Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

HF&F > Gastrointestinal System (9/13) w/Colombo (unfinished) > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System (9/13) w/Colombo (unfinished) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

receives food
processes food
extracts “stuff” from it
and extrudes the rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does receiving and processing occur?

A

mouth to the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does extraction and disposal occur?

A

small intestine all the way to the toilet bowl.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is the GI tract considered “rented space?”

A

one does not own or totally control the GI tract, but grather influences it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The gut tube (starting at the esophagus) has what 4 layers?

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa/adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

mucosa

A
  • nonkeratiniazed stratified squamous epithelium
  • lamina propria (loose CT)
  • muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

submucosa

A

dense irregular connective tissue

*Contains Meissner’s plexuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

muscularis externa

A

contains:

  • inner circular smooth muscle
  • outer longitudinal smooth muscle

*Contains Auerbach’s myenteric autonomic plexus between the layers of muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

serosa/adventitia

A

connective tissue holding everything together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Serosa vs. adventitia

A

serosa: is connective tissue which is also covered with mesothelium

Adventitia: is connective tissue without this lining layer, that generally is going to attach one organ to another.

Basically, these function to keep your squidgy bits from flopping about.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mesothelium

A

simple squamous internal lining epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

retroperitoneal organs

A

have both, adventitia where attached to another organ, serosa everywhere else.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pharynx

A

both air and food will pass through the pharynx, where it is gated.

Muscular tube

Has 3 layers:

  • mucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • adventitia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the pharynx?

A

Naso-
Oro-
Laryngo-

Which relate to the specific structures that they border.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What controls the propulsion of food?

A

peristalsis: the alternating contraction of smooth muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What 2 smooth muscles are associated with the digestive tract?

A
  • longitudinal outer layer
  • circular inner layer

*this is wrong on the slides. This card is correct. He corrected it in class.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe peristalsis:

A

adjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax, which moves food along the tract distally.

Starts in lower pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Nonadjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax, moving the food forward then backward. Food mixing and slow food propulsion occurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 2 basic patterns of GI motility?

A

peristalsis & segmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 3 layers of the pharynx

A
  • mucosa:
  • muscularis externa:
  • Adventitia:

*NO muscularis mucosa/submucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the steps in the action of swallowing?

A
  • soft palate presses against back of nasopharynx, sealing it off.
  • the tongue moves to block off the oral cavity.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the steps in the action of swallowing?

A
  • soft palate presses against back of nasopharynx, sealing it off.
  • the tongue moves to block off the oral cavity.
  • the bolus moves to larynx, where epiglottis moves down to block the trachea.
  • trachealis muscle relaxes and the upper esophageal sphincter opens up allowing the bolus to engage with the esophagus.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Esophagus

A

4 layers

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis extera
adventitia
*not serosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the esophagus look like histologically?

