Biochemical Reactions and Energetics (9/13) w/German (unfinished)

Question 1

What is Free Energy and why is it important?

Answer 1

G=H-TS

free energy is equal to the change in enthalpy minus the temperature times the change in entropy

Free energy is released or consumed to perform work.

Question 2

What is G?

Answer 2

Free energy:

Question 3

What is H?

Answer 3

Enthalpy (heat):

Question 4

What is T?

Answer 4

Temperature:

Question 5

What is S?

Answer 5

Entropy:

Question 6

What drives chemical reactions?

Answer 6

Work.

Chemical reactions: changed in molecular structure performed though work.

Question 7

What does negative delta G result in?

Answer 7

Energy is being released. Allows enzyme to overcome activation barrier.

reaction moves forward &raquo_space;>

Question 8

What does positive delta G result in?

Answer 8

Energy is consumed.

Reaction moves in reverse

Question 9

What type of chemical reactions are metabolic systems composed of?

Answer 9

biochemical reactions.

Question 10

What do enzymes do?

Answer 10

reduce activation energy and

speed up reaction.

Question 11

Catabolism

Answer 11

breaks down energy containing nutrients to produce energy (ATP, etc)

Question 12

Anabolism

Answer 12

uses produced energy (ATP) to create proteins, polysaccharides, etc.

Question 13

What are the 5 types of reactions?

Answer 13

1. making and breaking of carbon bonds
2. molecular re-arrangements
3. free radical reactions
4. group transfers
5. REDOX reactions

Question 14

What are the 5 types of reactions?

Answer 14

1. making and breaking of carbon bonds
2. molecular re-arrangements
3. free radical reactions
4. group transfers
5. REDOX reactions

Question 15

What are some types of reactions that are making or breaking carbon bonds?

Answer 15

• condensation

- carboxylation/decarboxylation

Question 16

Condensation reaction:

Answer 16

two molecules join to create a larger molecule, while also forming a small molecule byproduct.

Question 17

Carboxylation/decarboxylation reaction:

Answer 17

the addition or removal of a carboxyl group.

Question 18

Free radical

Answer 18

is a molecule containing an unpaired electron.

Question 19

What is a Free radical reaction?

Answer 19

is a molecule containing an unpaired electron.

Dopamine quinone formation is an example of this.

Superoxide is formed and contains free electrons which are highly reactive. This is bad because it can bind to various important things, changing their structures/functions.

Question 20

Group Transfers

Answer 20

Look up definition.

***Know the common group transfers from slide 10

Question 21

What modification does Ubiquitin Ligase perform?

Answer 21

ubiquitination

*group transfer

Question 22

Acetyltransferase

Answer 22

acetylation

*group transfer

Question 23

Methyltransferase

Answer 23

Methylation

*group transfer

Question 24

Hydroxylase

Answer 24

Hydroxylation

*group transfer reaction

Question 25

What does superoxide dismutase do?

Answer 25

counter-acts superoxide

Question 26

ETC

Answer 26

produces high amounts of free radicals. needs lots of enzymes to compensate for this. Look this up to complete this slide.

Question 27

ALS

Answer 27

look this up regarding free radicals.

Question 28

What is one of the most common group transfers?

Answer 28

ATP

Question 29

T/F: Relatively low cellular ATP:ADP concentration is maintained.

Answer 29

False. High cellular ATP and ADP concentration is maintained.

Question 30

How does ATP typically provide energy?

Answer 30

ATP often provides energy by group transfer, not hydrolysis. Is usually a 2 step process.

Question 31

T/F: Phosphate transfer drives signal transduction.

Answer 31

True. Kinases are heavily involved in this by providing phosphate group transfers (phosphorylation)

Question 32

Redox reactions:

Answer 32

paired reactions that move electrons to perform work.

Question 33

Reduction

Answer 33

loading a molecule with electrons *requires energy

Question 34

Oxidation

Answer 34

Removing electrons from a molecule *releases energy

Question 35

What are the four ways to transfer elections?

Answer 35

1. direct electron transfer 2. hydrogen atom transfer 3. hydride ions 4. combination w/oxygen

Question 36

T/F: Carbon Oxidation drives many REDOX reactions.

Answer 36

True.

Question 37

T/F: Reduced carbon chains are energy rich.

Answer 37

True.

Question 38

Why are redox reaction important?

Answer 38

Redox reactions transfer electrons in biological systems. NAD+/NADH are used commonly as electron carriers

Question 39

What do electron transfers do?

Answer 39

Perform work.