
  2. If it is cut, scabs form to prevent pathogens from entering the wound.
35
Q

List the 3-4 defensive mechanism

A
  1. The lungs contains sticky mucus which traps pathogens invading the breathing tubes, which can then be moved out and swallowed. The acid in the stomach destroys most of the pathogens that you swallow
  2. The white blood cells form part of your immune system, should the pathogens get into the body. The can defend you in 3 main ways.
36
Q

What are the 3 ways the white blood cells defend you if a pathogen gets into your body?

A
  1. ingesting microorganisms by phagocytosis, then destroying them with chemicals and enzymes within the cell
  2. they produce antibodies specific to each pathogen. These bind to the bacteria or virus and destroy it. Once you’ve made the antibody once, you can make it again quickly to stop you getting sick again
  3. They also produce antitoxins which bind to and neutralise the toxins released by pathogens
37
Q

What do vaccinations do?

A

Also known as immunisations are designed to trigger the body’s own immune system, without causing the disease it’s self

38
Q

How do vaccines work?

A
  1. vaccines contain dead or inactive forms of the pathogen
  2. they have proteins on their surface called antigens that trigger the immune response
  3. the white blood cells recognise these antigens and are triggered to produce antibodies
  4. the white blood cells then remain in your body as memory cells
  5. if you then meet the pathogen in real life, the immune cells can very quickly produce the right antibodies again
  6. this allows you to destroy the pathogen before it can cause harm
39
Q

Advantages of vaccines?

A
  • have greatly reduced the occurrence of numerous infectious diseases, saving countless of lives
  • if enough of the population is vaccinated, herd immunity prevents it from spreading so it eventually dies out
40
Q

How does herd immunity work?

A

If one person contracted a disease, there are a sufficient number of vaccinated people in the population that it’s unlikely that this infected person will be able to pass it to anyone not immune.

41
Q

What do Antibodies do?

A

Produce by the white blood cells to destroy particular bacteria or viruses

41
Q

Explain how the vaccine for polio works?

A
  • It is difficult to kill the polio virus inside the body because the virus Lives inside cells.
  • The vaccine contains an Inactive Form of the polio virus.
  • The vaccine stimulates the white blood cells to produce Antibodies which destroys the virus.
43
Q

What do Antibiotics do?

A

Drugs that kill infective bacteria inside the body

44
Q

What do Antitoxins do?

A

Counteract poisons released by pathogens

45
Q

What does Antiseptic do?

A

Kill infective bacteria outside the body

46
Q

What is the maximum temperature at which bacteria should be incubated in a school laboratory?

A

25 degrees

47
Q

What 2 things do white blood cells produce?

A
  • antibodies

- Antitoxins

48
Q

What do Antibiotics not treat?

A

Viral diseases

49
Q

What can Bactria toxins do?

A

Make us feel ill and damage tissues

50
Q

What does immunity mean?

A

Immunity allows a person to produce specific antibodies quickly to to prevent infection

51
Q

In the 18th century, surgeons didn’t wear special clothing or wash their hands before operations. Many of their patients died from infections. Why did patients die after the operations?

A

Because the doctors where transmitting Bactria from there hands.

52
Q

There have been no cases of polio in the UK for many years. But children are still vaccinated with it? Suggest why?

A
  • in case it returns
  • People from other countries could carry it
  • if they go abroad they might be exposed to it
  • herd immunity
53
Q

Name 1 type of medicine which helps to relieve the symptoms of infectious diseases.

A

Painkiller

54
Q

Name one type if medicine that kills bacteria?

A

(Antibiotics) ampicillin

55
Q

Explain the symptoms of measles and how it’s spread

A
  • is a viral disease
  • causes fever and a red skin rash, can be fatal if complications arise
  • spread by inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs
56
Q

Explain HIV

A
  • causes flu-like illness
  • unless controlled by antiretroviral drugs it attacks the the body’s immune cells
  • the last stage is when the immune system is so damaged it can’t deal with other infections or cancer
  • spread by sexually contact or exchange of body fluids like blood (drug dealers who share needles)
57
Q

What does TMV stand for? And what does it do?

A
  • Tobacco mosaic virus
  • a plant pathogen affecting lots of plants including tomatoes
  • it gives a distinctive ‘mosaic’ pattern of discolouration on the leaves
  • which affects the growth of the plant due to the lack of photosynthesis
58
Q

Explain Salmonella

A
  • food poising spread by bacteria ingested in food, or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions.
  • tin the UK poultry is vaccinated against it to control the spread
  • the bacteria realises toxins that causes fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
59
Q

Explain Gonorrhoea

A
  • a STD
  • symptoms:yellow/green discharge from the vagina/penis and pain urinating
  • caused by bacterium, used to be easily treated by antibiotic penicillin but many became resistant
  • the spread can be controlled by treatment with antibiotics or barrier method of contraception eg. Condoms
60
Q

Explain rose black spot

A
  • a fungal disease where purple/black sports spear on leaves, which turn yellow and drop early
  • photosynthesis is reduced so it’s growth is affected
  • spread in the environment by wind or water
  • it can be treated by using fungicides and/or removing and destroying the affected leaves

GCSE B1 (15 decks)

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