A

The vagina. The differentiating feature is the presence of esophageal glands. Refer to slide 12.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Esophageal sphincter
Where the esophagus meets the stomach. Formed by the smooth muscle layer of muscularis externa.
26
Esophageal-Stomach transition
*at this junction, the epithelium transitions from stratified squamous to simple columnar.
27
What are the 4 regions of the stomach?
fundus cardia body pylorus
28
The muscularis externa will contract under the control of which nervous system?
parasympathetic
29
Cardia
pits shorter than glands
30
body/fundus
long glands, but pits are more defined than cardia
31
pylorus
longer pits and shorter glands
32
body/fundus
long glands, but pits are more defined than cardia *glands contain chief and parietal cells
33
pylorus
longer pits and shorter glands
34
chief cells produce what?
enzymes: pepsin and lipase
35
parietal cells produce what?
gastric acid and intrinsic factor
36
parietal cells produce what?
gastric acid and intrinsic factor
37
mucous neck cells secrete what? where are they found?
Secrete acidic fluid and mucus (protect lining) Found lining gastric pit and isthmus/neck of pit.
38
What do enterochromaffin-like cells produce?
histamine (stimulates acid production)
39
What do D cells produce? What does it do?
somatostatin (inhibits acid production by parietal cells)
40
What do G cells produce?
gastrin (stimulates acid production by parietal cells)
41
Stem cells
found in top of gland (in isthmus between pits and glands)
42
Stem cells
found in top of gland (in isthmus between pits and glands)
43
chief cells produce what? Where are they found?
enzymes: pepsin and lipase found in the bottom of glands
44
parietal cells produce what? What stimulates them? How do they appear? add more to this from slide 27
gastric acid and intrinsic factor stimulated by gastrin and histamine "fried egg" appearance due to being highly eosinophilic.
45
What do G cells produce? Where do they secrete it?
gastrin (stimulates acid) *secrete from the basal part of the cell into the blood
46
How do mucous neck cells differ from the other mucous cells?
are rounder with apical granules and are fewer in number.
47
How do we get stuff out of the crypts?
the muscularis
48
What is the DNES?
Diffuse NeuroEndocrine System.
49
slide 29 control of parietal cell acid secretion
G cells are influenced by vagus nerve.
50
What are the phases of secretory control of gastric acid secretion?
cephalic phase gastric phase intestinal phase
51
What are the phases of secretory control of gastric acid secretion?
cephalic phase gastric phase intestinal phase
52
Functions of the small intestine:
- serves to complete the digestion process | - primary site of absorption
53
What are the 3 segments of the small intestine?
duodenum jejunum Ileum
54
duodenum
site of most chemical digestion. - bile from gall bladder - bicarbonate and digestive enzymes from pancreas - Brunner's glands secrete mucus
55
jejunum
primarily will absorb "things" digested in the duodenum.
56
Ileum
absorption of bile-lipid micelles, anything not absorbed int he jejunum. Contains Peyer's patches (lymph tissue).
57
What are the 3 modifications in the small intestine:
Plica circulares villi microvilli
58
plica circulares
circular folds "like a hair-scrunchie" increase the absorptive area 3x consist of mucosa and submucosa Best seen in jejunum
59
villi
finger-like projections, increase the absorptive area 10x Internally: contain lamina propria with microvasculature and lacteals, lymphatics which absorb fats Externally: covered simple columnar epithelium
60
microvilli
individual cell membrane folds, increase absorptive area 20x at the apical ends of villi, where individual cell membranes fold.
61
Brunner's glands
In duodenum | secret mucus to protect surface, limit bicarbonate
62
Peyer's patches
lymphoid tissue, seen as thickened patches in the Ileum. | Seves as a parking garage for a bunch of immune cells
63
Epithelium of small intestine
simple columnar, with microvilli projections (brush border)
64
enterocytes
absorptive columnar cells
65
absorption of lipids
*not soluble in water
66
Bile salts
emulsify lipids to micelles (liquie droplets)
67
Gastric lipase
digest lipids to produce glycerol, FA, monoglycerides These diffuse across membrane into the cell. Resynthesized in SER to triglycerides (glycerol plus 3 fatty acids) Pass through the RER, golgi; eventually packaged into chylomicrons
68
chylomircons
lipids+proteins
69
Absorption of protein and carbs
slide 41
70
Cholera
"screws" with the sodium pump isotonic dehydration is the result
71
slide 43
don't need to know all this, just that it happens
72
Intestinal crypts
aka crypts of lieberkuhn paneth cells
73
intestinal enteroendocrine cells
are scattered throughout the small intestine. They respond tothe presence of certain chemical signals and/or environmental cue to regulate the process of digestion *basically, they help the GI tract keep track of how much of what is where and respond appropriately
74
secretin
stimulates HCO3 & H2O sectretion by the pancrease and bile ducts; inhibits H+ secretion by patietal cells in stomach.
75
Peptide YY
signals long term satiety to the brain
76
Large intestine
consists of the cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal *around 1.5 meters long
77
Functions of large intestine:
1. absorbs water and electrolytes. Not very much nutrients. 2. secrete bicarbonate and mucous 3. storage of indigestible material as feces
78
Functions of large intestine:
1. absorbs water and electrolytes. Not very much nutrients. 2. secrete bicarbonate and mucous 3. storage of indigestible material as feces
79
Colon: mucosa
- lacks villi - mucosa penetrated by tubular intestingal glands - goblet and absorptive cells - active fluid absorption
80
tubular intestinal glands
simple columnar | embedded in lamina propria with lymphocytes
81
absorptive cells
have short microvilli | passive water transport after active transport of Na+ into the cell basally
82
absorptive cells
have short microvilli | passive water transport after active transport of Na+ into the cell basally
83
Tenia coli
(ribbons of the colon)
84
rectum
anal canal junction
85
What do surface mucous cells secrete and where are they found?
secrete alkaline fluid containing mucin found lining the gastric pit
86
T/F: Mucus producing cells create the mucous lining of the stomach which serves to protect tissues from acid and enzymes.
True.
87
T/F: Surface mucous cells are more columnar and also secrete acid to 'diffuse' the acid where it contacts the mucous layer.
FALSE. Surface mucous cells secrete BICARBONATE to help diffuse the acid.
88
T/F: mucous neck cells are rounder with apical granules, also have fewer of them.
True.
89
What does gastric intrinsic factor do? What does the loss of this cause?
Parietal cells secrete GIF (gastric intrinsic factor) which aids in vit B12 absorption. Loss of parietal cells leads to pernicious anemia.

HF&F (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions