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HF&F > Fatty Acid Metabolism (9/27) w/German > Flashcards

Fatty Acid Metabolism (9/27) w/German Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 sources of lipids and fatty acids?

A
  • diet
  • adipose storage
  • synthesis in tissue
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2
Q

What are the 4 fates of lipids and fatty acids?

A
  1. Energy substrates
  2. Precursors
  3. Structural elements
  4. Signaling molecules
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3
Q

In what form are dietary lipids transported?

A

Chylomicrons

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4
Q

What do chylomicrons do?

A
  • dietary triglyceride transport

- Transport fatty acids for fuel or storage

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5
Q

Where are chylomicrons synthesized?

A

in enterocyte ER

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6
Q

What are apolipoproteins? What do they do?

A
  • lipid binding proteins
  • combine with lipids to form lipoproteins
  • has diverse functions
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7
Q

What 2 ways are fatty acids transported?

A
  • free fatty acids carried by serum albumin

- lipoproteins

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8
Q

What do lipoproteins carry?

A

Triglycerides and cholesterol

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9
Q

What are the 4 classes of lipoproteins?

A
  1. Chylomicrons
  2. Verly low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
  3. Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
  4. high density lipoprotein (HDL)
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10
Q

What are the 2 pathways of lipid transport?

A

Endogenous pathway & exogenous pathway

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11
Q

Where does very low density lipoproteins deliver fatty acids?

A

target tissues

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12
Q

What does apolipoprotein activate?

A

Lipases

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13
Q

What does LDL & HDL transport?

A

cholesterol

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14
Q

What happens to lipoproteins?

A

they are targeted, internalized, and degraded

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15
Q

What is the triacylglyerol cycle?

A

related to a period of starvation or higher energy demands.

When free fatty acids are released into the blood

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16
Q

What is the triacylglyerol cycle?

A

related to a period of starvation or higher energy demands.

*free fatty acids are released into the blood for fuel.

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17
Q

What does PKA stand for? And what does it do during adipose triacylgylcerol mobilization?

A

Protein Kinase A.

Phophorylates Hormone Sensitive Lipase (HSI) and phosphorylates perilipin.

*Activated by cAMP

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18
Q

What does CGI stand for? What does it do during adipose triacylglycerol mobilization?

A

Comparative gene indicator.

Activates Adipose triglyeride (ATGL)

*is bound and inactive until PKA phosphorylates perilipin.

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19
Q

What does ATGL stand for? What does it do during adipose triacylglycerol mobilization?

A

Adipose triglyceride lipase.

Breaks down triacylglycerol into monoacylglycerol and a fatty acid by removing a glycerol molecule.

*Activated by binding of CGI.

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20
Q

What does MGL stand for? What does it do?

A

Monoglyceride lipase.

breaks down monoacylglycerol to a fatty acid by removing the final glycerol molecule.

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21
Q

What is the fate of glycerol during lipid catabolism?

A

Glycerol enters glycolysis

5% of energy

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22
Q

What is the fate of fatty acids during lipid catabolism?

A

Fatty acids form fatty acyl-CoAs.

95% of energy

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23
Q

Where is Fatty acyl-CoA transported after lipid catabolism? What for? And by what?

A

Fatty acyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria for oxidation via acyl-carnitine/carnitine transporter.

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24
Q

What are the 3 stages of Fatty acid oxidation?

A
  1. Beta-oxidation
  2. Citric Acid Cycle
  3. Oxidative phosphorylation
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25
Q

How many ATP does the oxidation of one molecule of palmitoyl-CoA produce?

A

108 ATP are produced.

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26
Q

What products are formed per oxidation step during fatty acid Beta oxidation?

A

1 Acetyl CoA
1 NADH & H+
1 FADH2

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27
Q

What gets oxidized during fatty acid beta oxidation?

A

The Beta carbon.

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28
Q

T/F: During beta oxidation odd carbon and unsaturated fatty acids undergo additional oxidation steps.

A

True

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29
Q

How is energy produced via fatty acid beta oxidation?

A

FADH2 and NADH feed directly into the ETC.

Acetyl-CoA feeds into the citric acid cycle.

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30
Q

T/F: Lipids are a precursor for amino acids.

A

True. Acetyl-CoA produced by fatty acid B oxidation will feed into the citric acid cycle which produces precursors for amino acids and other products.

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31
Q

T/F: Lipids are a precursor for amino acids.

A

True. Acetyl-CoA produced by fatty acid B oxidation will feed into the citric acid cycle which produces precursors for amino acids and other products.

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32
Q

What 2 fates does Acetyl-CoA have?

A

Enters citric acid cycle or forms ketone bodies

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33
Q

What are the 3 ketone bodies?

A
  • Acetoacetate
  • acetone
  • D-beta-hydroxybutyrate
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34
Q

What does ketone bodies do?

A

Function as a fuel source during starvation.

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35
Q

T/F: Acetone is toxic.

A

True.

36
Q

What do ketone bodies do?

A

Function as a fuel source during starvation.

37
Q

T/F: All 3 ketone bodies can be converted back to Acetyl-CoA.

A

False. Acetoacetate and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate can be converted by to acetyl-CoA, but Acetone cannot.

38
Q

T/F: Excess acetyl-CoA can form fatty acids.

A

True.

39
Q

T/F: Insulin activate the production of acetyl-CoA and fatty acids.

A

True

40
Q

What are the 5 stages of fatty acid synthesis?

A
  1. transport of acetyl-CoA to cytoplasm
  2. Carboxylation of acetyl-CoA into malonyl-CoA
  3. Fatty acid synthase combines acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to start an acyl chain
  4. fatty acid synthase adds malonyl-CoA carbons to create palmitate
  5. Fatty acids are modified in the ER
41
Q

How does acetyl-CoA get into the cytoplasm?

A

The citrate shuttle.

42
Q

Where is acetyl-CoA produced?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix.

43
Q

Where does lipid synthesis occur?

A

The cytoplasmic space.

44
Q

Malic enzyme contribute to what product pool?

A

NADPH.

45
Q

What other process contributes to NADPH pool?

A

Pentose phosphate pathway.

46
Q

What is biotin?

A

vit. B7. it is acquired from the diet.

47
Q

What does ACC stand for? What does it do?

A

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase.

Carboxylates acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA.

48
Q

What is malonyl-CoA necessary for?

A

acyl chain initiation and synthesis.

49
Q

What does fatty acid synthase do?

A

Initiates Acyl Chain formation during lipid synthesis.

50
Q

How many domains does fatty acid synthase have?

A

7 domains

51
Q

What are the 2 types of fatty acid synthase?

A
  • FAS I (vertebrates and fungi)

- FAS II (bacteria and plants)

52
Q

T/F: FAS I only produces 16 carbon saturated fatty acids.

A

True.

53
Q

What is acyl carrier protein? What does it do?

A

-FAS prosthetic group
-malonyl groups to FAS
-

54
Q

T/F: FAS II produces the essential fatty acids, linoleate & linolenate.

A

True. We cannot not produce these fatty acids, only plants and bacteria make these.

55
Q

T/F: NADPH is an anabolic electonr donor.

A

True.

56
Q

What regulates the the balance of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation?

A

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC)

57
Q

Fatty acid addition to phosphatidic Acid forms what?

A

Phospholipids and triglycerides

58
Q

What forms phophatidic acid? Where does this occur?

A

Glucose + glycerol

Occurs in ER of most cells.

59
Q

What is cholesterol formed from?

A

Aceyl-CoA

Excess acetate leads to formation of cholesterol.

Do not need to know mechanism on slide 24.

60
Q

What type of acid is cholesterol?

A

Bile acid

61
Q

T/F: Cholesterol is involved in lipoprotein and hormone function.

A

True.

62
Q

Where is cholesterol formed?

A

Mostly in the liver.

63
Q

T/F: Cholesterol can drive atherosclerotic plaque formation

A

True. Oxidized lipoproteins form clusters on the arterial walls.

64
Q

Where do bile salts emulsify dietary fats? What does this form?

A

Bile salts emulsify dietary fats in the small intestine, forming mixed micelles.

65
Q

Intestinal lipases degrade what?

A

triacylglycerols in the gut.

66
Q

What happens to fatty acids and the other breakdown products in the small intestine?

A

They are taken up by the intestinal mucosa and converted into tricylglycerols.

67
Q

The combination of triacylglycerols, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins forms what?

A

chylomicrons.

68
Q

Chylomicrons move through the lymphatic systems and bloodstream to where?

A

the tissues.

69
Q

Lipoprotein lipase is activated by what? Where is it located?

A

apoC-II activated lipoprotein lipase in the capillary.

70
Q

What does lipoprotein lipase do?

A

converts tiacylglyerol to fatty acids and glycerol that can enter the cell.

71
Q

Once fatty acids enter the cell, what occurs?

A

Fatty acids are oxidized as fuel or reesterified for storage.

72
Q

What makes up lipoproteins?

A

phospholipid, cholesterol, and protein memebrane- bound vesicles containing triglycerides.

73
Q

Where is LDL receptor synthesized?

A

The rough ER

74
Q

LDL receptor binds to what? What does this binding initiate?

A

Binds Lipoproteins (example: apoB-100)

Initiates endocytosis.

75
Q

During endocytosis, what happens to the internalized LDL receptors?

A

LDL receptors are recycled to the cell surface.

76
Q

What does HSL stand for? What does it do during adipose triacylglyercol mobilization?

A

Hormone sensitive Lipase.

breaks down diacylglycerol to monoacylglycerol and a fatty acid.

*activated by PKA

77
Q

What does serum albumin do?

A

carry fatty acids in the bloodstream.

78
Q

How do fatty acids bound to albumin in the bloodstream enter muscle cells? What happens once it’s there?

A

through a fatty acid transporter.

Fatty acid goes through Beta-oxidation, citric acid cycle, respiratory chain to produce CO2 and ATP.

79
Q

What does carnitine acyltransferase I do?

A

replaces CoA with carnitine on fatty acyl-CoA, so that the fatty acid can be transported into the mitochondria.

80
Q

What does carnitine acyltransferase II do?

A

Once fatty acid is in the mitochondria, it replaces the carnitine on the fatty acid with a new CoA, reforming the fatty acyl-CoA.

81
Q

Where does ketone body formation occur?

A

in the hepatocytes of the liver.

82
Q

What are ketone bodies used for?

A

exported as energy source for heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, and brain.

83
Q

T/F: Actyl-CoA must reach the cytoplasm to drive lipid synthesis.

A

True.

84
Q

How does acetyl-CoA that is produced in the mitochondria get to the cytosol?

A

the citrate shuttle

85
Q

Briefly explain the citrate shuttle:

A

CoA is removed from Acetyl-CoA to become citrate. Citrate moves though the citrate transporter to the cytosol.

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