1 Infection And Response 3 Flashcards
What are protists?
- single-called eukaryotes
- some protists are parasites
- parasites live inside other organisms and can cause them damage.
- They’re often transferred by a vector which doesn’t get the disease its self
What are fungi?
- some fungi are single-called others have a body make up of hyphae
- the hyphae can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants causing diseases
Give an example of a fungal disease?
- rose black spot is a fungus that cause purple/black spots to develop on leaves of rise plants. The leaves turn yellow and drop off early
- it effects the growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced
- it spread through the wind and water
- can be treated using fungicides or destroying the effected leaves
How can malaria be reduced?
- stopping mosquitoes from breeding
- use insecticides and mosquito nets
What’s salmonella?
- it’s food poisoning spread by bacteria ingested in food or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions
- in the UK poultry are vaccinated against salmonella to control the spread
- fevers, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea are caused by the toxins the bacteria secretes
What’s gonorrhoea?
- a sexually transmitted disease (STD)
- caused thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis when urinating
- caused by a bacterium and was easily treated with the antibiotic penicillin, but many resistant strains have appeared
- the spread can be controlled with antibiotics or a barrier method like a condom
What 4 ways are there to reduce or prevent the spread of diseases?
- Being hygienic
- Destroying vectors
- Isolating infected individuals
- Vaccination
Explain how being hygienic reduces or prevents a diseases from spreading?
It prevents the spread of disease. Washing hands when preparing food or after sneezing stops it from spreading
Explain how being destroying vectors reduces or prevents a diseases from spreading?
Destroying vectors- your getting rid of the organism that spreads the disease, prevents it from being passed on.
-Vectors which are insects can be killed using insecticides or by destroying their habitat do they can no longer breed
Explain how isolating infected individuals reduces or prevents a diseases from spreading?
If you isolate someone who has a communicable disease, it prevent them from passing it on to anyone else
Explain how vaccinations reduce or prevent a diseases from spreading?
Vaccinating people and animals against communicable diseases means that they can’t develop the infection and then pass it on
What does the skin secret that kills pathogens?
Antimicrobial substances
What is the name of the hair like structures that line the trachea and bronchi?
Cilia
How does your nose act as a defence system?
Hairs and muscles in it trap particles that contain pathogens
What are the pros of vaccinations?
- help control communicable diseases that were once common (smallpox, polio, rubella)
- epidemics can be prevented if herd immunity has happened
What are the cons of vaccinations?
- sometimes they’d don’t work, and don’t give you immunity
- you can sometimes have a bad reaction to a vaccine (swelling, fever or seizures) but bad reactions are rare.
How do vaccinations work?
- involve introducing small quantities of dead of inactive forms of a pathogen into the body
- to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies
- it the same pathogen re-enters the body the white blood cells respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies preventing infection
What do antibiotics do?
(Such as penicillin)
They’re medicines that cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body
It’s important that specific should be treated with specific antibiotics
What can antibiotics no do?
Kill viral pathogens
What do painkillers do?
-to treat the symptoms of the disease and relieve the pain
(Eg. An aspirin)
-but they don’t actually kill pathogens
Why is it so difficult to create a drug to kill viruses?
Because if it kills the virus it’ll also damage the body’s tissues
What a serious problem arising with antibiotics?
- bacteria are mutating to become resistance to the antibiotics
- the resistant strain could cause a serious infection and can’t be treated with antibiotics
- so doctors need to stop over-prescribing antibiotics
- also finish the whole course of antibiotics and not just stop once you feel better
How where drugs traditionally found?
From plants or microorganisms
What plant did the aspirin in develop from? And what does it do?
-a chemical found in willow
A painkiller and lowers fever
What plant did digitalis in develop from? And what does it do?
-a chemical found in foxglove
To treat heart conditions
What microorganism did the penicillin in develop from? And what does it do.
- from the pellicillum mould
- discovered by Alexander Fleming
