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HF&F > Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder (9/29) w/German > Flashcards

Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder (9/29) w/German Flashcards

1
Q

Where do exocrine glands secrete?

A

Onto a surface.

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2
Q

Where do endocrine glands secrete?

A

into the vasculature.

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3
Q

Name the 3 types of the exocrine glands:

A

Merocrine glands
Holocrine glands
Apocrine glands

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4
Q

Describe the merocrine glands:

A

Most common exocrine gland that releases products via exocytosis at the apical end of secretory cells.

Examples: salivary glands, pancreas.

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5
Q

Describe the holocrine cells:

A

secretory cells disintegrate to form the secretion.

Example: sebaceous glands.

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6
Q

Describe apocrine glands:

A

Secretion of membrane-enclosed apical cytoplasm containing proteins and lipids.

Example: mammary glands.

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7
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A
  • islets of langerhans

- protein and polypeptide hormones.

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8
Q

What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

Acinar cells. Releases digestive molecules into the duodenum.

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9
Q

What do Acinar cells do?

A

exocytose zymogen granules into intercalated ducts.

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10
Q

What are zymogen granules?

A

Digestive molecules:

alpha-amylase
lipase
nucleases
proteases

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11
Q

What does alpha-amylase do?

A

hydrolyze long-chain carbohydrates

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12
Q

What does lipases do?

A

hydrolyze lipids.

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13
Q

What do nucleases do?

A

hydrolyze DNA and RNA.

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14
Q

What doe proteases (zymogens) do?

A

hydrolysis of proteins.

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15
Q

Name 3 proteases:

A

trysinogen
chymotrypsinogen
elastase

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16
Q

What is a zymogen?

A

an inactive enzyme precursor.

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17
Q

What is trypsinogen the precursor of?

A

trypsin; activated by enterokinase.

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18
Q

What is chymotrypsinogen the precursor of?

A

chymotrypsin. activated by trypsin.

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19
Q

What is elastase activated by?

A

Trypsin.

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20
Q

Where are zymogens activated and why?

A

activated in the duodenum to protect the acinar cells.

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21
Q

What do controacinar cells produce? Why?

A

produce HCO3 to create an alkaline solution that flushes secretions into the duodenum.

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22
Q

What does cholecystokinin (CKK) and secretin do?

A

both induce acinar and controacinar exocrine activity.

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23
Q

What is CCK?

A

Cholecystokinin is a neuropeptide of the central nervous and enteric nervous system; I cells

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24
Q

What produces secretin?

A

S cells

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25
Q

T/F: Endocrine cells are orgainized into the Islets of Langerhans.

A

True.

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26
Q

What cells are found in the Islets of Langerhans?

A

alpha-cells
beta-cells
delta-cells
PP-cells

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27
Q

What do alpha cells do?

A

secrete glucagon.

30% of Islet cells.

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28
Q

What do beta cells do?

A

secrete insulin.

65% of Islet cells.

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29
Q

What do delta cells do?

A

secrete somotostatin.

4% of Islet cells.

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30
Q

What do PP cells do?

A

secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

<1% of Islet cells.

31
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

inhibits GI and pancreatic endocrine/exocrine secretion.

32
Q

What does pancreatic polypeptide do?

A

inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretion, GI motility, and gastric acid secretion.

33
Q

What are 4 functions of the liver?

A
  1. blood reservoir
  2. bile secretion
  3. detoxification
  4. metabolic homeostasis
34
Q

How does the liver contribute to metabolic homeostasis?

A
  • carbohydrate metabolism
  • lipid metabolism
  • protein metabolism
  • storage
  • serum protein production
35
Q

T/F: The liver is the smallest organ in the body.

A

False. The liver is the largest organ in the body.

36
Q

T/F: The liver does not regenerate.

A

False. The liver is highly regenerative.

37
Q

T/F: The liver has a dual blood supply and receives 30% of cardiac output.

A

True.

38
Q

What are the 3 major cell types found in the liver?

A
  1. hepatocyte
  2. Kupffer cell
  3. Sinusoidal epithelial cells
39
Q

Describe the hepatocyte:

A
  • polarized epithelial cells
  • metabolizes carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
  • produces bile from cholesterol
  • detoxifies endogenous and xenobiotic molecules.
40
Q

Describe the Kupffer cells:

A
  • liver specific marcophage

- removes pathogens and debris from the blood

41
Q

Describe sinusoidal epithelial cells:

A
  • large pores between cells (fenestrae)

- No basement membrane

42
Q

T/F: the liver has high blood flow with low resistance.

A

True.

43
Q

T/F: The liver acts as a blood buffer and reservoir.

A

True. The normal volume of the liver is 450 mL with an expansion capacity of 0.5-1.0 liter.

44
Q

What allows first-pass metabolism?

A

the portal vein.

45
Q

T/F: the liver slowly assesses dietary products.

A

False. The liver has rapid assessment of dietary products.

46
Q

T/F: The Kuppffer cells filter the blood.

A

True. Kupffer cells filter the blood and clears the colon and intestinal bacteria.

47
Q

What are the 3 structures of liver architecture classifications?

A
  1. classic hepatic lobule
  2. portal lobule
  3. hepatic acinus
48
Q

Describe the classic hepatic lobule:

A
  • hexagonal prism of portal canals
  • blood drains from the portal vein and hepatic artery to the central vein.
  • Endocrine focus.
49
Q

Describe the portal lobule:

A
  • bile drains from hepatocytes to the bile ducts

- exocrine focus.

50
Q

Describe the hepatic acinus:

A
  • microvascular liver unit divided into circulatroy zones.
  • gradient of heptocyte oxygenation
  • hepatic functions differ across 3 zones.
51
Q

What are the 3 zones of the hepatic acinus? What do they do?

A
  • zone I: periportal zone; oxygen and nutrient rich.
  • zone II: intermediate zone.
  • zone III: peripheral zone; oxygen poor
52
Q

How does the liver contribute to carbohydrate metabolism?

A
  • glycogen storage
  • gluconeogenesis
  • normalizes blood glucose
53
Q

How does the liver contribute to fatty acid metabolism?

A
  • oxidizes fatty acids
  • produces ketone bodies
  • synthesizes fatty acids
  • synthesizes triglycerides, phosholipids, and cholesterol
  • forms lipoproteins to transport lipids and fatty acids
54
Q

How does the liver contribute to protein metabolism?

A
  • deaminates amino acids
  • forms urea to remove ammonia from the blood
  • synthesizes non-essential amino acids.
55
Q

What does the liver store?

A
  • vitamins
  • fatty acids
  • iron
56
Q

What proteins does the liver produce?

A
  • acute phase proteins
  • clotting factors
  • albumin
  • apolipoproteins
57
Q

T/F: the liver detoxifies endogenous and exogenous molecules.

A

True. The liver detoxifies endogenous and exogenous molecules through hepatocyte xenobiotic elimination.

58
Q

Describe phase I drug elimination:

A
  • drugs/molecules converted to more polar compounds; oxidized
  • cytochrome p450 and microsomal oxidases
59
Q

Describe phase II drug elimination:

A
  • drugs/molecules/phase I metabolites conjugated to hydrophilic molecules
  • transferases
60
Q

T/F: Metabolites are eliminated in the blood.

A

FALSE. Metabolites are eliminated in the bile or urine.

61
Q

T/F: Some drugs/molecules are directly transported into the bile.

A

True.

62
Q

T/F: The liver produces bile.

A

True.

63
Q

What is bile? What does it contain?

A

Bile is a heterogeneous liver secretion containing bile salts, cholesterol, phospholipids, bilirubins, and waste.

64
Q

What are bile salts the product of?

A

cholesterol metabolism.

65
Q

What cells produce bile?

A

hepatocytes

66
Q

Where is bile transported and stored?

A

In the gallbladder

67
Q

Where is bile released?

A

into the duodenum

68
Q

T/F: Bile acidifies intestinal contents.

A

False. Bile alkalinizes intestinal contents.

69
Q

T/F: Bile functions as a detergent to solubilize dietary lipids and fatty acids.

A

True.

70
Q

What does bile eliminate?

A

toxic endogenous waste and xenobiotics.

71
Q

T/F: Bile is not recycled.

A

False. Bile is recycled.

72
Q

What stimulates bile release?

A

CCK causes the gallbladder to contract smooth muscle and relax the hepatopancreatic sphincter.

73
Q

What stimulates HCO3 secretion into the bile?

A

Secretin

HF&F (13 decks)

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