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GCSE B1 > 1 Infection & Response 4 > Flashcards

1 Infection & Response 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 main stages of developing a drug?

A
  1. preclinical testing (on human cells and tissues)
  2. Preclinical testing (live animals)
  3. Clinical trial (human volunteers)
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2
Q

What’s the problem with preclinical testing on human cells and tissues?

A

-you can’t use it to test drugs that affect a whole or multiple body systems

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3
Q

What’s the point of testing on animals in the preclinical?

A
  • to test its efficiency (if it works and produces the effect you want)
  • to find out about its toxicity (how harmful it is)
  • to find the best dosage (what concentration and how often)
  • in Britain it’s the law that a new drug must be tested on 2 different live mammals
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4
Q

How does the clinical trial work?

A
  1. Tested on healthy volunteers to test it doesn’t have harmful side effects. It starts with a low dose of the drug & slowly increases
  2. If it’s successful it’s tested on patients with the optimum does where it’s most effective and has few side effects
  3. double blind trails happen, where some patients are given a placebo
  4. Drug tests & trials aren’t published until they’ve been peer reviewed. To prevent false claims
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5
Q

How does a double blind trail work?

A
  • patients are put into 2 groups randomly
  • 1 is given a placebo and 1 is given the new drug
  • so the doctor can see the actual difference the drug makes - it allows for the placebo effect
  • the patient doesn’t know what they’re getting neither does the doctor until the results have been gathered
  • this is so doctors monitoring patients aren’t subconsciously influenced by their knowledge
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6
Q

What’s a placebo?

A

A substance that’s like the drug being but doesn’t do anything

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7
Q

What’s the placebo effect?

A

When the patient expects the treatment to work and so feels better, even though the treatment isn’t doing anything

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8
Q

What’s monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • they are lots of clones of a single white blood cell so will target 1 specific protein antigen
  • they’re specific to 1 binding site on 1 protein antigen and so are able to target a specific chemical/cell in the body
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9
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A
  1. A mammal such as a mouse is exposed to a particular antigen (the surface marker of a pathogen)
  2. The lymphocytes which are stimulated are isolated and collected
  3. These cells are combined with tumour cells to form hybridoma, which divide rapidly to produce a large cloned colony of cells
  4. These cells produce a large number of identical antibodies that can be collected and purified – monoclonal antibodies
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10
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests?

A
  • Pregnancy tests contain monoclonal antibodies to the hormone HCG, which is produced in pregnancy & is detectable in the urine
  • If the hormone is present, the antibody binds and produces a colour change
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11
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in labs?

A
  • can be used to bind to hormones & other chemicals in the blood to measure their levels
  • test blood for certain pathogens
  • locate specific molecules on a cell or in a tissue
    1. The monoclonal antibodies will bind to to the specific molecules you’re looking for
    2. And then They are then bound to a fluorescent dye
    3. If the molecules are present in your sample, the monoclonal antibodies will attach to them & can detected using the dye
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12
Q

Explain how monoclonal antibodies can be used to treat some diseases?

A

For cancer monoclonal antibodies can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing
It delivers the substance to the cancer cells without harming any other cells in the body
-because cancer cells have antigens called tumour markers

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13
Q

What are the disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • they cause more side effects then originally expected (eg. Fever, vomiting and low blood pressure)
  • they not as widely used as scientists had originally though
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14
Q

What is an advantage of monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • in other cancer treatments (chemo and radiotherapy) normal body cells are also affect as well as the cancer cells
  • whereas monoclonal antibodies target specific cells so the side effects are low then standard chemo and radiotherapy
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15
Q

How can plant diseases be detected?

A
  1. Stunted growth
  2. Spots on the leaves
  3. Areas of decay (rot)
  4. Abnormal growths (eg. Lumps)
  5. Malformed stems or leaves
  6. Discolouration
  7. The presences of pests
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16
Q

How can you identify the disease your plant has from the signs?

A
  • reference a gardening manual or website
  • taking infected plants to a laboratory to identify the pathogen
  • using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies
17
Q

How can plants be infected?

A
  • viral pathogens (tobacco mosaic virus)
  • bacterial pathogens
  • fungal pathogens (black spot)
  • insects (aphids)
18
Q

What happens if a plant doesn’t have enough nitrates?

A

(It suffers from deficiency syndrome)

  • nitrates are needed for proteins synthesis and so growth
  • it causes stunted growth
19
Q

What happens if a plant doesn’t have enough magnesium ions?

A

(It suffers from deficiency syndrome)

  • magnums ions are needed for making chlorophyll which is needed for photosynthesis
  • without it they suffer from chlorosis and have yellow leaves
20
Q

Other than from a pathogen or an instead how can a plan be damaged?

A

Ion Deficiency conditions

21
Q

What physical defences do plants have?

A

(To resist invasion of a microorganism)

  • tough waxy cuticles on leaves
  • cellulose cell walls barrier against pathogens that make it past the waxy cuticle
  • layers of dead cells around stems (eg. bark) which fall off
22
Q

What chemical defences do plants have?

A

(Defence response)

  • antibacterial chemicals which kill bacterial (eg, witch hazel)
  • poisons to deter herbivores (eg, foxglove)
23
Q

What mechanical defences do plants have?

A
  • thorns and hairs to deter animals (stops animals from touching or eating them)
  • leaves which drop and curl when touched (prevent themselves from being eaten by knocking insects off and moving away from things)
  • mimicry to trick animals (eg. The Passion flower has bright yellow spots on its leaves which look like butterfly eggs, which stop actual butterflies from laying their eggs there

GCSE B1 (15 decks)

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