Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

HF&F > Fatty Acid Metabolism (9/27) w/German > Flashcards

Fatty Acid Metabolism (9/27) w/German Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 sources of lipids and fatty acids?

A
  • diet
  • adipose storage
  • synthesis in tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 fates of lipids and fatty acids?

A
  1. Energy substrates
  2. Precursors
  3. Structural elements
  4. Signaling molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In what form are dietary lipids transported?

A

Chylomicrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do chylomicrons do?

A
  • dietary triglyceride transport

- Transport fatty acids for fuel or storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are chylomicrons synthesized?

A

in enterocyte ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are apolipoproteins? What do they do?

A
  • lipid binding proteins
  • combine with lipids to form lipoproteins
  • has diverse functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What 2 ways are fatty acids transported?

A
  • free fatty acids carried by serum albumin

- lipoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do lipoproteins carry?

A

Triglycerides and cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 4 classes of lipoproteins?

A
  1. Chylomicrons
  2. Verly low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
  3. Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
  4. high density lipoprotein (HDL)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 pathways of lipid transport?

A

Endogenous pathway & exogenous pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does very low density lipoproteins deliver fatty acids?

A

target tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does apolipoprotein activate?

A

Lipases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does LDL & HDL transport?

A

cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to lipoproteins?

A

they are targeted, internalized, and degraded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the triacylglyerol cycle?

A

related to a period of starvation or higher energy demands.

When free fatty acids are released into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the triacylglyerol cycle?

A

related to a period of starvation or higher energy demands.

*free fatty acids are released into the blood for fuel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does PKA stand for? And what does it do during adipose triacylgylcerol mobilization?

A

Protein Kinase A.

Phophorylates Hormone Sensitive Lipase (HSI) and phosphorylates perilipin.

*Activated by cAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does CGI stand for? What does it do during adipose triacylglycerol mobilization?

A

Comparative gene indicator.

Activates Adipose triglyeride (ATGL)

*is bound and inactive until PKA phosphorylates perilipin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does ATGL stand for? What does it do during adipose triacylglycerol mobilization?

A

Adipose triglyceride lipase.

Breaks down triacylglycerol into monoacylglycerol and a fatty acid by removing a glycerol molecule.

*Activated by binding of CGI.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does MGL stand for? What does it do?

A

Monoglyceride lipase.

breaks down monoacylglycerol to a fatty acid by removing the final glycerol molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the fate of glycerol during lipid catabolism?

A

Glycerol enters glycolysis

5% of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the fate of fatty acids during lipid catabolism?

A

Fatty acids form fatty acyl-CoAs.

95% of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is Fatty acyl-CoA transported after lipid catabolism? What for? And by what?

A

Fatty acyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria for oxidation via acyl-carnitine/carnitine transporter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 3 stages of Fatty acid oxidation?

A
  1. Beta-oxidation
  2. Citric Acid Cycle
  3. Oxidative phosphorylation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How many ATP does the oxidation of one molecule of palmitoyl-CoA produce?
108 ATP are produced.
26
What products are formed per oxidation step during fatty acid Beta oxidation?
1 Acetyl CoA 1 NADH & H+ 1 FADH2
27
What gets oxidized during fatty acid beta oxidation?
The Beta carbon.
28
T/F: During beta oxidation odd carbon and unsaturated fatty acids undergo additional oxidation steps.
True
29
How is energy produced via fatty acid beta oxidation?
FADH2 and NADH feed directly into the ETC. Acetyl-CoA feeds into the citric acid cycle.
30
T/F: Lipids are a precursor for amino acids.
True. Acetyl-CoA produced by fatty acid B oxidation will feed into the citric acid cycle which produces precursors for amino acids and other products.
31
T/F: Lipids are a precursor for amino acids.
True. Acetyl-CoA produced by fatty acid B oxidation will feed into the citric acid cycle which produces precursors for amino acids and other products.
32
What 2 fates does Acetyl-CoA have?
Enters citric acid cycle or forms ketone bodies
33
What are the 3 ketone bodies?
- Acetoacetate - acetone - D-beta-hydroxybutyrate
34
What does ketone bodies do?
Function as a fuel source during starvation.
35
T/F: Acetone is toxic.
True.
36
What do ketone bodies do?
Function as a fuel source during starvation.
37
T/F: All 3 ketone bodies can be converted back to Acetyl-CoA.
False. Acetoacetate and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate can be converted by to acetyl-CoA, but Acetone cannot.
38
T/F: Excess acetyl-CoA can form fatty acids.
True.
39
T/F: Insulin activate the production of acetyl-CoA and fatty acids.
True
40
What are the 5 stages of fatty acid synthesis?
1. transport of acetyl-CoA to cytoplasm 2. Carboxylation of acetyl-CoA into malonyl-CoA 3. Fatty acid synthase combines acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to start an acyl chain 4. fatty acid synthase adds malonyl-CoA carbons to create palmitate 5. Fatty acids are modified in the ER
41
How does acetyl-CoA get into the cytoplasm?
The citrate shuttle.
42
Where is acetyl-CoA produced?
In the mitochondrial matrix.
43
Where does lipid synthesis occur?
The cytoplasmic space.
44
Malic enzyme contribute to what product pool?
NADPH.
45
What other process contributes to NADPH pool?
Pentose phosphate pathway.
46
What is biotin?
vit. B7. it is acquired from the diet.
47
What does ACC stand for? What does it do?
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase. Carboxylates acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA.
48
What is malonyl-CoA necessary for?
acyl chain initiation and synthesis.
49
What does fatty acid synthase do?
Initiates Acyl Chain formation during lipid synthesis.
50
How many domains does fatty acid synthase have?
7 domains
51
What are the 2 types of fatty acid synthase?
- FAS I (vertebrates and fungi) | - FAS II (bacteria and plants)
52
T/F: FAS I only produces 16 carbon saturated fatty acids.
True.
53
What is acyl carrier protein? What does it do?
-FAS prosthetic group -malonyl groups to FAS -
54
T/F: FAS II produces the essential fatty acids, linoleate & linolenate.
True. We cannot not produce these fatty acids, only plants and bacteria make these.
55
T/F: NADPH is an anabolic electonr donor.
True.
56
What regulates the the balance of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation?
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC)
57
Fatty acid addition to phosphatidic Acid forms what?
Phospholipids and triglycerides
58
What forms phophatidic acid? Where does this occur?
Glucose + glycerol Occurs in ER of most cells.
59
What is cholesterol formed from?
Aceyl-CoA Excess acetate leads to formation of cholesterol. Do not need to know mechanism on slide 24.
60
What type of acid is cholesterol?
Bile acid
61
T/F: Cholesterol is involved in lipoprotein and hormone function.
True.
62
Where is cholesterol formed?
Mostly in the liver.
63
T/F: Cholesterol can drive atherosclerotic plaque formation
True. Oxidized lipoproteins form clusters on the arterial walls.
64
Where do bile salts emulsify dietary fats? What does this form?
Bile salts emulsify dietary fats in the small intestine, forming mixed micelles.
65
Intestinal lipases degrade what?
triacylglycerols in the gut.
66
What happens to fatty acids and the other breakdown products in the small intestine?
They are taken up by the intestinal mucosa and converted into tricylglycerols.
67
The combination of triacylglycerols, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins forms what?
chylomicrons.
68
Chylomicrons move through the lymphatic systems and bloodstream to where?
the tissues.
69
Lipoprotein lipase is activated by what? Where is it located?
apoC-II activated lipoprotein lipase in the capillary.
70
What does lipoprotein lipase do?
converts tiacylglyerol to fatty acids and glycerol that can enter the cell.
71
Once fatty acids enter the cell, what occurs?
Fatty acids are oxidized as fuel or reesterified for storage.
72
What makes up lipoproteins?
phospholipid, cholesterol, and protein memebrane- bound vesicles containing triglycerides.
73
Where is LDL receptor synthesized?
The rough ER
74
LDL receptor binds to what? What does this binding initiate?
Binds Lipoproteins (example: apoB-100) Initiates endocytosis.
75
During endocytosis, what happens to the internalized LDL receptors?
LDL receptors are recycled to the cell surface.
76
What does HSL stand for? What does it do during adipose triacylglyercol mobilization?
Hormone sensitive Lipase. breaks down diacylglycerol to monoacylglycerol and a fatty acid. *activated by PKA
77
What does serum albumin do?
carry fatty acids in the bloodstream.
78
How do fatty acids bound to albumin in the bloodstream enter muscle cells? What happens once it's there?
through a fatty acid transporter. Fatty acid goes through Beta-oxidation, citric acid cycle, respiratory chain to produce CO2 and ATP.
79
What does carnitine acyltransferase I do?
replaces CoA with carnitine on fatty acyl-CoA, so that the fatty acid can be transported into the mitochondria.
80
What does carnitine acyltransferase II do?
Once fatty acid is in the mitochondria, it replaces the carnitine on the fatty acid with a new CoA, reforming the fatty acyl-CoA.
81
Where does ketone body formation occur?
in the hepatocytes of the liver.
82
What are ketone bodies used for?
exported as energy source for heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, and brain.
83
T/F: Actyl-CoA must reach the cytoplasm to drive lipid synthesis.
True.
84
How does acetyl-CoA that is produced in the mitochondria get to the cytosol?
the citrate shuttle
85
Briefly explain the citrate shuttle:
CoA is removed from Acetyl-CoA to become citrate. Citrate moves though the citrate transporter to the cytosol.

HF&F (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions