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HF&F > Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder (9/29) w/German > Flashcards

Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder (9/29) w/German Flashcards

1
Q

Where do exocrine glands secrete?

A

Onto a surface.

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2
Q

Where do endocrine glands secrete?

A

into the vasculature.

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3
Q

Name the 3 types of the exocrine glands:

A

Merocrine glands
Holocrine glands
Apocrine glands

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4
Q

Describe the merocrine glands:

A

Most common exocrine gland that releases products via exocytosis at the apical end of secretory cells.

Examples: salivary glands, pancreas.

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5
Q

Describe the holocrine cells:

A

secretory cells disintegrate to form the secretion.

Example: sebaceous glands.

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6
Q

Describe apocrine glands:

A

Secretion of membrane-enclosed apical cytoplasm containing proteins and lipids.

Example: mammary glands.

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7
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A
  • islets of langerhans

- protein and polypeptide hormones.

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8
Q

What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

Acinar cells. Releases digestive molecules into the duodenum.

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9
Q

What do Acinar cells do?

A

exocytose zymogen granules into intercalated ducts.

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10
Q

What are zymogen granules?

A

Digestive molecules:

alpha-amylase
lipase
nucleases
proteases

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11
Q

What does alpha-amylase do?

A

hydrolyze long-chain carbohydrates

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12
Q

What does lipases do?

A

hydrolyze lipids.

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13
Q

What do nucleases do?

A

hydrolyze DNA and RNA.

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14
Q

What doe proteases (zymogens) do?

A

hydrolysis of proteins.

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15
Q

Name 3 proteases:

A

trysinogen
chymotrypsinogen
elastase

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16
Q

What is a zymogen?

A

an inactive enzyme precursor.

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17
Q

What is trypsinogen the precursor of?

A

trypsin; activated by enterokinase.

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18
Q

What is chymotrypsinogen the precursor of?

A

chymotrypsin. activated by trypsin.

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19
Q

What is elastase activated by?

A

Trypsin.

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20
Q

Where are zymogens activated and why?

A

activated in the duodenum to protect the acinar cells.

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21
Q

What do controacinar cells produce? Why?

A

produce HCO3 to create an alkaline solution that flushes secretions into the duodenum.

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22
Q

What does cholecystokinin (CKK) and secretin do?

A

both induce acinar and controacinar exocrine activity.

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23
Q

What is CCK?

A

Cholecystokinin is a neuropeptide of the central nervous and enteric nervous system; I cells

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24
Q

What produces secretin?

A

S cells

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25
T/F: Endocrine cells are orgainized into the Islets of Langerhans.
True.
26
What cells are found in the Islets of Langerhans?
alpha-cells beta-cells delta-cells PP-cells
27
What do alpha cells do?
secrete glucagon. | 30% of Islet cells.
28
What do beta cells do?
secrete insulin. | 65% of Islet cells.
29
What do delta cells do?
secrete somotostatin. | 4% of Islet cells.
30
What do PP cells do?
secrete pancreatic polypeptide. | <1% of Islet cells.
31
What does somatostatin do?
inhibits GI and pancreatic endocrine/exocrine secretion.
32
What does pancreatic polypeptide do?
inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretion, GI motility, and gastric acid secretion.
33
What are 4 functions of the liver?
1. blood reservoir 2. bile secretion 3. detoxification 4. metabolic homeostasis
34
How does the liver contribute to metabolic homeostasis?
- carbohydrate metabolism - lipid metabolism - protein metabolism - storage - serum protein production
35
T/F: The liver is the smallest organ in the body.
False. The liver is the largest organ in the body.
36
T/F: The liver does not regenerate.
False. The liver is highly regenerative.
37
T/F: The liver has a dual blood supply and receives 30% of cardiac output.
True.
38
What are the 3 major cell types found in the liver?
1. hepatocyte 2. Kupffer cell 3. Sinusoidal epithelial cells
39
Describe the hepatocyte:
- polarized epithelial cells - metabolizes carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. - produces bile from cholesterol - detoxifies endogenous and xenobiotic molecules.
40
Describe the Kupffer cells:
- liver specific marcophage | - removes pathogens and debris from the blood
41
Describe sinusoidal epithelial cells:
- large pores between cells (fenestrae) | - No basement membrane
42
T/F: the liver has high blood flow with low resistance.
True.
43
T/F: The liver acts as a blood buffer and reservoir.
True. The normal volume of the liver is 450 mL with an expansion capacity of 0.5-1.0 liter.
44
What allows first-pass metabolism?
the portal vein.
45
T/F: the liver slowly assesses dietary products.
False. The liver has rapid assessment of dietary products.
46
T/F: The Kuppffer cells filter the blood.
True. Kupffer cells filter the blood and clears the colon and intestinal bacteria.
47
What are the 3 structures of liver architecture classifications?
1. classic hepatic lobule 2. portal lobule 3. hepatic acinus
48
Describe the classic hepatic lobule:
- hexagonal prism of portal canals - blood drains from the portal vein and hepatic artery to the central vein. - Endocrine focus.
49
Describe the portal lobule:
- bile drains from hepatocytes to the bile ducts | - exocrine focus.
50
Describe the hepatic acinus:
- microvascular liver unit divided into circulatroy zones. - gradient of heptocyte oxygenation - hepatic functions differ across 3 zones.
51
What are the 3 zones of the hepatic acinus? What do they do?
- zone I: periportal zone; oxygen and nutrient rich. - zone II: intermediate zone. - zone III: peripheral zone; oxygen poor
52
How does the liver contribute to carbohydrate metabolism?
- glycogen storage - gluconeogenesis - normalizes blood glucose
53
How does the liver contribute to fatty acid metabolism?
- oxidizes fatty acids - produces ketone bodies - synthesizes fatty acids - synthesizes triglycerides, phosholipids, and cholesterol - forms lipoproteins to transport lipids and fatty acids
54
How does the liver contribute to protein metabolism?
- deaminates amino acids - forms urea to remove ammonia from the blood - synthesizes non-essential amino acids.
55
What does the liver store?
- vitamins - fatty acids - iron
56
What proteins does the liver produce?
- acute phase proteins - clotting factors - albumin - apolipoproteins
57
T/F: the liver detoxifies endogenous and exogenous molecules.
True. The liver detoxifies endogenous and exogenous molecules through hepatocyte xenobiotic elimination.
58
Describe phase I drug elimination:
- drugs/molecules converted to more polar compounds; oxidized - cytochrome p450 and microsomal oxidases
59
Describe phase II drug elimination:
- drugs/molecules/phase I metabolites conjugated to hydrophilic molecules - transferases
60
T/F: Metabolites are eliminated in the blood.
FALSE. Metabolites are eliminated in the bile or urine.
61
T/F: Some drugs/molecules are directly transported into the bile.
True.
62
T/F: The liver produces bile.
True.
63
What is bile? What does it contain?
Bile is a heterogeneous liver secretion containing bile salts, cholesterol, phospholipids, bilirubins, and waste.
64
What are bile salts the product of?
cholesterol metabolism.
65
What cells produce bile?
hepatocytes
66
Where is bile transported and stored?
In the gallbladder
67
Where is bile released?
into the duodenum
68
T/F: Bile acidifies intestinal contents.
False. Bile alkalinizes intestinal contents.
69
T/F: Bile functions as a detergent to solubilize dietary lipids and fatty acids.
True.
70
What does bile eliminate?
toxic endogenous waste and xenobiotics.
71
T/F: Bile is not recycled.
False. Bile is recycled.
72
What stimulates bile release?
CCK causes the gallbladder to contract smooth muscle and relax the hepatopancreatic sphincter.
73
What stimulates HCO3 secretion into the bile?
Secretin

HF&F (13 decks)

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