1 Infection And Response 3

Question 1

What are protists?

Answer 1

• single-called eukaryotes
• some protists are parasites
• parasites live inside other organisms and can cause them damage.
• They’re often transferred by a vector which doesn’t get the disease its self

Question 2

What are fungi?

Answer 2

• some fungi are single-called others have a body make up of hyphae
• the hyphae can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants causing diseases

Question 3

Give an example of a fungal disease?

Answer 3

• rose black spot is a fungus that cause purple/black spots to develop on leaves of rise plants. The leaves turn yellow and drop off early
• it effects the growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced
• it spread through the wind and water
• can be treated using fungicides or destroying the effected leaves

Question 4

How can malaria be reduced?

Answer 4

• stopping mosquitoes from breeding

- use insecticides and mosquito nets

Question 5

What’s salmonella?

Answer 5

• it’s food poisoning spread by bacteria ingested in food or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions
• in the UK poultry are vaccinated against salmonella to control the spread
• fevers, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea are caused by the toxins the bacteria secretes

Question 6

What’s gonorrhoea?

Answer 6

• a sexually transmitted disease (STD)
• caused thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis when urinating
• caused by a bacterium and was easily treated with the antibiotic penicillin, but many resistant strains have appeared
• the spread can be controlled with antibiotics or a barrier method like a condom

Question 7

What 4 ways are there to reduce or prevent the spread of diseases?

Answer 7

1. Being hygienic
2. Destroying vectors
3. Isolating infected individuals
4. Vaccination

Question 8

Explain how being hygienic reduces or prevents a diseases from spreading?

Answer 8

It prevents the spread of disease. Washing hands when preparing food or after sneezing stops it from spreading

Question 9

Explain how being destroying vectors reduces or prevents a diseases from spreading?

Answer 9

Destroying vectors- your getting rid of the organism that spreads the disease, prevents it from being passed on.
-Vectors which are insects can be killed using insecticides or by destroying their habitat do they can no longer breed

Question 10

Explain how isolating infected individuals reduces or prevents a diseases from spreading?

Answer 10

If you isolate someone who has a communicable disease, it prevent them from passing it on to anyone else

Question 11

Explain how vaccinations reduce or prevent a diseases from spreading?

Answer 11

Vaccinating people and animals against communicable diseases means that they can’t develop the infection and then pass it on

Question 12

What does the skin secret that kills pathogens?

Answer 12

Antimicrobial substances

Question 13

What is the name of the hair like structures that line the trachea and bronchi?

Answer 13

Cilia

Question 14

How does your nose act as a defence system?

Answer 14

Hairs and muscles in it trap particles that contain pathogens

Question 15

What are the pros of vaccinations?

Answer 15

• help control communicable diseases that were once common (smallpox, polio, rubella)
• epidemics can be prevented if herd immunity has happened

Question 16

What are the cons of vaccinations?

Answer 16

• sometimes they’d don’t work, and don’t give you immunity

- you can sometimes have a bad reaction to a vaccine (swelling, fever or seizures) but bad reactions are rare.

Question 17

How do vaccinations work?

Answer 17

• involve introducing small quantities of dead of inactive forms of a pathogen into the body
• to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies
• it the same pathogen re-enters the body the white blood cells respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies preventing infection

Question 18

What do antibiotics do?

Answer 18

(Such as penicillin)
They’re medicines that cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body
It’s important that specific should be treated with specific antibiotics

Question 19

What can antibiotics no do?

Answer 19

Kill viral pathogens

Question 20

What do painkillers do?

Answer 20

-to treat the symptoms of the disease and relieve the pain
(Eg. An aspirin)
-but they don’t actually kill pathogens

Question 21

Why is it so difficult to create a drug to kill viruses?

Answer 21

Because if it kills the virus it’ll also damage the body’s tissues

Question 22

What a serious problem arising with antibiotics?

Answer 22

• bacteria are mutating to become resistance to the antibiotics
• the resistant strain could cause a serious infection and can’t be treated with antibiotics
• so doctors need to stop over-prescribing antibiotics
• also finish the whole course of antibiotics and not just stop once you feel better

Question 23

How where drugs traditionally found?

Answer 23

From plants or microorganisms

Question 24

What plant did the aspirin in develop from? And what does it do?

Answer 24

-a chemical found in willow

A painkiller and lowers fever

Question 25

What plant did digitalis in develop from? And what does it do?

Answer 25

-a chemical found in foxglove

To treat heart conditions

Question 26

What microorganism did the penicillin in develop from? And what does it do.

Answer 26

• from the pellicillum mould

- discovered by Alexander Fleming