Pancreatic Glands & its hormones

Question 1

Secrete substances into a ductal system to an epithelial surface

Answer 1

Exocrine Glands

Question 2

Secretes products directly into the bloodstream

Answer 2

Endocrine glands

Question 3

A hormone that triggers liver glycogen to convert back to glucose and to enter your bloodstream so that your body can use it for energy.

Answer 3

Glucagon

Question 4

stored form of glucose

Answer 4

Glycogen

Question 5

The process by which cells move materials from within the cell into the extracellular fluid

Answer 5

Exocytosis

Question 6

The process by which glycogen, the primary carbohydrate stored in the liver and muscle cells of animals, is broken down into glucose to provide immediate energy and to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting

Answer 6

Glycogenolysis

Question 7

The metabolic process by which organisms produce sugars (namely glucose) for catabolic reactions from non-carbohydrate precursors.

Answer 7

Gluconeogenesis

Question 8

The process by which triglycerides (TGs) are hydrolyzed to free fatty acids (FFAs) and glycerol

Answer 8

Lypolysis

Question 9

an essential sugar alcohol for many living things. For one, it is component of lipids, such as glycerides and phospholipids.

Answer 9

Glycerol

Question 10

The pancreas is composed of what cells and secrete what?

Answer 10

-islets of langerhans (20% of pancreatic cell mass)
-Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and polypeptide.

Question 11

The islets are surrounded by what cells?

Answer 11

-Acinar (exocrine) cells
-produce digestive enzymes

Question 12

Pancreatic islets contain what cells?

Answer 12

α, β, and δ cells, each of which synthesizes a unique polypeptide hormone

Question 13

it accounts for 60-70% of the islet-cell population. What does this cell secrete?

Answer 13

β cells
-insulin

Question 14

percentage of alpha cells and what does it secrete?

Answer 14

20%
-secrete glucagon

Question 15

(delta) δ cells compromise of what?

Answer 15

-somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide
-makes up 5% of the islet of langerhans

Question 16

Increases the storage of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids

Answer 16

Insulin

Question 17

Stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, and Ketogenesis

Answer 17

Glucagon

Question 18

Inhibits both insulin and glucagon release, and, therefore, modulates their output.

Answer 18

Somatostatin

Question 19

polypeptide hormone secreted by beta cells in response to hyperglycemia.

Answer 19

Insulin

Question 20

normal blood glucose concentration in ruminants

Answer 20

55-65 mg/dL

Question 21

how is insulin synthesized?

Answer 21

It is synthesized in the Golgi apparatus and packed into secretory granules awaiting secretion.

Question 22

Mechanics of Insulin Secretions

Answer 22

1. When the intracellular concentration of glucose rises above a certain level, it causes β‐cell membrane depolarization, followed by an influx of calcium ions. The rise in intracellular calcium ions causes exocytosis of the secretory granules from the cell, raising blood insulin concentration.
2. Gastrin and secretin, hormones produced when a meal has entered the duodenum, can also stimulate insulin release, presumably in preparation for a rise in blood glucose that will be derived from the meal. Epinephrine, secreted by the adrenal medulla, shuts off insulin release. This promotes higher blood glucose as part of the fight or flight response. Somatostatin (pancreatic or intestinal origin) can also inhibit insulin secretion.

Question 23

GLUT-1

Answer 23

Transporters can be found on all cells, including adipose tissue and muscle. present only in very small numbers on most tissues and allow just enough glucose into cells to sustain life.

Question 24

GLUT-2

Answer 24

transporters found in liver, intestinal epithelium, and pancreatic islet beta cells

Question 25

GLUT-3

Answer 25

transporters are found in nervous tissue

Question 26

Effects of insulin

Answer 26

1. promote the growth of may tissues 2. promote the build-up of triglyceride in adipose tissue, glycogen in muscle and liver, and protein reserves in muscle 3. promote amino acid uptake needed for growth 4.increases the activity of Na+/K+- ATPase pumps; this can cause extracellular potassium to move into cells at an accelerated rate.

Question 27

Effects of insulin in adipose tissue

Answer 27

The glucose provided to adipose tissue promotes glycerol formation. Glycerol combines with fatty acids delivered to adipose tissue to form triglycerides. Adipose tissue receives fatty acids from very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) produced in the liver. Chylomicrons synthesized by intestinal villous epithelium can deliver dietary triglycerides directly to adipose tissue for storage. Insulin inhibits lipolysis.

Question 28

Effects of insulin in muscles

Answer 28

In smooth, striated, and cardiac muscle, insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis enzymes, promoting storage of glucose molecules in the form of glycogen. Insulin promotes the use of glucose as a fuel source. Insulin reduces fatty acid oxidation, further promoting use of glucose as a fuel. In the absence of insulin, muscles rely more on fatty acids as a fuel source. Insulin enhances amino acid uptake by muscle, which promotes muscle growth.

Question 29

Effects of insulin in liver

Answer 29

The liver does not require insulin to permit glucose uptake from the blood. Insulin promotes fatty acid synthesis in hepatocytes and stimulates incorporation of those fatty acids and triglycerides into lipoprotein‐bound vesicles such as VLDL for transport to adipocytes. Insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis.

Question 30

Effects of insulin on the mammary gland

Answer 30

The mammary gland does not require insulin in order to remove glucose from the blood for milk production. This is because ketosis, a hypoglycemic disorder of dairy cows and goats, occurs partly because the mammary gland continues to remove glucose from the blood of the cow even when blood glucose is below normal. Insulin also has some effect on growth of the developing mammary gland alveolar cells.

Question 31

Effects of insulin on satiety centers

Answer 31

induces satiety and suppresses appetite

Question 32

It promotes mobilization of stores of energy-yielding nutrients by increasing glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis.

Answer 32

Glucagon

Question 33

A chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism due to relative or absolute insulin deficiency.

Answer 33

Diabetes mellitus

Question 34

The type of diabetes where the pancreas does not make insulin because the body's immune system attack the islet cells in the pancreas that makes insulin

Answer 34

Type 1 diabetes

Question 35

The pancreas makes less insulin than used to, and your body becomes resistant to insulin

Answer 35

Type 2 diabetes

Question 36

Clinical signs of Diabetes mellitus

Answer 36

polyuria polydipsia polyphagia weight loss cataracts (dogs) weakness

Question 37

is a form of decompensated diabetes mellitus in which use free fatty acids as an energy source, because they cannot access glucose due to absolute or relative insulin deficiency.

Answer 37

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Question 38

Treatment for Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Answer 38

rehydration and the use of short and long-acting insulins to reduce ketone production and establish euglycemia

Question 39

Diabetic ketoacidosis Diagnosis

Answer 39

-Persistent hyperglycemia -Glycosuria -Elevated serum fructosamine

Question 40

These are synthesized by intestinal villous epithelium can deliver dietary triglycerides directly to adipose tissue for storage

Answer 40

Chylomicrons

Question 41

GLUT-4 meaning and function

Answer 41

-Glucose transporter GLUT-4 Molecules -the primary means of bringing glucose to these tissues.