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HF&F > Biosignaling (9/15) w/German > Flashcards

Biosignaling (9/15) w/German Flashcards

1
Q

What is the challenge of signal transduction?

A

Coordinating organ system function throughout the body.

Systems do not function in isolation.

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2
Q

What are the 6 requirements for effective signal transduction?

A
  • Specificity
  • Amplification
  • Modularity
  • Integration
  • Feedback
  • Fidelity
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3
Q

What are the four main scales of signal transduction

A

Autocrine
Paracrine
Synaptic
Endocrine

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4
Q

Autocrine

A
  • self stimulating

- local

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5
Q

Paracrine

A
  • extrecelluar space
  • within organ systems
  • often between organ systems
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6
Q

Synaptic

A

-small scale local signaling

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7
Q

Endocrine

A

-largest expanse of signaling
-distant
Ex: insulin

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8
Q

Name the 4 components of signal transduction:

A
  1. signal
  2. receptor
  3. transduction pathways
  4. targets
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9
Q

Name 3 types of signals:

A
  • soluble
  • Linked
  • physical
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10
Q

What are examples of soluble signals?

A
  • proteins & amino acids
  • Lipid & fatty acids
  • carbohydrates
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11
Q

What is an example of linked signals?

A

Integrin

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12
Q

What are types of physical signals?

A
  • Mechanical (mechanoreceptors)
  • Light (opsin)
  • Temperature (TRP channels)
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13
Q

Name 5 of the receptor families:

A
  1. G protein-coupled receptor
  2. Receptor tyrosine kinase
  3. Receptor guanylyl cyclase
  4. Gated ion channel
  5. adhesion receptor
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14
Q

Name the 7 canonical receptor families:

A
  1. G-protein coupled
  2. receptor tyosine kinase
  3. receptor guanylyl cyclase
  4. ligand gated ion channels
  5. adhesion
  6. nuclear
  7. cytokine
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15
Q

T/F: Ligand concentration does not impact signaling.

A

FALSE. Ligand concentration dramatically impacts signaling.

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16
Q

T/F: Ligand-receptor binding initiates signal transduction.

A

True.

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17
Q

T/F: The plasma membrane plays an active role in signaling.

A 
True.
The plasma membrane plays a major role in:
-receptor localization
-ligand exposure
-signaling complex formation
-endocytosis
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18
Q

What do G protein-coupled receptors do?

A

External ligand binding to receptor activates an intracellular GTP-binding protein which regulates an enzyme that generates an intracellular second messenger.

19
Q

What do receptor tyrosine kinase do?

A

ligand binding activates tyrosine kinase activity by autophosphorylation.

20
Q

What does receptor guanylyl cyclase do?

A

Ligand binding to extracellular domain stimulates formation of second-messenger cyclic GMP.

21
Q

What do gated ion channels do?

A

opens or closes in response to concentration of signal ligand or membrane potential

22
Q

What do adhesion receptors do?

A

Binds molecules in ECM, changes conformation, thus altering its interaction with cytoskeleton.

23
Q

Name 2 signaling complexes organized by the plasma membrane:

A
  • Protein scaffolds

- signaling endosomes

24
Q

T/F: Lipid rafts do not affect signal activation and progression.

A

False. Lipid rafts affect signal activation and progression.

25
Name 2 types of lipid rafts:
- Caveolar | - Planar
26
Example of Endocytosis in non-lipid membrane domains:
clathrin-mediated endocytosis
27
Examples of Endocytosis in mixed membrane domains:
- Phagocytosis | - Macropinocytosis
28
What do Rab GTPases do?
Direct the pathway of vesicles in the endocytic pathway.
29
What happens to the pH as the endocytic pathway moves further inside the cell?
the pH drops, which changes the affinity for ligands and terminates signals.
30
T/F: The endocytic pathway spatially and temporally regulates signaling.
True. Signaling complexes can be internalized through the endocytic pathway which can terminate or promote signaling.
31
What is the order of signal transduction?
- first messenger (neurotransmitter) - receptor (metabotropic NT receptor) - signal transducer (G-protein) - primary effector (adenylyl cyclase) - second messenger (Cyclic AMP) - secondary effector (protein kinase A) - signaling cascade (effectors are usually enzymes)
32
What is the order/terminology of signal transduction?
- first messenger (neurotransmitter) - receptor (metabotropic NT receptor) - signal transducer (G-protein) - primary effector (adenylyl cyclase) - second messenger (Cyclic AMP) - secondary effector (protein kinase A) - signaling cascade (effectors are usually enzymes)
33
What are 3 chemical reactions that transfer information?
- structural change - complex formation or dissociation - post-translational modification
34
What are the major post-translational modifications?
- phosphorylation - ubiquination - glycosylation - oxidation - methyation - acetylation - SUMOylation **these modifications are allosteric regulation of enzymes.
35
What are common signaling cascades?
- MAPK - JAK-STAT - PI3K - PLC
36
What are common signaling cascades?
- MAPK - JAK-STAT - PI3K - PLC
37
MAPK
*the most common signal transduction pathway 4 steps
38
MAPK
Mitogen-Activation Protein Kinase *the most common signal transduction pathway Activated by RAS protein ``` 4 steps: 3 are MAP kinases: MAPKKK MAPKK MAPK transcription factor ``` Cascade of phosphorylation each activating the next kinase until final phosphorylation of transcription factor.
39
JAK-STAT
*simplest of signaling pathways "two faced" phosphorylates 2 different things, tail and STAT protein. Activated STAT proteins dimerize and become the transcription factor
40
PI3K
Phosphorylation of: PIP2 PIP3 AKT- inhibits FOX proteins
41
T/F: Pathways influence each other via cross talk
True.
42
What are targets for transduction to change cellular function?
- nucleus (most common) - actin/tubulin/filaments - enzymes - receptors - transporters - ion channels
43
Epinephrine signaling pathway
- affects vascular tone - co-administed with local anesthetics - G-protein and PLC signaling
44
Insuling signaling pathway:
- regulated cellular division and metabolic processes - transports glucose into cells, alters blood sugar, enables aerobic respiration - RTK, MAPK, and PI3K signaling

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