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Endocrinology > Pancreatic Glands & its hormones > Flashcards

Pancreatic Glands & its hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Secrete substances into a ductal system to an epithelial surface

A

Exocrine Glands

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2
Q

Secretes products directly into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine glands

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3
Q

A hormone that triggers liver glycogen to convert back to glucose and to enter your bloodstream so that your body can use it for energy.

A

Glucagon

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4
Q

stored form of glucose

A

Glycogen

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5
Q

The process by which cells move materials from within the cell into the extracellular fluid

A

Exocytosis

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6
Q

The process by which glycogen, the primary carbohydrate stored in the liver and muscle cells of animals, is broken down into glucose to provide immediate energy and to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting

A

Glycogenolysis

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7
Q

The metabolic process by which organisms produce sugars (namely glucose) for catabolic reactions from non-carbohydrate precursors.

A

Gluconeogenesis

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8
Q

The process by which triglycerides (TGs) are hydrolyzed to free fatty acids (FFAs) and glycerol

A

Lypolysis

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9
Q

an essential sugar alcohol for many living things. For one, it is component of lipids, such as glycerides and phospholipids.

A

Glycerol

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10
Q

The pancreas is composed of what cells and secrete what?

A

-islets of langerhans (20% of pancreatic cell mass)
-Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and polypeptide.

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11
Q

The islets are surrounded by what cells?

A

-Acinar (exocrine) cells
-produce digestive enzymes

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12
Q

Pancreatic islets contain what cells?

A

α, β, and δ cells, each of which synthesizes a unique polypeptide hormone

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13
Q

it accounts for 60-70% of the islet-cell population. What does this cell secrete?

A

β cells
-insulin

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14
Q

percentage of alpha cells and what does it secrete?

A

20%
-secrete glucagon

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15
Q

(delta) δ cells compromise of what?

A

-somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide
-makes up 5% of the islet of langerhans

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16
Q

Increases the storage of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids

A

Insulin

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17
Q

Stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, and Ketogenesis

A

Glucagon

18
Q

Inhibits both insulin and glucagon release, and, therefore, modulates their output.

A

Somatostatin

19
Q

polypeptide hormone secreted by beta cells in response to hyperglycemia.

A

Insulin

20
Q

normal blood glucose concentration in ruminants

A

55-65 mg/dL

21
Q

how is insulin synthesized?

A

It is synthesized in the Golgi apparatus and packed into secretory granules awaiting secretion.

22
Q

Mechanics of Insulin Secretions

A
  1. When the intracellular concentration of glucose rises above a certain level, it causes β‐cell membrane depolarization, followed by an influx of calcium ions. The rise in intracellular calcium ions causes exocytosis of the secretory granules from the cell, raising blood insulin concentration.
  2. Gastrin and secretin, hormones produced when a meal has entered the duodenum, can also stimulate insulin release, presumably in preparation for a rise in blood glucose that will be derived from the meal. Epinephrine, secreted by the adrenal medulla, shuts off insulin release. This promotes higher blood glucose as part of the fight or flight response. Somatostatin (pancreatic or intestinal origin) can also inhibit insulin secretion.
23
Q

GLUT-1

A

Transporters can be found on all cells, including adipose tissue and muscle. present only in very small numbers on most tissues and allow just enough glucose into cells to sustain life.

24
Q

GLUT-2

A

transporters found in liver, intestinal epithelium, and pancreatic islet beta cells

25
Q

GLUT-3

A

transporters are found in nervous tissue

26
Q

Effects of insulin

A
  1. promote the growth of may tissues
  2. promote the build-up of triglyceride in adipose tissue, glycogen in muscle and liver, and protein reserves in muscle
  3. promote amino acid uptake needed for growth
    4.increases the activity of Na+/K+- ATPase pumps; this can cause extracellular potassium to move into cells at an accelerated rate.
27
Q

Effects of insulin in adipose tissue

A

The glucose provided to adipose tissue promotes glycerol formation. Glycerol combines with fatty acids delivered to adipose tissue to form triglycerides. Adipose tissue receives fatty acids from very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) produced in the liver. Chylomicrons synthesized by intestinal villous epithelium can deliver dietary triglycerides directly to adipose tissue for storage. Insulin inhibits lipolysis.

28
Q

Effects of insulin in muscles

A

In smooth, striated, and cardiac muscle, insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis enzymes, promoting storage of glucose molecules in the form of glycogen. Insulin promotes the use of glucose as a fuel source. Insulin reduces fatty acid oxidation, further promoting use of glucose as a fuel. In the absence of insulin, muscles rely more on fatty acids as a fuel source. Insulin enhances amino acid uptake by muscle, which promotes muscle growth.

29
Q

Effects of insulin in liver

A

The liver does not require insulin to permit glucose uptake from the blood. Insulin promotes fatty acid synthesis in hepatocytes and stimulates incorporation of those fatty acids and triglycerides into lipoprotein‐bound vesicles such as VLDL for transport to adipocytes. Insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis.

30
Q

Effects of insulin on the mammary gland

A

The mammary gland does not require insulin in order to remove glucose from the blood for milk production. This is because ketosis, a hypoglycemic disorder of dairy cows and goats, occurs partly because the mammary gland continues to remove glucose from the blood of the cow even when blood glucose is below normal. Insulin also has some effect on growth of the developing mammary gland alveolar cells.

31
Q

Effects of insulin on satiety centers

A

induces satiety and suppresses appetite

32
Q

It promotes mobilization of stores of energy-yielding nutrients by increasing glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis.

A

Glucagon

33
Q

A chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism due to relative or absolute insulin deficiency.

A

Diabetes mellitus

34
Q

The type of diabetes where the pancreas does not make insulin because the body’s immune system attack the islet cells in the pancreas that makes insulin

A

Type 1 diabetes

35
Q

The pancreas makes less insulin than used to, and your body becomes resistant to insulin

A

Type 2 diabetes

36
Q

Clinical signs of Diabetes mellitus

A

polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
weight loss
cataracts (dogs)
weakness

37
Q

is a form of decompensated diabetes mellitus in which use free fatty acids as an energy source, because they cannot access glucose due to absolute or relative insulin deficiency.

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

38
Q

Treatment for Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A

rehydration and the use of short and long-acting insulins to reduce ketone production and establish euglycemia

39
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis Diagnosis

A

-Persistent hyperglycemia
-Glycosuria
-Elevated serum fructosamine

40
Q

These are synthesized by intestinal villous epithelium can deliver dietary triglycerides directly to adipose tissue for storage

A

Chylomicrons

41
Q

GLUT-4 meaning and function

A

-Glucose transporter GLUT-4 Molecules
-the primary means of bringing glucose to these tissues.

Endocrinology (8 decks)

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