Lec 3 & 4 Flashcards by Roleene Kate Vale

What are the two major parts of the Pituitary gland?

Anterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary

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Parts of Anterior Pituitary

Pars tuberalis
Pars Intermedia
Pars distalis

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Functions primarily as a scaffold for the capillary network of the hypophyseal portal system.

Pars tuberalis

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Junction between the pars distalis and pars nervosa

Pars intermedia

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Largest part of the adenohypophysis and contains multiple population of endocrine cells

Pars distalis

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Lobes of the Hypophysis (Pituitary gland)

Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)
Neurohypophysis (Posterior lobe)

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What is the function of the Pituitary gland

It is known as the “master gland”, that produces a number of critical hormones that controls various function in the parts of the body.

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Cells of the anterior pituitary

8
Somatotrope cells
Corticotrope cells
Mammotrope/Leutrotopes/Lactotropes cells
Thyrotrope cells
Gonadotrope cells
Melanotrope cells

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Cells that secret growth hormoneq

Somatotrope cells (Adenohypophysis)

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Hormone secreted by corticotrope cells

Adenocorticotropic Hormone, Beta-lipotropin Hormone

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Cells that secretes prolactin

Mammotrope cells
Leutotropes cells
Lactotropes cells

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Hormone secreted by Thyrotrope cells

Thyriod Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

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Hormone secreted by Thyrotrope cells

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

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Hormone secreted by Gonadotrope cells

Follicle Stimulating hormone

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Hormone secreted by Gonadotrope cells

Follicle Stimulating hormone
Luteinizing Hormone

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Hormone secreted by Melanotropes cells

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

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Protein hormone that is essential for normal growth, development, and health maintenance. This hormone is found primarily in?

Somatotropin or Growth hormone
-Liver and adipose tissue

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IGF secreted from the liver

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1
somatomedin C

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Protein hormone that is essential for normal growth, development, and health maintenance. This hormone is found primarily in?

Somatotropin or Growth hormone
-Liver and adipose tissue

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Growth hormone produced in many tissues such as cartilage and ovary and following stimulation by GH.
It is made by fetal Liver, critical for embryonic development.

IGF-2 or somatomedin A

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A hormone that regulates the production of cortisol by the adrenal glands.
-its concentration can be measured in what?

Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-measured in the blood.

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Responsible for milk production and development of the mammary gland.

Prolactin

Thyroid-stimulating hormone is also called as?

Thyrotropin, thyrotropic hormone

Plays an important role in regulating body weight, body temp and muscle strength. it also stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T4 and T3.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Function of follicle-stimulating hormone in males.

FSH stimulates testicular growth and enhances the production of an adrogen-binding protein by Sertoli cells. (Necessary for sustaining the maturing sperm cell)

Function of Follicle-stimulating hormone in females

It stimulates the ovarian follicle causing the eggs to grow and mature, after which LH causes the ovulation from mature follicles.

Function of Luteinizing hormone in males

Stimulates testosterone production by Leydig cells y activating the LH/chorionic gonadotropin receptor membranes.

Function of Luteinizing hormone in females

Controls the estrous cycle, wherein it triggers the release of an egg from the ovary, resulting in ovulation.

It is a peptide hormone produced in the mammalian pars intermedia. It stimulates melanocytes, to synthesize a brown pigment.

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (melanotropin [a-MSH])

The Neurohypophysis

Pars Nervosa Infundibular stalk

Connection between hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland

Infundibular stalk

Antidiuretic Hormone

- vasopressin - it increases the renal tubular reabsorption of water from the glomerular filtrate

Responsible for the secretion of the neurohypophysial hormones oxytocin and vasopressin into the systemic circulation.

Pars Nervosa

Effects in the smooth muscle of the uterus and the myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland.

Oxytocin

Zona glomerulosa

Mineralocorticoid hormones: outermost layer (zona arcuata)

Zona fasciculata

Glucocorticoids: cortisol, cortisone

Zona reticularis

Responsible for the secretion of sex hormones: androgens

The source of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine). 2. what is its principal cell type?

Medulla 2. Chromaffin cell

Secretes several classes of steroid hormones (give example of the steroid hormones)

Cortex (Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids)

Synthesis and secretion of catecholamines

The amino acid tyrosine is taken up by the chromaffin cells to convert it into norepinephrine and epinephrine. Acetylcholine release is then the responsible hormone for the secretion of these hormones. 3. once released from the preganglionic sympathetic fibers, the catecholamines bind loosely to and are carried in the circulation by albumin.

Physiologic effects of medullary hormones

Dilation of bronchioles; Constriction of blood vessels; Increased metabolic rate; Dilation of the pupils

Parenchymal cells of the cortex. the source of various steroid hormones produced by the gland.

Corticocytes

Outermost zone of the adrenal cortex. Responsible for the secretion of androgen hormones.

Zona glomerulosa

The middle zone of the adrenal cortex and is one of the thickest layer. It is composed of cells that contain abundant cytoplasmic lipid and glucocorticoid hormones.

Zona fasciculata

The inner zone of the adrenal cortex, responsible for the secretion of sex steroids.

Zona reticularis

(Aldosterone). Have a principal effects on ion transport by epithelial cells, resulting in a loss of potassium and retention of sodium.

Mineralocorticoids

Helps regulate the blood pressure by managing levels of NaCl and K in the blood and impacting blood volume.

Aldosterone

Renin-Angiotensi-Aldosterone system

is a regulator of blood pressure and cardiovascular function. The system is mainly comprised of the three hormones renin, angiotensin II and aldosterone. Primarily it is regulated by the rate of renal blood flow. enin splits angiotensinogen, a large protein that circulates in the bloodstream, into pieces. One piece is angiotensin I. Angiotensin I, which is relatively inactive, is split into pieces by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). One piece is angiotensin II, a hormone, which is very active. Angiotensin II causes the muscular walls of small arteries (arterioles) to constrict, increasing blood pressure. Angiotensin II also triggers the release of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal glands and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) from the pituitary gland. Aldosterone and vasopressin cause the kidneys to retain sodium (salt). Aldosterone also causes the kidneys to excrete potassium. The increased sodium causes water to be retained, thus increasing blood volume and blood pressure.

Primary glucocorticoid produced within the zona fasciculata. "stress hormone"

Cortisol

Primary glucocorticoid produced in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and rodents. regulates the body's stress response.

Cortisone

MOA corticosteroid drugs

Glucocorticoids inhibit wound repair via anti-inflammatory effect suppression of cellular responses, including fibroblast proliferation & collagen synthesis.

what does corticosteroid inhibits

Hypoxia-Inducible-Factor-1 (transcriptional factor in healing wounds)

Hormone made by atrial cardiac muscle cells in response to high blood volume that stretches the atrial muscle beyond normal levels

Atrial natriuretic peptide