Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HF&F > Biosignaling (9/15) w/German > Flashcards

Biosignaling (9/15) w/German Flashcards

1
Q

What is the challenge of signal transduction?

A

Coordinating organ system function throughout the body.

Systems do not function in isolation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 6 requirements for effective signal transduction?

A
  • Specificity
  • Amplification
  • Modularity
  • Integration
  • Feedback
  • Fidelity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the four main scales of signal transduction

A

Autocrine
Paracrine
Synaptic
Endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Autocrine

A
  • self stimulating

- local

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Paracrine

A
  • extrecelluar space
  • within organ systems
  • often between organ systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Synaptic

A

-small scale local signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Endocrine

A

-largest expanse of signaling
-distant
Ex: insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the 4 components of signal transduction:

A
  1. signal
  2. receptor
  3. transduction pathways
  4. targets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name 3 types of signals:

A
  • soluble
  • Linked
  • physical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are examples of soluble signals?

A
  • proteins & amino acids
  • Lipid & fatty acids
  • carbohydrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an example of linked signals?

A

Integrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are types of physical signals?

A
  • Mechanical (mechanoreceptors)
  • Light (opsin)
  • Temperature (TRP channels)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name 5 of the receptor families:

A
  1. G protein-coupled receptor
  2. Receptor tyrosine kinase
  3. Receptor guanylyl cyclase
  4. Gated ion channel
  5. adhesion receptor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name the 7 canonical receptor families:

A
  1. G-protein coupled
  2. receptor tyosine kinase
  3. receptor guanylyl cyclase
  4. ligand gated ion channels
  5. adhesion
  6. nuclear
  7. cytokine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T/F: Ligand concentration does not impact signaling.

A

FALSE. Ligand concentration dramatically impacts signaling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T/F: Ligand-receptor binding initiates signal transduction.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T/F: The plasma membrane plays an active role in signaling.

A 
True.
The plasma membrane plays a major role in:
-receptor localization
-ligand exposure
-signaling complex formation
-endocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do G protein-coupled receptors do?

A

External ligand binding to receptor activates an intracellular GTP-binding protein which regulates an enzyme that generates an intracellular second messenger.

19
Q

What do receptor tyrosine kinase do?

A

ligand binding activates tyrosine kinase activity by autophosphorylation.

20
Q

What does receptor guanylyl cyclase do?

A

Ligand binding to extracellular domain stimulates formation of second-messenger cyclic GMP.

21
Q

What do gated ion channels do?

A

opens or closes in response to concentration of signal ligand or membrane potential

22
Q

What do adhesion receptors do?

A

Binds molecules in ECM, changes conformation, thus altering its interaction with cytoskeleton.

23
Q

Name 2 signaling complexes organized by the plasma membrane:

A
  • Protein scaffolds

- signaling endosomes

24
Q

T/F: Lipid rafts do not affect signal activation and progression.

A

False. Lipid rafts affect signal activation and progression.

25
Q

Name 2 types of lipid rafts:

A
  • Caveolar

- Planar

26
Q

Example of Endocytosis in non-lipid membrane domains:

A

clathrin-mediated endocytosis

27
Q

Examples of Endocytosis in mixed membrane domains:

A
  • Phagocytosis

- Macropinocytosis

28
Q

What do Rab GTPases do?

A

Direct the pathway of vesicles in the endocytic pathway.

29
Q

What happens to the pH as the endocytic pathway moves further inside the cell?

A

the pH drops, which changes the affinity for ligands and terminates signals.

30
Q

T/F: The endocytic pathway spatially and temporally regulates signaling.

A

True. Signaling complexes can be internalized through the endocytic pathway which can terminate or promote signaling.

31
Q

What is the order of signal transduction?

A
  • first messenger (neurotransmitter)
  • receptor (metabotropic NT receptor)
  • signal transducer (G-protein)
  • primary effector (adenylyl cyclase)
  • second messenger (Cyclic AMP)
  • secondary effector (protein kinase A)
  • signaling cascade (effectors are usually enzymes)
32
Q

What is the order/terminology of signal transduction?

A
  • first messenger (neurotransmitter)
  • receptor (metabotropic NT receptor)
  • signal transducer (G-protein)
  • primary effector (adenylyl cyclase)
  • second messenger (Cyclic AMP)
  • secondary effector (protein kinase A)
  • signaling cascade (effectors are usually enzymes)
33
Q

What are 3 chemical reactions that transfer information?

A
  • structural change
  • complex formation or dissociation
  • post-translational modification
34
Q

What are the major post-translational modifications?

A
  • phosphorylation
  • ubiquination
  • glycosylation
  • oxidation
  • methyation
  • acetylation
  • SUMOylation

**these modifications are allosteric regulation of enzymes.

35
Q

What are common signaling cascades?

A
  • MAPK
  • JAK-STAT
  • PI3K
  • PLC
36
Q

What are common signaling cascades?

A
  • MAPK
  • JAK-STAT
  • PI3K
  • PLC
37
Q

MAPK

A

*the most common signal transduction pathway

4 steps

38
Q

MAPK

A

Mitogen-Activation Protein Kinase

*the most common signal transduction pathway

Activated by RAS protein

4 steps:
3 are MAP kinases:
MAPKKK
MAPKK
MAPK
transcription factor

Cascade of phosphorylation
each activating the next kinase until final phosphorylation of transcription factor.

39
Q

JAK-STAT

A

*simplest of signaling pathways

“two faced” phosphorylates 2 different things, tail and STAT protein.

Activated STAT proteins dimerize and become the transcription factor

40
Q

PI3K

A

Phosphorylation of:
PIP2
PIP3
AKT- inhibits FOX proteins

41
Q

T/F: Pathways influence each other via cross talk

A

True.

42
Q

What are targets for transduction to change cellular function?

A
  • nucleus (most common)
  • actin/tubulin/filaments
  • enzymes
  • receptors
  • transporters
  • ion channels
43
Q

Epinephrine signaling pathway

A
  • affects vascular tone
  • co-administed with local anesthetics
  • G-protein and PLC signaling
44
Q

Insuling signaling pathway:

A
  • regulated cellular division and metabolic processes
  • transports glucose into cells, alters blood sugar, enables aerobic respiration
  • RTK, MAPK, and PI3K signaling

HF&F (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions