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HF&F > Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glucose Regulation and Formation (9/18) w/German > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glucose Regulation and Formation (9/18) w/German Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Glucose is a source of ATP.

A

True

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2
Q

T/F: Glucose is a not used in energy storage.

A

False. Glucose is used in energy storage.

example: glycogen

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3
Q

T/F: Glucose serves as a molecular precursor.

A

True.

example: ribose-5-phosphate, nucleic acids, etc.

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4
Q

T/F: Glucose serves as a structural backbone.

A

True.

example: extracellular matrix

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5
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The enzyme catalyzed reactions that transform organic molecules in cells.

The sum of anabolism and catabolism.

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6
Q

What is anamolism?

A

energy requiring synthesis of more complex products.

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7
Q

What is catabolism?

A

energy yielding degradation of complex precursors.

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8
Q

What 4 major organs and tissues regulate metabolic pathways?

A
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • muscle
  • adipose tissue
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9
Q

What cells and metabolic function are in the pancreas?

A

cell: islet cells

Metabolic function: releases insulin, glucagon, and numerous hormones.

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10
Q

What cells and metabolic function are in the Liver?

A

cell: heptocyte
metabolic function: maintains metabolic homeostasis by normalizing blood glucose, storing glycogen, and synthesizing and degrading glycogen, glucose, fatty acids, nucleic acids, proteins and ketone bodies.

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11
Q

What cells and metabolic function are in the muscle?

A

cell: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac myocytes

metabolic function: utilizes glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids to fuel muscular activity.

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12
Q

What cells and metabolic function are in the adipose tissue?

A

cell: adipocyte

metabolic function: stores lipids

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13
Q

What are 5 key metabolic regulators?

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
  • epinephrine
  • glucose
  • ATP/AMP
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14
Q

What are the 4 major pathways of carbohydrate metabolism?

A
  1. respiration -> forms ATP
  2. Storage -> forms glycogen, glucose
  3. regenerative -> forms glucose
  4. Synthetic -> forms nucleic acids, lipids, amino acids
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15
Q

What metabolic pathways are exclusive?

A
  • glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
  • glycogenesis and glycogenolysis

This means that the pathway can only occur in one direction at a time, but can switch directions.

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16
Q

T/F: Glucose is the primary source of cellular energy.

A

True.

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17
Q

Name 4 catabolic pathways.

A
  • glycolysis
  • citric acid cycle
  • oxidative phosphorylation
  • glycogenolysis
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18
Q

What is the product of glycogenolysis?

A

glucose

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19
Q

Name 2 anabolic pathways:

A

glycogenesis

gluconeogenesis

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20
Q

What is the product of glycogenesis?

A

glycogen

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21
Q

What is the product of gluconeogenesis?

A

glucose

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22
Q

What is it called when glycolysis occurs anaerobically?

A

fermentation.

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23
Q

What 4 enzymes are involved with carbohydrate metabolism?

A
  • amylase
  • lactase
  • sucrase
  • maltase
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24
Q

T/F: Complex sugars are digested into glucose.

A

True.

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25
T/F: Digested glucose is transported to the blood.
True.
26
T/F: Glucagon stores intracellular glucose.
FALSE. GLYCOGEN stores intracellular glucose. Glucagon activates glycogenolysis.
27
Describe the structure of glycogen:
Branched glucose; homopolysaccharide
28
Where is glycogen primarily found?
liver and muscle. 10% liver weight 2% muscle weight
29
Where is glycogen stored within the cell?
granule organelles.
30
What is the function of glycogenesis?
converts glucose to glycogen **know the steps from slide 10.
31
What step is hexokinase involved in? What does it do?
Step 1. | Phosphorylates glucose to glucose 6-phosphate
32
What step is phosphoglucomutase involved in? What does it do?
Step 2. | glucose 6-phosphate to glucose 1-phosphate
33
What step is UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase involved in? What does it do?
Step 3. | Glucose 1-phosphate to UDP-glucose
34
What step is glycogen synthase involved in? What does it do? What is special about this step?
Step 4. UDP-glucose to glycogen chain **Is a point of regulation.
35
What step is glycogen branching enzyme involved in? What does it do?
Step 5. glycogen chain to glycogen particles Helps in branching glycogen, forming clusters
36
What is the function of glycogenolysis?
Creates glucose from glycogen.
37
Where is Glucose 6-phosphatase found?
only found in the liver ER
38
What regulates glycogen metabolism?
glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase
39
What does glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) do?
- phosphorylates (inactivates) glycogen synthase | * stops glycogenesis
40
What inhibits glycogen synthase kinase 3?
Insulin signaling
41
What does gluconeogensis do?
Synthesizes glucose *lactate or pyruvate converted to glucose.
42
Where does gluconeogensis occur?
- can occur in all cells - primarily occurs in the liver * energetically costly
43
What is the cost to create 1 glucose during gluconeogensis?
- 4 ATP - 2 GTP - 2 NADH + H+
44
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) is inhibited by what?
ATP and citrate
45
Phosphofrucktokinase-1 (PFK-1) is activated by what?
ADP and AMP
46
Energy excess causes:
gluconeogensis
47
Energy depletion drives:
glycolysis
48
T/F: Intracellular ATP concentration does not influence systemic metabolic function.
FALSE. Intracellular ATP concentration influences systemic metabolic function.
49
T/F: Cellular energetics change slowly.
False. Cellular energetics change rapidly.
50
T/F: Global metabolic demands change rapidly.
True.
51
T/F: Intracellular states drive physiologic changes that influence energetics.
True.
52
T/F: Intracellular ATP/AMP content regulates metabolic function.
True.
53
T/F: AMP kinase (AMPK) detects intracellular ATP.
FALSE. AMP kinase detects intracellular AMP.
54
What is the primary source of intracellular ATP?
Glucose.
55
What can activate AMP kinase (AMPK)?
Increased AMP Decreased ATP Leptin, adiponectin exercise
56
What 2 things regulate blood glucose?
Insulin and glucagon
57
Feeding releases what?
Insulin
58
Fasting releases what?
glucagon
59
What inhibits phosphorylase in glycogenolysis?
glucose and insulin
60
What activates phosphorylase in glycogenolysis?
glucagon (liver) | epinephrine (muscles)
61
Fructose 1, 6-biphosphatase-1 (FBPase-1) is inhibited by what?
AMP

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